Comments on Enshi Dialect

Enshi dialect is extensive and profound. Compatible with the customs of Bashu culture and the elegance of Jingchu culture.

There are also some Huxiang dialects, such as "Mozi" (what) is the dialect in Changsha.

However, Enshi dialect is still closer to Sichuan (Chongqing) dialect, which is directly related to ethnic origin and geographical reasons.

There are ancient legends.

Cubans call the monarch the red cave, and the black cave has four surnames.

Throwing stones is king, and winning is king.

From then on, Bing Jun became the ancestor of Ba people (Tujia people).

After his death, Bing Jun became a white tiger, but only the Yishui River Basin (Qingjiang River Basin) in Tujia areas respects the white tiger as a totem.

For generations, there has been a mountain named after a white tiger on the outskirts of Xianfeng County. Up to now, I have always maintained a sense of mystery and admiration for this mountain.

The Wushui River basin (Xiangxi) and Youshui River basin (southeast Chongqing) are mostly used to driving white tigers, which are suspected to be after the four surnames.

In my opinion, Qingjiang River Basin is the authentic Tujia nationality. This is also well documented, and "Changyang people" is an indisputable archaeological achievement.

Now in Jianshi, ancient human remains of nearly 2 million years ago have been found. This discovery is of great significance. This further confirms the archaeological topic that Asia is the birthplace of human beings outside Africa.

Geographically,

Qingjiang river basin was included in Hubei province in the middle of yuan dynasty, and belonged to Shu state before.

Moreover, the terrain is steep and the mountains and rivers are vertical and horizontal. Wuling Mountain Range, Wushan Canyon. It is inseparable from Chongqing today, but it is out of place in Jianghan Plain. As early as Zhou Wuwang's crusade against the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some Pakistanis were pioneers and went forward bravely. It can be seen that Enshi and Bashu culture have deep roots.

Tujia originally had a language but no writing, but now some sporadic fragments may be found in the old mountains of western Hunan.

In Enshi area, it has been silent for a long time. I know that the ancient Tujia people called themselves "Biz" (homophonic). It is wrong to express Tujia language with Chinese homonym, and the pronunciation will be inaccurate. But because I can't input the international phonetic symbols into the electronic text here, I use this method. Tujia language belongs to Tibeto-Burman language family and is an independent language of Sino-Tibetan language family. There is also a saying that it belongs to the Yi language branch. To be tested.

This has a lot to do with Yongzheng's "changing soil into flow" in the Qing Dynasty. The prosperous period of Kanggan was the peak of centralization of authority in feudal society. At this time, the national strength is strong, and the existence of a few chiefs who have shaken the feudal rule for hundreds of years for the bandits can no longer be allowed. "Changing the soil into flow" also affected the Tujia toast.

At this time, it coincided with the prevalence of literary inquisitions of several emperors, and Tujia language was regarded as "bandit language", which was restricted and eliminated. Tujia language is forbidden in places where Manchu and Qing dynasties can reach. This directly caused the rapid disappearance of Tujia language.

In the long-term historical and cultural running-in, Tujia people gradually merged with Sichuan and Chu cultures. (Note: Tujia is the only ethnic minority in China with a population of over one million. This is also an important reason for the disappearance of Tujia language.

The above historical details need to be verified, so I hope to point out the fallacies.

Enshi dialect is similar to Chongqing dialect. Today, Sichuan dialect has a very wide influence area. Sichuan dialect is spoken throughout Chongqing, most of Yunnan, northern Guizhou, southwestern Hubei and northwestern Hunan. Some scholars believe that Chongqing is the origin center of language. I once wrote to a national linguist to ask this question, but unfortunately I didn't get a reply.

In Enshi, Chongqing people can still live comfortably, at least in speaking. "Bamen" (why) and "Ge You" (like this) in Enshi dialect are standard Chongqing dialects, which have the meanings of "miscellaneous" and "like this" in Chengdu, Sichuan. The first time I went to Chengdu, I felt that the words of Chengdu people made people tremble. Every word with the sound of "An" (pinyin) should be added with the sound of "A" (English letters). On the other hand, Enshi dialect actually has the same pronunciation, such as "color", "car" and "hundred". It's just that Chengdu people have brought this sound to the extreme. Sweating.

Moreover, many characters in Hubei and Sichuan have an "O" (pinyin). I like "learning", whether in Enshi, Wuhan or Chengdu, I read it like this. Another example is Yao, He, Ke and so on. These pronunciations can be seen everywhere. The pronunciation of "O" is "E" (pinyin).

Enshi dialect is different from Sichuan dialect and Mandarin in the usage of some words.

For example, the word "vexed" in Putonghua and Sichuan dialect means headache, anxiety and helplessness for a certain thing or person. It is also the original meaning in Enshi dialect, but there have been some changes in usage (at least in my opinion). The word "annoying" represents the seriousness of something in Enshi. Column: black anger (scary). Anger here means the same as "death". Used to indicate that the degree of shock is serious. Close to the meaning of "truth" in Sichuan dialect.

This is just an example. I believe there are many such words in Enshi dialect.

For another example, "stubbornness" was originally a noun. Nouns are used as adjectives in Enshi dialect, Sichuan dialect and Hubei dialect.

It shows that this person is stupid and often jokes. I think this is probably the reason why I work as hard as a sweet potato and am inflexible.

There is also "sin", and Hubei has also done "karma", which has also become a regret. Whether in Sichuan or Hubei. So this change in mentality is not surprising.

In the pronunciation of some words, we can see that Enshi area is not only influenced by Hubei dialect, but also by Sichuan dialect. Such as "road"

"Lu" is pronounced in Sichuan dialect and "Lou" is pronounced in Hubei dialect. There are two pronunciations in Enshi, the former is more common in rural areas and the latter is popular in cities and towns. It shows that the introduction of Hubei pronunciation is a bit late.

"Liu" means Lu in Sichuan and Lou in Hubei, the same as above. However, Chengdu pronounced this as "Liu", probably because Chengdu is a city with more exchanges with the outside world and is greatly influenced by Putonghua.