Lunar calendar and solar calendar

How to distinguish the lunar calendar from the solar calendar?

We mainly use the international calendar, the Gregorian calendar. It takes a tropical year as a year and then divides it into twelve months (the number of months is 3 1 day, 30 days and 29 days, all of which are manually designated), which is called the solar calendar, that is, the solar calendar. It was ordered by westerners, and people in Hong Kong and Taiwan also called it the Gregorian calendar. In addition to the Gregorian calendar, China also retains the calendar that has been used since the Xia Dynasty-the Summer Calendar, in which twelve moons revolve once a year, so that the time of a year is ten days less than that of a tropical year. Therefore, passing the leap test is called lunar calendar. It also contains calendar knowledge such as 24 solar terms, which is closely related to agricultural production, so it is also called lunar calendar.

As can be seen from the above, the solar calendar and the lunar calendar are just two different ways to record time. Whether the lunar calendar or the solar calendar is reported, it must be converted into the punctuality of heavenly stems and earthly branches before calculation can be made. The blind fortune teller arranges heavenly stems and earthly branches according to the formula compiled by the lunar calendar, and gives him the lunar calendar. Now there is a perpetual calendar of yin and yang. You can report the lunar calendar or solar calendar at will to see its corresponding heavenly stems and earthly branches.

What's the difference between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar?

The difference and connection between lunar calendar and solar calendar;

The solar calendar is also the Gregorian calendar, which is internationally accepted. The Gregorian calendar is customized according to the time that the earth revolves around the sun for one year, ***365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. The average year is only an integer of 365 days, not a mantissa; A year is divided into 12 months, big month 3 1 day, small month 30 days, and February only has 28 days. The mantissa of four years accumulates to *** 1 day, and is added to February of the fourth year, which is called leap year. So February in leap year has 29 days. The lunar calendar orders a full moon for one month, ***29 and a half days. For the convenience of calculation, the big moon is customized for 30 days and the small moon is customized for 29 days. In 12 months of a year, large and small months are generally arranged alternately. The lunar calendar has only about 354 days a year, and there is no difference between a normal year and a leap year.

The lunar calendar does not consider the movement of the earth around the sun, so the changes of the four seasons in the lunar calendar have no fixed time and cannot reflect the seasons, which is a great shortcoming. In order to overcome this shortcoming, people later decided on a compromise calendar, the so-called yin-yang calendar. The summer calendar still in use in China (some people call it lunar calendar or lunar calendar) is this kind of lunar calendar. Like the lunar calendar, it also customizes a month according to the time when the moon is full and short, which is 30 days for the big month and 29 days for the small month. However, it also adopts the method of adding leap months to make the average number of days in each year close to the number of days in the solar calendar to adjust the four seasons. Every two or three years, there will be an extra leap month in the summer calendar. The lunar calendar, also known as the lunar calendar, takes the moon's orbit around the earth as one month and the earth's orbit around the sun as one year, which is actually equal to the lunar calendar. This calendar was adopted in China before the first year of the Republic of China, so it is called the old calendar. Most people think that the lunar calendar is suitable for farmers, and the name of this day is "Lunar Calendar".

The orbit of the moon is called the white road. Both the ecliptic and the ecliptic are two great circles on the celestial body, intersecting at an oblique angle of five degrees and nine minutes. The moon goes around the earth once, and people appear on the ecliptic twice, lasting 7 hours and 43 minutes 1 1.5 seconds on the 27th, which is the time required for the first anniversary of the moon's revolution. It is called "the moon and the stars". Only when the moon revolves around the earth, the position of the earth changes because of its revolution, counting forward more than 27 degrees, and the moon runs at 13 degrees 15 minutes every day, so it takes 29 12, 44 minutes and 2.8 seconds to return to the moon, which is called "the full moon". According to custom, January means the full moon.

Because the number of days in a month cannot be odd zero, a month in the lunar calendar is the 29th or 30th. Every month is headed by the day of the first day, that is, the first day. Every year, the new moon near beginning of spring is the beginning of the year.

The earth goes around the sun once, that is, the moon goes around the earth for twelve and a third times. The number of months in a year cannot be odd zero. So there are only 354 days in twelve months of a year. Compared with the actual year, there are about eleven days left, which adds up to three years and thirty-three days. So every three years, we must make a leap month, with three or four days left, then two years left, and 25 or 26 days left. Leap month is a month without festivals, a year with leap month is a leap year, a leap year has thirteen months and a normal year has twelve months.

What's the difference between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar?

1, different times

Lunar calendar: The lunar calendar does not consider the earth's revolution around the sun, so the changes of the four seasons in the lunar calendar have no fixed time and cannot reflect the seasons, which is a great shortcoming. In order to overcome this shortcoming, people later decided on a compromise calendar, which is the so-called lunar calendar. The summer calendar (also called lunar calendar) that China is still using now is this kind of lunar calendar.

Like the lunar calendar, it also customizes a month according to the time when the moon is full and short, which is 30 days for the big month and 29 days for the small month. However, it adds leap months to make the average number of days in a year close to the solar calendar, so as to adjust the four seasons. In the summer calendar, there is an extra leap month every two or three years.

Gregorian calendar: Gregorian calendar is also an international Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar is customized for one year, ***365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. The average year is only an integer of 365 days, not a mantissa;

A year is divided into 12 months, big month 3 1 day, small month 30 days, and February only has 28 days. The mantissa of four years accumulated to about *** 1 day, and it was added to February of the fourth year. This year is called leap year, so February in leap year has 29 days.

2. Calculation method

Lunar calendar: In astronomy, the lunar calendar mainly refers to the calendar arranged according to the moon phase cycle, in which the moon orbits the earth once (based on the sun, the actual moon orbits more than once). ) is January, that is, the calendar based on the moon, with twelve calendar months in a year.

Gregorian calendar: Gregorian calendar is also called Gregorian calendar. The month and date of the Gregorian calendar are very consistent with the position of the sun on the ecliptic. According to the date of the Gregorian calendar, we can clearly see the changes of cold and warm seasons in a year. But every month, you can't see the new moon, the new moon, the new moon.

3, the operation law is different

Lunar calendar: The lunar calendar determines the moon according to the law of its movement: the orbit of the moon is called the white road, and both the white road and the ecliptic are two great circles on the celestial body, which intersect at an angle of five degrees and nine minutes. When the moon goes around the earth once, it appears twice on the ecliptic, which lasts for 7 hours and 43 minutes 1 1.5 seconds on the 27th, so it is called "sidereal moon".

Only when the moon revolves around the earth, the position of the earth also changes. The forward count is more than 27 degrees, and the moon runs 13 degrees 15 minutes every day, so it takes 12: 44: 2.8 to return to the moon on the 29th, which is called "the first moon", and it is called the moon according to custom, which means the first moon.

Gregorian calendar: A calendar based on the period of the earth's movement around the sun.

Sogou encyclopedia-lunar calendar

Sogou encyclopedia-Gregorian calendar

Why are there lunar and solar calendars?

The full name of the lunar calendar is the lunar calendar or the pure lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, which is the new moon. Because the ancients called the moon "lunar calendar", it was called "lunar calendar" for short. It is difficult to determine the exact date of the lunar calendar, but judging from the Oracle bones in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the lunar calendar was quite popular in the Yin Dynasty.

The main feature of the lunar calendar is that the length of the calendar month is determined according to the astronomical phenomena, that is, the phase of the moon, and the average length of the calendar month is roughly the same as that of Wang Shuoyue. 5306 days, etc. The length of a year is only an integer multiple of a calendar month, which has nothing to do with the tropical year. Therefore, the month of the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the four seasons. The date of the lunar calendar indicates a certain moon phase, that is, the first day is the new moon, that is, the new moon; The fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth is the full moon, which means hope; The seventh and eighth days are the first quarter moon; Twenty-two and twenty-three are the last quarter moons, and it is very convenient for the ancients to judge the date by the phase of the moon. The change of the moon phase is the easiest astronomical phenomenon to see, so most of the calendars in various countries have the lunar calendar first and then the solar calendar. However, because the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the tropical year, it is not harmonious with agricultural production and people's daily life, and it was gradually eliminated. Nowadays, except for a few countries that still use a lunar calendar called "hijri" for religious reasons, all other countries have given up.

In addition,. 19 12 after China adopted the Gregorian calendar to arrange the months, people called it the Gregorian calendar, while the traditional summer calendar coexisting with the people was popularly called the lunar calendar.

The solar calendar is also called Gregorian calendar, solar calendar, new calendar and western calendar. This is the 1582 calendar implemented by Pope Gregory XIII. A year later, the solar calendar replaced the "julian calendar" implemented by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar in 42 BC. The solar calendar takes one year as the time for the earth to go around the sun. Its length is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. Because it is not an integer, in order to balance the length, some years are 366 days, called "leap year"; Some years are 365 days and are called "average years". This calendar has an error of about three days every 10,000 years, which is three days less than that in old julian calendar every 400 years.

Because this calendar depends on the distance between the earth and the sun, its "24 solar terms" are fixed: the solar terms in the first half of the year are mostly on the 6th and 2 1 of each month, and in the second half of the year, they are mostly on the 8th and 23rd of each month, even if the difference is only one or two days.

The western calendar was introduced into China by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1580). Matteo Ricci's Tai Xi Li belongs to julian calendar. The "calendar" implemented by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolutionized the lunar calendar in China. It adopts the solar calendar, but it has also been revised. The "calendar" includes the original "branches and branches" in China and the "worship" (week) in the solar calendar, which can be described as a combined calendar of yin and yang. "Calendar" is a special calendar with revolutionary spirit in China calendar. After the Revolution of 1911, from New Year's Day of 19 12, the calendar of the Republic of China and the solar calendar were adopted. 1On September 27th, 949, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference decided: "People's Republic of China (PRC) adopts AD in calendar years". Since then, China has also adopted the calendar.

What's the difference between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar?

Which country does it say? China's lunar calendar and solar calendar are of course based on heavenly stems and earthly branches! Why did Copernicus get involved?

Heavenly stems and earthly branches, referred to as Ganzhi for short, is used to arrange year numbers and dates in the summer calendar.

Tiangan is: A, B, C, D, E, G, Xin, Ren and Gui, also called Tiangan;

The earthly branches are: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai, also known as the Twelve Earthly Branches.

Branches are still divided into yin and yang: A, C, E, G, Ren for yang dryness, B, D, Ji, Xin, classified as yin dryness;

Zi, Yin, Chen, Wu, Shen and Xu are the Yang branches, while Ugliness, Mao, Si, Wei, You and Hai are the Yin branches.

A heavenly stem and a terrestrial branch are arranged in pairs, with the heavenly stem in front and the terrestrial branch behind, the heavenly stem from the nail, the terrestrial branch from the child, the yang stem with the yang branch, and the yin stem with the yin branch (the yang stem without the yin branch and the yin stem without the yang branch). Sixty combinations are called "Sixty Jia Zi". In the past, people in China used to recycle calendar year, calendar month, calendar day and calendar time.

Tree trunk and branch chronology

For example, Jia Zi is the first year, Ugly B is the second year, and Bing Yin is the third year ... Sixty years is a week.

Week after week, starting from the year of Jiazi, starting from the week, and starting again and again.

For example, 1929 is the lunar year, 1930 is the year of Gengwu ... and 1989 is the lunar year. The four years and Gengwu years we see on the calendar are arranged according to the chronology of trunks and branches. Divide the Gregorian calendar year by the remainder of 60, and then subtract 3 to get the monthly branch number of that year, and then check the above branches to get the age of each branch. If the serial number is less than or equal to zero, add 60 to the branch serial number. For example, find 199 1 year; 199 1÷60=33 Remaining 1 1, annual serial number of stem and branch = 1 1-3=8. Check the list of cadres and branches, and you will know that this year is the year of Wei Xin. Another example is to find the main branch of 1983: 1983÷60=33+3, and the main branch serial number =3-3=0, plus 60. Check the main branch table and know that the year is Guihai.

Dry-branch moon method

The method of keeping the moon in the main branch is not widely implemented, mainly to let astrologers calculate the eight characters.

The method is as follows: in the first year of the year, the first month is the third lunar month; B or Geng Year, the first month is Wuyin; The first month of Year C or Year Xin is Geng Yin, the first month of Year Ding Nian or Year Ren is Ren Yin, and the first month of Year E or Year decyl is Jia Yin. The main branch of the first month is known, and the rest months can be inferred in the order of sixty sons.

Dry branch method

The first day of onychomycosis, the second day of ugliness, the third day of bingyin ... 60 days a week.

At the weekend, it starts from Jiazi Day and goes on and on.

For example, in the fourth year of the lunar calendar (1989), the first day of the first month is Ding You Day, and the second day is the Reform Day ... The seventh day of March is exactly 60 days, so the second day of March is Ding You Day again.

Chronology of cadres and branches

The earthly branches in daytime are also certain, so 12 earthly branches are allocated in 24 hours, and at night 1 1 point to 1 point, 1 point to 3 o'clock, and the rest are pushed. The day is inferred from the day, and its song is as follows:

A has given birth to a, and B, G and C come first.

Bing Xin started in Wu, and was destined to be a boxer.

You can't do it, but you can't.

That is, if the day is A or his own, the child should be accompanied by A when he was a child; If the day is b or g, it should be accompanied by c as c; On the day of Bingxin, Wu was the son of Wu; Ding Renri is a boxer; Pentecost is a seedless day. When you know your child's main branch, you can infer the rest.

What is the lunar calendar and the solar calendar (difference)

Let's talk about the lunar calendar first. Simply put, it is based on the cycle of the moon. The so-called "simplicity" means only caring about the moon, regardless of seasonal changes such as climate change caused by the relationship between the sun and the earth. The moon is also called "lunar calendar", so this calendar is called "lunar calendar" for short. When the moon and the sun are just on both sides of the earth, the soft moonlight shines on the sleeping earth all night. The most round moment of the moon is called "full moon", also called "looking". Because the moon is always in motion; So strictly speaking, the real "lookout" is only a very short moment. For an instant, ordinary people can't observe such subtle changes. Usually, the whole day including the real "lookout" is called "lookout day", or simply "lookout", which is one of the most easily observed and remarkable astronomical phenomena. On the contrary, when the moon is between the sun and the earth, people can't see any images of the moon at all. This day is called "New Moon". Astronomy refers to the moment when the longitude of the ecliptic of the moon coincides with the longitude of the ecliptic of the sun. Astronomers call the period of moon phase change, that is, the length of time from new moon to new moon or from looking to looking, "Shuowangyue", and the Tibetan calendar is called tshes-zla, which can also be translated as "lunar month". Many years' observation shows that the length of Wang Shuo's moon is not fixed, and its average length is 29 days 12 hours and 44 minutes, that is, 29.5306 days, which is very important data for making calendars and must be firmly remembered. It can be roughly recorded as 29 and a half days.

What is the solar calendar? It is based on the apparent movement period of the sun, that is, the movement period of the earth around the sun, so it is called solar calendar, or solar calendar for short. Every calendar year is similar to the Tropic of Cancer, and the month and date in each calendar year are in good agreement with the position of the sun on the ecliptic. For example, the vernal equinox is always on March 2 1 or 22, which won't make much difference. Since the 12 division of a tropical year is about 30.5 days (30.4368 days), which is about two months, the Gregorian calendar also divides a year into 12 months. In fact, the so-called "moon" in the Gregorian calendar is just a hollow name that has nothing to do with the moon, and has nothing to do with the moon's changing cycle. According to the date of the solar calendar, we can't know the first and second chords of the moon, but according to the month of the solar calendar, we can see the changes of the four seasons more accurately than the combined calendar of Yin and Yang.

At present, the Gregorian calendar of all countries in the world is a kind of solar calendar, so it is not wrong to call the Gregorian calendar the Gregorian calendar. However, we should know that the solar calendar is a class name, not a proper name, and it cannot be said that the solar calendar is the Gregorian calendar. Because ancient Egypt also used the Gregorian calendar, julian calendar and Gregorian calendar in ancient Rome were also Gregorian calendars. The Gregorian calendar (or Gregorian calendar) is what we now call the Gregorian calendar. Gregorian calendar is the name given by people in China. There is no corresponding English word in the Chinese-English dictionary, only "Gregorian calendar". Although the Gregorian calendar does not have the name of the twenty-four solar terms, there are fixed months in the Gregorian calendar, and the difference between fixed days and years is at most one or two days. But in the lunar calendar and Tibetan calendar, a festival may be at the beginning, middle and end of the month, and there is no fixed date. Therefore, it is wrong to say that the 24 solar terms are the characteristics of the lunar calendar, and they should belong to the solar calendar in the lunar calendar and Tibetan calendar, because they are determined according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic.