How do others evaluate Su Dongpo's beliefs?

Su Shi claimed to be a "Dongpo layman", which shows that he was deeply influenced by Buddhism. Regarding the relationship between Su Shi and Buddhism, people generally pay attention to the study of the influence of Zen thought on Su Shi or the friendship between Su Shi and Zen Forest. In fact, Su Shi has a very strong concept of pure land, which is often ignored by people. Su Shi's pure land thought is mainly manifested in: he thinks his predecessor is a monk; He gave alms many times, made statues of Amitabha and wrote many poems praising the Buddha. He made an amphibious Dojo for his dead relatives and friends in order to die in the pure land of western bliss. According to Su Shi's Chronicle (1) and related materials, this paper makes a detailed textual research on the Buddhist events related to the pure land of the West in Su Shi's life, and seeks advice from Dade experts.

Samsara theory is one of the core teachings of Buddhism. Su Shi believes in reincarnation, which is reflected in his poems, notes and legends. The article "Answering Teacher Chen Zhongshu" said: "When Shi was one year old, he often dreamed of going to the West Lake for four or five years. He was a so-called frontier person in the world. When you visit Hangzhou Shouxing Academy, you will know that you have arrived at the entrance. You can talk about the backyard and rocks of the courtyard, so there is a saying in the poem that' the previous life has arrived'. " ("Collected Works of Su Shi" Volume 49, hereinafter referred to as "Collected Works") (2) "See Zhang Ziye for three quatrains? Revisiting the old place said, "I have been to Hangzhou in my last life, which is like revisiting the old place for the director." (Poetry of Su Shi (volume 13, hereinafter referred to as poetry) (3) "I went to Hangzhou for fifteen years, revisited the West Lake, and judged the rhyme with Ouyang" says: "I got my impression from the old society, just like looking for calligraphy in my last life. Wang noted that Yao Qing said, "When you visit the Shouxing Academy, you will realize when you get started, and you will taste poetry and say,' I have been to Hangzhou in my last life.' ("Poetry Collection" Volume 3 1) "Nanhua Temple" says: "I am a man of practice and have been diligent for three generations. I lost my mind in the middle and was condemned by this for a hundred years. " (Book of Songs, Volume 38) Here Su Shi said it not in a joking tone, but in a very pious way. Su Shi's predecessor was a legend of a monk, which spread widely. In April of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), when Su Shi was about to arrive in Yunzhou, Su Zhe, Zen master Kevin Dongshan and Zen master Sheng Shoucong met at Jianshan Temple. "Cold Zhai Nightmare" Volume 7 "Dream of meeting five ancestors to quit the Zen master" reads:

Perilla always passes by from early autumn to Gao 'an and when Yun 'an lives in Dongshan. Cong Zen master, a Shu native, lives in Shengshou Temple. One night, Yun 'an dreamed of leaving the city with Ziyou and Cong to quit the Zen master. I feel it, and I blame it privately, based on language. Not dead, smart. Ziyou greeted him and said, "Fang and Teacher Dongshan talk about dreams, and Zi Lai should also talk about dreams together?" Cong said, "Anyone who dreams of the three of us at night will meet the Five Commandments Master." Ziyou clapped his hands and laughed and said, "It's amazing that there are people in the world who share their dreams!" For a long time, Dongpo wrote, "I'll give you a new proposal. I can see you any day." The two were overjoyed and chased bamboo shoots out of the city. They built a mountain temple twenty miles away, and Dongpo arrived. Sit quietly, have nothing to say, and then pursue their dreams and speak in words. Poe said: "When Shi was eight or nine years old, he dreamed that he was a monk and traveled to and from Shaanxi. Also: when the first monk was pregnant, he dreamed that a monk was coming to live, and I remember being shocked at that time. " Yunan was surprised and said, "Be careful, you are in Shaanxi, but you are blind. The next year, I abandoned Wuzu and went to Gao 'an to play. In the end, I was a fool. "Fifty years, and dongpo is 49 years old. After Dongpo returned to Yun 'an with the book, he simply said, "It's ridiculous to stop the mage from knowing others and insist on coming back with face. It is fortunate that the law can be sharpened and the old rules can be returned. " Naturally, I always wear clothes.

In the same volume, there is another article entitled "Su Shi Lin Chao Yi Dao":

Zhe Zong asked You Chenyan, "What is Su Shi's imperial seal suit?" There are: "It's a Taoist dress." Zhezong said with a smile, Fo Yin sent a book to Nanchang with Chen Yingzhou and Yunju. Dongpo stopped answering the book and quoted a big book saying, "Don't take off the master by mistake." In the last seven years, he was reinstated and returned to Hainan. He saw the Jade Bureau and made a play to answer the monk, saying, "Bad karma has been entangled for eight years, and I often practice eight sticks and thirteen Zen. But I went back to the Jade Bureau in my clothes, and I suspected that I was five immortals. " (4)

As mentioned earlier, when Su Shi was in Hangzhou, he tasted the Shouxing Temple in the West Lake, only to know that he had been there. "Chun Zhu and Moon Hee", Volume 6, "The temple recognizes the law, and the spots are like stars", which records this matter in great detail:

The old monk of Shouxing Temple in Qiantang West Lake even said, "When you were a county official, you first went to see the abbot with the monk's room. That is to say, Gu said," I have never been here in my life, but what I saw was what I experienced. From then on, I went to Qiantang, and there were 92 levels. "Send the number, as said above. That is, Senator Liao said, "A certain elder was a monk in the mountains. All the monks in the temple today are mine. "Every time I go to the temple, I take off my clothes and walk for a long time. He was a servant of a monk when he was young. Every summer, he exposes the bamboo underworld and looks down on the public. If there are sunspots, the world will not see them. In other words, it is also true that Beishanjun said that Yan said that "it refers to the golden valley and is registered as an immortal".

"Dream of West Lake" Volume I "Zhiguo Temple" recorded this matter slightly differently:

Dongpo defends Hangzhou, participates in wisdom fruit, and there is a spring in the stone. Tomorrow, the food will be cold, and Dongpo will visit the tea house, which is just a dream. Dongpo looked around at the remains of the altar (next to the word "earth" on the left) and said, "A certain life has never been like this, but what you see with your eyes is what you have experienced. From then on, before attending the confession hall, there should be 93 levels. " Count it, as it says. In other words, Shen Liaozi said, "A certain elder, a monk in a temple, and a monk in this temple all belong to my ears. When I die, I will give up myself as Galand in the temple. " The statue of Dongpo was carved for Galand and placed in the middle of the wall. There are: "King Kong opens his mouth and laughs at the bell tower, while the floor laughs at the rain of King Kong. Until there is an adjacent line, the two cases will be repaired for a while. "

Hui Hong's Biography of Buddhist Monks in Zen Forest (Volume 29) also records the dream-quit mage of three people:

Dongpo visited his disciples because of Gao 'an. As night fell, Ziyou had a long talk with Zen master Wen Jing and Zen master Sheng Shoucong in bed. After three drums, I was really shocked and said, "I dreamed that our fifth ancestor was going to quit the Zen master." Dream without thinking, why Xiang Ye? " The child swims from the public. Cong said: "We dream of giving up the Zen master." So he got up, sat and smiled, and said, "Do you dream of having a fan?" Russian newspaper Dongpo has arrived in Fengxin. Ziyou and Erheng built a mountain temple in the south of the city. After a while, Dongpo arrived and dreamed of something. Q: "What's the point of staying away from public life?" Say: "Shaanxi Right". Dongpo said: "When Shi was a teenager, he dreamed that he was a monk and traveled to and from Shaanxi." He asked again, "Is the commandment ridiculous?" Say "don't be blind". Dongpo said: "The first monk was pregnant, and the monk dreamed of coming to the door, barren and emaciated." He asked again, "What is the end of the ring?" He said, "Gao an is a fool for fifty years." Dongpo is 49 years old. Later, with Zhen Jing's book, he said briefly, "It is ridiculous to stop the mage from being ignorant of others and force his face back." Since it is Buddhism (or cloud instrument), I am willing to work hard to make the old view. "Naturally, I often wear clothes.

The content is slightly different from that of Han Zhai's night talk. Hui Hong even attributed Su Shi's literary genius to his predecessor, Zen Buddhist monk: "Dongpo built the back of Zen Buddhist monk with five ancestors, so his writing style was sloppy and his waves were natural. It makes sense to cover up the nonverbal words. Since it is not prajnaparamita, why is it here? " (5)

Since then, Dongpo's original name has been widely rumored in the jungle. For example, Le Bang's Legacy (edited by Zong Xiao) (Volume 47 of Zheng Dacang) and the report of various schools of thought in the past and present wrote:

Su Wenzhong said to himself, "When my mother was pregnant for the first time, she dreamed that a monk came to live in the house, but she still remembered that she was shocked and Gai Shanyou resigned from the Zen master."

With the volume "Su Dongpo's former five ancestors quit Jackson":

"Dragon Tree Pure Land" said: "The five ancestors quit Zen master is the predecessor of Dongpo, not in the same breath. Practice in previous lives, and be smart in this life; Because of his habit, his poetic language was accidentally slandered in this life, and he suffered a lot in this world. Wen Dongpo's southern tour has only one axis of Amitabha. When people asked him why, they replied, "This poet was born in the West." If so, Dongpo will have plans in his life. "

Chronicle of the Buddha Volume 46 (Volume 49 of Tai Zheng Zang) Cloud:

(Yuan You) Seven years. When Shi's brother went to Gao 'an (Ruizhou) to play, Dong An and Cong Zen Master had a dream all night and took their son out of the city to quit the Zen Master. Now that the children have arrived, the three of them are waiting outside the city, which is what they dream of. "When I was eight or nine years old, I dreamed that I was a monk and traveled to and from Shaanxi. When I was just pregnant, I dreamed that the monk came to seek asylum. " Yun' an was shocked: "You are right-handed in Shaanxi, but you are shocked." It's been fifty years since I counted down, but it's been forty-nine years since I looked back. Nature is often called abstinence and harmony.

The five precepts Zen master was first in Wuzu Mountain and then in Dayu Mountain. Of course, Su Shi is going to visit the place where his predecessor lived. In March of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (AD 1084), he was demoted to Huangzhou and wrote Ode to the Elder of Wuzu Mountain. As the saying goes, "Ask the white clouds and step on your own bottom." . (Anthology, Volume 22) On the Dragon Boat Festival in May, Su Shi and his son swam to the Mind Temple in Dayu Mountain, paid their respects to the Zen master Dayu, and wrote a poem entitled "The Dragon Boat Festival is true, late, appropriate and far away, and the son is in the wine bureau" (Anthology, Volume 23).

Su Shi not only believes in his own past life, but also believes in other people's past life legends. "Wang Jinqing's previous life": "Before the dream, the dream is true, and the illusion is two. Just between the long pines and flowing water, I remembered the past life and the afterlife. " (Collected Works, Volume 22) At that time, the literati were not only keen on the principles of Zen, but also keen on the supernatural deeds of Buddhism. Many famous literati have legends of past lives. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Hong's Collection of Past Lives (Zangshu 5 1) recorded:

In my humble opinion, Gu Deyun said: Scholars are mostly monks. However, it is doubtful. Those who are fascinated and don't return are nine, and those who live up to their principles are one. What is the reason? There are five evils in the world, and there are many ways to retreat, and saints are inevitable. Therefore, after quitting the Zen master, he became Dongpo, a young Zen master became Ceng Houyi, and a philosopher became rich and worried. Fu Dongpo is closest to Buddhism, but Ceng Gong is out of reach. Peter Zhe is old and backward, with great charm! Ancient and modern knowledge, so advise people to abandon the five turbidity and seek pure land. But didn't Liu adherents get much when they went down to the gentleman?

It is said that Su Shizhang was a mage who believed in Shurangama Sutra in his previous life. Su Shi believes in this legend very much, and the Shurangama Sutra records it in great detail:

Mr. Zhang Gongan, Prince of Taibao Lequan, said that he had a broad mind and slept peacefully. Qingzhong tasted Chuzhou and went to a monk's house. Occasionally I saw this Buddhist sutra, and I suddenly started. If I get the old things, the book will not be finished, and the obstacle will be solved. I looked at the strokes carefully, and the handwriting was natural. I was sad and happy, and I realized that. I often use the first four verses to invent the essence. Shi has been wandering in Gongmen for thirty years. In February of this year, he traveled through Du Nan to meet the public and private. Seventy-nine years old, disillusioned, brilliant, and stone is old in melancholy. People who think they can teach, get this lesson, and then pay 300 thousand to print it between Jianghuai. Master Fo Yin, a predecessor of Jinshan, said: "Printing is endless, but if you carve it in a book, it will be endless." . Stone is a book, but Yuan ordered his waiter to make good use of the board carved by Qiantang, so he thought Jinshan was a permanent residence. In September of the eighth year of Yuanfeng, Chao and Xin Cha were in charge of Dengzhou, and advised the captain of the agricultural riding team to borrow Su Shi's book. "(Selected Works, Volume 66)

"Cold Zhai Night Talk" Volume 7, Zhang's previous life became a monk, which is also recorded in this way.

Su Shi also believes in the prophetic function of dreams. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (108 1), on the 22nd day of the first month, I arrived at the pavilion and dreamed that the monk was bleeding. The next day, I passed a temple and saw a statue of Lohan with a bad face, so I renovated it. (Collected Works 12 "Ocean of Lohan's Dreams") Ocean of Lohan's Dreams (Collected Works, Volume 72) also records it, but the words are slightly different. On February 27th, the fifth year of Yuan You (A.D. 1090), I visited Daoqian and wrote Daoqian's Cold Food Qingming Poetry. This visit is also a different thing. "Shu Shen Liao Shi Hua" says: "The servant is in Huangzhou, and Shen Liao is visiting from Dongpo Wuzhong. One day, I dreamed of a poem written by Shen Liao, and I remembered two sentences:' The cold food is clear, and the stone spring is full of fire.' In the last seven years, the servant went out to guard Qiantang, but began to live in the West Lake Zhiguoyuan. There are springs in the courtyard, which are sweet and cold. Cold food tomorrow, servants will flood the lake, visit the sparse mountains, draw water and drill fire, and cook yellow tea, suddenly realizing the dream poem predicted seven years ago. All the guests are surprised, and the knowledge is true. "(Selected Works, Volume 68)

Buddhism believes in reincarnation, so the best destination after death is of course the pure land of the West. Pure land thought is the logical inevitable result of reincarnation theory. All prayers and practices will eventually return to the pure land of the West. Although Su Shi once said: "The fairy mountain is a Buddhist country, there is nothing to fear." (Poems of He (Volume 42)) But in fact, Su Shi is convinced of the existence of pure land in the West. He gave alms to build the Buddha statue of Amitabha many times, and wrote letters of recommendation to his relatives before the Buddha to help them and their relatives die in the West. In chronological order, I will briefly mention his pure land deeds as follows:

In the seventh year of Xining (AD 1074), when Su Shi was in Hangzhou, he tasted the hairpin left by his dead mother in Jingci Temple, wrote Ode to Amitabha (Selected Works, Volume 20), and ordered him to draw Amitabha.

In the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou. At the suggestion of lawyer Yuan Zhao, he left a hair clasp for his dead mother's house and ordered him to draw a statue of Amitabha as an ode to Amitabha (Volume 20 of Anthology). Ode to the Cloud: "Zhao Yuan, a lawyer in Qiantang, always advised Taoism to return to the Buddhist paradise of Amitabha. Su Shi of Meishan asked Hu to make a statue to pray for his parents in memory of his dead mother, Taijun of Shu County. " (According to Mr. Kong's Chronicle of Su Shi, it is suspected of repetition. )

Shao Shengyuan (AD 1094) was appointed in Yingzhou on April 3rd. Accompanied by a statue of Amitabha sent by Daoqian. Talking with the Judge (Collection of Works, Volume 6 1), the eleventh Jane says: "The image of Amitabha is perfect. You should always pay attention to it, unless it is wonderful, you can reach it safely. No sense of burden. The public wants to stay like water, but it is inconvenient to stay. Now that I have reached this point, I have grown up, and few people attach it. I have brought it with me, and I want to praise it on Lushan Mountain and make a big brake. " "Good temptation? Zi Zhan talked about chickens himself, saying that Su Shi wrote two poems in prison. " There is a saying that' the soul flies to the soup, and the life is like a chicken'. When God heard this, he felt sorry and was lenient. When he returned to the south, Zi Zhan was still sad, so he accompanied Amitabha. People asked him why, and replied,' I'm going to the west to see the Buddha.' "Han Fenlou" said that cymbals "Volume 49 cited" spit jade collection? The origin of the west also tells this story.

"Past Lives" Volume II (Sanzang 51) "Bachelor of Su Shi" said:

Song Sushi,No. Dongpo, bachelor of official Hanlin. On the day of moving south, draw a statue of Amitabha as the axis and walk and wear it. When people asked him, they replied, "This poet was born in the West." Mother's wife was stabbed to death with a hair clasp, and ordered the worker to paint her portrait and recommend her to the afterlife.

The Buddha Chronicle (Volume 46) also records this matter:

Zi Zhan was in Huizhou and was ordered to move to Danzhou (overseas). Hui Shoufang Zi Rong came to offer her condolences and said, "My wife, Shen Shi, is very serious about the Sangha. One night I dreamed that I was leaving, asked me where I was going, and said,' Go with Su Zizhan'. There was a life in the past 72 days. Today is the right day, isn't it already decided? "On the day of the south, and amitabha axis. When people asked him why, they replied, "This poet died in the West. "

"Dragon Tree Augmented Pure Land" ("Da Zheng Cang" Volume 47) Volume 7 "refers to seven articles for fans to return? Second, quit the Zen master and become Dongpo "cloud:

Zen master Wuzu is Dongpo's predecessor, and his perfection is different. Practice in previous lives, and be smart in this life; I inhaled five kinds of poisonous gas, but I didn't get rid of it. My life is full of poetic words, but I was accidentally slandered. This is also a big mistake. If you were a monk in your previous life, you will be born in pure land and gain great happiness and wisdom. Why do you have to suffer so much in this world? Wen Dongpo's southern tour has only one axis of Amitabha. When people asked him why, they replied, "This poet was born in public evidence in the West." If so, then Dongpo's coming here is a good plan. I also understand this truth.

On June 9th, Shaoshengyuannian (A.D. 1094), Su Lang and Su Guo, on the orders of their mother Wang Runzhi, built the Liang Qing Temple in Jinling, Feng 'an with the Amitabha statue painted by their brother Mai Su. Su Shi wrote Applause of Amitabha (poetry anthology, volume 2 1) and presented it to Liang Qing Temple and elders (poetry anthology, volume 37).

Su Shi's life? ? His relatives also suffered, and some died long ago. Su Shi can only beg Buddha and Bodhisattva to bless his deceased to die in the pure land of the West as soon as possible and enjoy bliss to compensate for the pain of this life. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), on November 11th, an amphibious Dojo was established, and his wife Wang Runzhi was recommended to the Buddha as "Ode to the Buddha" (20 volumes of collected works). (Selected Works has 22 volumes and 16 poems, written by Zhang Dunli, a captain of Xu. ) In the second year of Shaosheng (A.D. 1095), on August 1st, he wrote "Golden Light Scriptures" (anthology, volume 66). Guang Jin Ming Jing was written by Su Guo for his mother Wang Runzhi. In the third year of Shaosheng (A.D. 1096), Chaoyun died of illness on July 5, and wrote Huizhou Praise Chaoyun Book (Anthology, Volume 62). When a friend dies, Su Shi will also make a relief to help him die. Jianzhong Jingnian (A.D.11) in mid-June, ordered his son Su to mourn the death of Su Song (), and wrote "Praise Su Gonggong" (anthology, volume 62).

For those who have nothing to do with himself, Su Shi also hopes to help them die. In March of the year of Jingguoyuan in Jianzhong, Song Huizong (A.D.11), he served as an amphibious Dojo in Ganzhou, praising the lonely souls, and wrote "Praising the Lonely Soul under the Law Building in Ganzhou" (anthology, volume 62). In mid-June, he made an amphibious Dojo in Jinshan and invited Mifei to attend. Miffy has a foot disease, so she can't come. He wrote a poem to Su Shi ("Jin Bao Ying Guang Ji" Volume II, "Dongpo lay man made land and water in Jinshan, and moved. Foot sores, can't go, make this send it ").

According to Su Zhe's epitaph, on July 28th (11kloc-0/), Jing Guoyuan in Jianzhong, Song Huizong, Su Shi died of illness and turned into a drama. Before he died, he said to his three sons standing by the bedside: "I have never done evil in my life, and I will not fall down when I die." I'm careful not to cry. " I seem to have great confidence in my future life. However, according to the "Chronology Record" cloud: "It must be a shackle, and the smell will leave first. Lin knocked on her ear and said loudly,' Don't forget to make it clear!' The west has it, and the west doesn't. Shi Xiongyun said,' Teacher Gu usually practices, but now he has to work harder. Said,' Hard work and poverty. These words have passed. The third volume of Qingbo Magazine has the same record, but it is slightly omitted.

From the above discussion, we can draw a clear conclusion: Su Shi believes in the existence of the pure land world of western bliss. He not only believed in ideas, but also personally did many Buddhist things and died in the pure land. Some scholars say that Zen gave him an "illusory refuge for the soul" (6). In fact, the pure land thought in the west really gave Su Shi a place to put his soul. In fact, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and others all have a very strong concept of pure land, which also reflects the thoughts of Zen, religion and purity in the early Northern Song Dynasty. This point is often ignored by researchers. I hope this article can attract the attention of researchers through the discussion of Su Shi's belief in pure land.