Who invented chess?

Chess, also called China Chess, is a kind of chess game played by two people, which originated in Liubo and is mainly popular in China and the Asia-Pacific region. A two-player strategy game similar to chess (Japanese chess) and chess.

history

"Chu Ci evokes the soul" has: "There are six numbers in chess." Chess was developed by Liu Bo. Liubo was introduced into India and developed into Chaturanga. Chaturanga and chess merged with each other and developed into today's Chess and Chess. Chess was introduced to Japan through the Korean peninsula, forming a general chess.

The originator of chess-Bo

Every art or technology in the world has its ups and downs, from simple to complex, from primary to advanced. To study the historical development of chess, it is necessary to carry out proper dating and staging. Mr. Liu Daoping and Mr. Zhang Feng studied the development history of ancient chess in China, which can be divided into seven periods, namely, gestation period, childhood period, struggle period, climax period, mid-ebb period, peak period and stable period. Firstly, this paper systematically introduces the history of ancient chess in China.

Liu Bo began in the pre-Qin period.

Chess has a long history of development in China. From gestation to embryonic form, and then to stereotypes, it has experienced long years of practice, improvement, enrichment and perfection.

The article "Chu Ci evokes the soul" says: "When art is chess, there are six treasures. Cao Cao is neck and neck, and each pursues his own. I am looking forward to it. I will call it five days. " Kun is a jade, but also a chess cover. It was here that the word chess was first used to refer to Liu Bo. Of course, the shape of chess is completely different from that of Liu Bo. Liubo is a game that wins by throwing and picking chess corners, while chess is a competitive sport that relies on ingenuity, skill and cultivation. Because Liu Bo had a certain relationship with later Xiang Jing, the word "chess" was born and later chess was born. Therefore, the period from the birth of the word "chess" to the publication of "Xiang Jing" by Emperor Wu of the Southern and Northern Dynasties is called the gestation period of chess.

Liubo has a long history. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuowen: "The ancients and Cao Zuobo." "Shiben Zuopian" also said that "Cao Wu is a blogger". More than 3,500 years ago, Cao Wu was a minister of Xia Jie. Sima Qian's Historical Records Yin Benji said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was dissolute and made a humanoid idol, calling it "God", and then "learned from it and made people walk". This happened in the twelfth century BC. "Historical Records of Song Family" also records that in 683 BC, Duke Jin of Song had a quarrel with doctor Nangong Wan because of Liu Boqi, who was killed by Nangong Wan. "The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo" contains: "Confucius said: It's hard to eat all day long and unintentionally! No players? You are still virtuous in this regard. " Confucius (55 1-479) thought that games were beneficial activities, better than doing nothing with a full stomach. How can you be virtuous without games? Give the game a high evaluation. Bo here is Liu Bo, and chess is Go, also called game. It was not until the Han Dynasty that Weiqi was officially called Weiqi.

Liubo chess consists of chopsticks, chess pieces, chessboards, chips, knives, knives and containers. The tube is also called arrow, symbol, research and cover, totaling six, so it is called Liubo; At first, it was made of bamboo and wood, with sharp ends like arrows. Later, it was also made of bones and jade. Chess pieces are called "chess", also called horses, 12 pieces, half black and white, or half black and white red, each side holds a color. The chessboard is called a wooden board, also called a curved track, which is made of wood and approximately square. Carve different rectangular grooves and dots on the front of the white or black chessboard, and paint it with red pigment or embed it with ivory. Deng Boye and others. , made of narrow bamboo pieces, divided into two kinds, long and short, the number varies, used to record the winning or losing of Bo. Knives and cutters are used to cut Bo and other numbers. A container is a box for holding chess tools.

During the Warring States Period, Liubo activities prevailed all over the world. Liezi recorded that there was a rich man named Yu in Daliang who set up a pestle on the high building at the intersection to let pedestrians go upstairs to attack Bo. Biography of Historical Records of Su Qin is even more clear: "Lin Mao is very practical, and everyone plays with sticks, drums, harps, hammers, cockfights, lackeys, six blogs and squats." He listed eight ways of entertainment here, including six blogs but didn't go.

The oldest existing chess game of Liu Bo is the chess game of Liu Bo unearthed from the tomb at the end of 1975 to 1976 in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province. The shape is basically consistent with the records in ancient documents. According to textual research, the relative age of this Expo was before Qin Zhao Haoqi in 5 1 year BC (256 BC).

During the Spring and Autumn Period of Cisse, which prevailed in Han Dynasty, a new chess game-Cisse was born from Liubo. "Zhuangzi Qing Thumb": "Vote for Joan Job, not Joan Yue Tournament." Wei's commentary "The Biography of King Wu Qiushou in the Later Han Dynasty" also said that the play was "playing chess without using arrows".

Because the six-bo competition often wins by throwing and luck, and it can't be won by fair and reasonable competition. Han clearly pointed out this shortcoming in "Zhi Yi": "Hanging on throwing, not good at throwing, the upper one has a chance, and the lower one has a chance. Although there are men and women, equality alone is not enough. " "Yin Wenzi" also said: "To do the best in traffic jams, we must use the right path, not the size of the chisel." Because you don't have to throw chopsticks in the plug-in, you get rid of the fluky psychology initially, and the intellectual competition between the two sides tends to be fair and reasonable.

Because Sai Opera is based on Bo Opera, it is often called "Bo Sai" in ancient books. For example, "Guanzi Siming" contains: "Wander in Baise, play it." Guanzi Four Seasons contains: "Bosai is forbidden in one government" (Bosai is forbidden in its evil deeds) and The Biography of Ji Liang in the Later Han Dynasty quotes Humboldt's "Saijing": "If it is blocked in the fourth mining area, it will be blocked, white, multiplied, and five times, and it will not work until the fifth grid, so it will be adjusted to the fifth grid." There are five plugs.

Because western opera is more advanced than Liubo opera, it has been extremely prosperous in the Han Dynasty. Cisse has become a fixed game in the court of Han Dynasty, and special officials have been set up. Biography of King Xiang Qiu Shou in Han Dynasty: "My Qiu Shou Wang, whose real name is Zi Gan, was born in Zhao, and he was young, calling for charity." "My Autumn Harvest King" is the earliest chess ever written. According to "Miscellaneous Things in Xiyang", it was not until Xuanzong (685-762) of the Tang Dynasty that someone wrote chess to Wang. My Qiu Shouwang, Liang Ji and so on. Are all the excellent Wu Ge players included in the history books? The Biography of Ji Liang in the Later Han Dynasty contains Liang Ji's Puge V.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Bian Shao wrote "Sefu", in which he chanted: "He who rises from a fortress is also wise. So it's used for similar purposes, and it's fun. The wooden bag of the earth drum, the empty mulberry, is simple and ancient. However, due to its scale, there is a formula for production: four pairs, the timing is right; There are twelve games of chess, and Jin Lu plays very well; People hold a semi-fainting, and the six pillars are also horizontal; Red and white, divided into yin and yang; Sudden death and sudden existence are like the sun and the moon; Do the right thing and get in the way; Avoid folding in the corner, the capacity of the ceremony is also; Overlapping, combining rigidity with softness; The week began, and he was healthy; The bureau is fair, and Kun Deshun is also smooth. However, it is full of justice, which is great and extensive. Quality is like the sky, yin and yang are in the clouds; Take it from the ground and combine rigidity with softness; When it is applied to people's standpoint, benevolence and righteousness will be carried out. From ancient times to modern times, Wang Ba came prepared; Seeing its success or failure is the law. "

The appearance of this kind of poems about objects reflects the prevalence of plug drama in the Han Dynasty and the attention of the Han court.

These two slightly different forms of chess games were unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. The western chess unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and the western chess unearthed in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Xilin County, Guangxi Province are almost exactly the same as the Bo Bureau. The only difference is that there is no Bo Bureau. The painted wooden chessboard unearthed from Tang Zuizi Han Tomb in Wuwei County, Gansu Province, is black with white regular patterns, which is slightly different from that of Boqi. The unearthed chessboard is engraved with two patterns of dragon and tiger.

From the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were several kinds of Bo operas in China art gardens, such as "Chess", "Pupu" and "Poirot Opera-Two Places". Because its shape does not belong to China's chess category, it lacks the concept of chess recognized by modern people, so it will not be described.