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The significance of science

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The Evolution and Meaning of the Word "Science"

It is said that "Wen Jiezi Ke": "From grain to bucket, bucket is also measured"; So the word "science" is named after the meaning of "measured knowledge". China traditionally called all knowledge "knowledge", while in ancient times, knowledge about natural things was called "physics" [1], so ancient physics was a natural science, and mathematics was independent of "physics". The word "science" was first used by Japanese academic circles in modern times, which corresponds to the corresponding vocabulary in English science and other European languages. In European languages, this word comes from Latin scientia, which means "knowledge" and "learning". In modern times, it focuses on the knowledge about nature, while in the Ming Dynasty, China called it "Gezhi", that is, learning from things to express the knowledge gained from studying natural things. Many scientific books published before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 were titled "Gezhi" or "Wu Ge". After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China set off a climax of learning modern western science and technology. In the late Qing Dynasty, Japan, which was at the forefront of modernization, mainly studied modern science and technology. Many people think that Kang Youwei is probably the first scholar in China to use the word "science". His Japanese bibliography lists books such as Introduction to Science and Principles of Science. During the Revolution of 1911, China people used the word "science" more and more frequently, and the words "science" and "ambition" coexisted. During the Republic of China, the word "science" replaced "ambition" through the scientific communication activities of China Science Society.

From the perspective of accuracy, verifiability and universal recognition, the word science refers to natural science. Science in a broad sense includes science and technology and sociology. In China, textbooks generally divide science into natural science (or science) and social science (or liberal arts). In China, concepts such as psychology and philosophy (different from science) are considered indistinguishable from natural science and social science. Therefore, the word "science" is often used vaguely. Engineering disciplines are called engineering and science and engineering, and liberal arts and science are also called liberal arts and science.

According to Modern Chinese Dictionary (Dictionary Editorial Room, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1978), the scientific explanation is:

A branch of knowledge system that reflects the objective laws of nature, society and thinking.

Conform to science (spirit, method, etc.). ).

For the understanding of science, a theory that is considered to be in line with facts or verified by experiments is called science, and a wrong theory is not in line with science. Another view holds that all knowledge is science. In the field of verifiable knowledge and science, there are right and wrong scientific views. In the process of human cognitive development, we will constantly examine and determine which of the existing and new scientific viewpoints and theories are correct and which are wrong. Moreover, with the broadening and deepening of human cognition, some scientific theories that are recognized as correct on the basis of our cognitive limitations today may be verified as incorrect in the future.

Definition of science and definition of related words

Scientific definition: a summary of the law of material change under certain conditions. The characteristics of science: repeatable verification, falsifiability and self-consistency.

Popular science is short for popularization of science. Telling one's own arguments and conclusions, so that readers can verify that this conclusion is a repeatable regular (scientific) process, which is called popular science.

Superstition means that you don't want the listener to verify it, but you just want the listener to accept the form of communication that expresses your views. Unconfirmed acceptance is also superstition.

Definition of Enlightenment: When some people who don't understand new theories, especially children, don't have the ability to verify scientific knowledge, they can only simply remember the results and apply scientific knowledge. This educational method that ignores the process of proof is called enlightenment. The common reasoning method of the enlightener is to explain the truth with some similar common sense that the enlightener knows, rather than telling the process of scientific proof. Moreover, we know that due to different conditions, similar truth may be different from reality, so enlightenment can not be applied to the debate of scientific theory. Superstition is not necessarily wrong, everyone is not all-rounder, and will trust the authority and experts of superstition to a greater or lesser extent without verifying them. So superstition is not terrible. But if you can't tell science from superstition, you may not know science from pseudoscience.

Philosophy is human's thinking and understanding of the world, so it is divided into subjective and objective; Science is a repeatable objective law, so philosophy includes science. The method of subjective understanding of the world has been abandoned by most people, because they usually only look at problems from a personal point of view. If others don't know the point of view of the discussant, they may not be able to reach a consistent conclusion. However, if people consider opinions and discuss them objectively, it will become science.

Objective definition: do not look at affairs from the perspective of a specific person, that is, the attributes of the affairs themselves, and do not shift from people's will.

the domain of science

natural science

Space science (space science)

archaeoastronomy

astrobiology,exobiology

space chemistry

astrodynamics

Astrometry

astronomy

astrophysics

Solar system chemistry

Galactic astronomy

Galactic astronomy

Physical cosmology

astrogeology

planetology

Solar astronomy

astrology

[Editor] Earth Science

biogeography

graphics

climatology

Coastal geography

geodesy

geography

geology

topography

geostatistics

geophysics

Glaciology

hydrology

hydrogeology

mineralogy

aerography

oceanology

palaeoclimatology

palaeontology

lithology

limnology

seismology

land science

Remote sensing survey

vulcanology

[Editor] Environmental Science

environmental sciences

environmental chemistry

Environmental geoscience

Environmental land science

[Editor] Life Science

dissect

Astrobiology, outer space biology

biochemistry

bioinformatics

biology

biophysics

biological engineering

botany

cytobiology

Affinity branch classification

cytology

Genetic biology

ecology

embryology

insectology

epidemiology

Animal behaviorism

Evolution (evolutionary biology)

Evolutionary developmental biology

freshwater biology

eugenics

Genetics (population genetics, genomics, protein genomics)

microanatomy

immunology

marine biology

microbiology

molecular biology

morphology

neurosciences

ontogeny

algology

Phylogenetics

Anthropology

physiatrics

physiology

population dynamics

Structural biology

taxology

toxicology

virology

creatural

[edit] chemistry

analytical chemistry

chromatography

spectroscopy

biochemistry

molecular biology

environmental chemistry

geochemistry

inorganic chemistry

materials science

nanotechnology

pharmaceutical chemistry

nuclear chemistry

organic chemistry

Organometallic chemistry

pharmacology

pharmaceutics

physical chemistry

electrochemistry

quantum chemistry

high polymer chemistry

Supramolecular chemistry

theoretical chemistry

computational chemistry

stereochemistry

thermochemistry

[Editor] Physics

acoustics

soil physics

Atomic, molecular and optical physics

biophysics

computational physics

Condensation physics

low-temperature physics

mechanics

fluid dynamics

geophysics

materials science

Mathematical physics

mechanics

Nuclear physics

optics

Particle physics (or high energy physics)

Plasma physics

Polymer physics

thermodynamics

statics

Solid state physics

Vehicle dynamics

[Editor] Social Science

[Editor] Anthropology

applied anthropology

religious anthropology

archaeology

cultural anthropology

ethnobiology

ethnography

ethnics

National poetics

Science of human development

Human sexology

Experimental Archaeology

Archaeology

anthropological linguistics

Human medicine

Human physics

Human psychology

Animal archaeology

[Editor] Economics

Macroeconomics

microeconomics

behavioral economics

Life economics

economics for development

econometrics

Geo-economics

economic history

economic sociology

energy economics

Entrepreneur economics

environmental economics

Economics advocates equality between men and women

Financial economics

Green economics

Industrial organization theory

International economics

Institutional economics

Islamic economics

labor economics

Law and economics

managerial economics

mathematical economics

monetary economics

Economic physics

fiscal science

public economics

Platform economics

Real estate economics

Resource economics

socialist economics

economics of welfare

computational economics

econometrics

evolutionary economics

Experimental economics

social psychology

Neuroeconomics

political economics

economic sociology

Transport economy

[Editor] Psychology

behavior analysis

biopsychology

cognitive psychology

Clinical psychology

Cultural psychology

developmental psychology

educational psychology

experimental psychology

Court psychology

health psychology

humanistic psychology

Enterprise and organizational psychology

Neuropsychology

personality psychology

determinism

Religious psychology

Psychophysics

Material psychology

consciousness

social psychology

[edit] geography

Linguistics [editor]

historical linguistics

word-building

phonetics

phonology

semantics

semeiology

grammar

origin of a word

[Editor] Politics

[Editor] Sociology

criminology

demography

[Editor] Applied Science

[Editor] Cognitive Science

Cognitive neuroscience

cognitive psychology

neurosciences

linguistic psychology

[Editor] Computer Science

Computational theory

Theory of automatic mechanical devices (formal grammar)

Computability theory

Computational complexity theory

Cooperative theory

algorithm

Randomization algorithm

Decentralized algorithm

Parallel algorithm

data structure

computer system formation

VLSI design

operating system

computer network

information theory

Internet, global information network

Wireless network (mobile network)

Computer control and performance

cryptology

Fault-tolerant algorithm

Decentralized computing

grid computing

parallel computing

High performance algorithm

quantum computer

Computer graphics and images

image processing

Scientific image

computing geometry

software engineering

Formal procedure (formal verification)

programming language

Programming paradigm

object-oriented programming

Functional programming

formal semantics

Type theory

compilers

Synchronous programming language

information science

database

relational database

distributed database

object database

Multimedia, hypermedia

data mining

IR

artificial intelligence

cognitive science

Automatic reasoning

machine learning

artificial neural network

Natural language processing (computational linguistics)

Computer vision

Expert system

Mechanical anthropology

human-computer interaction

Use computers in mathematics, science, engineering and medicine.

numerical analysis

Symbolic calculation

Digital computer theory

Mathematical computer science

Scientific computer science

Biocomputer science

Physical computer science

Chemical computer science

Neuroscience computer science

Computer aided engineering

finite element analysis

Computational fluid mechanics

Using computers in social sciences, liberal arts and humanities majors

Economic computer science

Social computer science

Financial engineering

Digital humanities

Information system (information management system)

information technology

information management system (IMS)

medical informatics

Computer and society

Computer use history

Humanistic informatics

Public informatics

[edit] engineering

aeronautical engineering

Aerospace Engineering

agricultural engineering

agro-science

Biomedical Engineering

chemical engineering

civil engineering

Computer engineering

control engineering

electrical engineering

Language engineering

ocean engineering

mechanical engineering

Manufacturing engineering

Mineral engineering

nuclear technology

software engineering

Transportation engineering

[Editor] Health Science

environmental medicine

Dentistry

epidemiology

Medical science

veterinarian

physiatrics

[Editor] Medicine

internal medicine

surgical operation

gynaecology

paediatrics

psychiatry

neurology

dermatology

ophthalmology

otolaryngology

Imaging diagnostics

anaesthesiology

Rehabilitation science

preventive medicine

dissect

physiology

pathology

physiopathology

immunology

pharmacology

toxicology