What changes have taken place in the distribution area of Bai nationality since ancient times?

More than 4,000 years ago, in the Neolithic Age, the ancestors of the Bai nationality thrived in the area centered on Cangshan Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake, created the early rice culture on the platform by the river, and lived a nomadic life of farming, fishing and hunting. Roughly equivalent to the Warring States period, the first kingdom of the Bai nationality-Baizi Kingdom (also known as Baiguo) was formed. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Tang Dynasty, the foreign trade exchanges of Bai ancestors began to take shape. Huaxia civilization and ancient Indian civilization spread to Erhai Lake area one after another. Bai ancestors kept learning from them and initially formed a Bai culture with Sanskrit/Chinese characteristics. Kun, East (West) Hull people, Qulian imperial edict, Mengbi imperial edict, Yueyan imperial edict, Langqiong imperial edict, Shi Lang imperial edict and Mengshe imperial edict successively surrendered to the State of Bai Zi. In the third year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 629), the white country was weak, and Zhang Qiuchan was located in Nuluo, the land where the main imperial edict was made to the Meng Society. In 737 AD, the imperial envoys of the Tang Dynasty solemnly assisted Nanzhao in capturing Shihecheng (now Fengyi) and Shiqiao (now Shimonoseki), occupying Taihe and attacking Heman, and then continued to annex the imperial edicts. In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), with the support of the Tang Dynasty, Pirog merged five imperial edicts and became the king of Yunnan. He established political power based on Xi Erhai Lake (now Erhai Lake) and took his surname as the country name, which was called Dameng. The following year, he moved the capital to Taihe City (now Dali). The history of the Central Plains is called Nanzhao, and the Tubo is called Jiang Yu. In 897, Zheng Maisi, an official of Qing Dynasty, ordered Deng Yang, a trusted minister of Montessori in Nanzhao, to kill Long Shun, the emperor of Nanzhao. In 902, after the death of Shun Huazhen, the son of Changshun, the son of Shun Huazhen was killed for eight months, and there were more than 800 relatives of the Mongols, and the Nanzhao of the Mongols perished. Zheng Maisi founded Dachang and Guo, calling himself the emperor. He died in 909, and the temple was named Sage. His posthumous title was the emperor Ming Sheng Wu Wen Wei Dehuan. His son Zheng Renmin succeeded to the throne. In 928 AD, Gong Huidi Zheng Longqiu was killed by Yang Ganzhen, the minister of Dongchuan, and made Zhao Shanzheng, the official of Qingping (the prime minister), king, and changed his country name to "the country of Daxing" and Xingyuan. Zhao Shanzheng mourned for Condi, and his title was sacred. The country of Dachang perished. In 929, Yang Ganzhen succeeded Zhao Shanzheng, established the principle of justice, reformed the Yuan Dynasty and advocated saints. Brother Yang Zhao refers to Duan Siping as the emperor. In doubt, Yang Gan was really anxious to kill Duan Siping. During being hunted by Yang Ganzhen, Duan Siping was inspired by the divination of Xiushan Shrine and hid in the tribe sentenced by his uncle. Good officials are closely related to Duan Siping, and Duan Siping's younger brother Duan Siliang and his strategist Dong Jialuo are sent to protect them. In 930 AD, Yang Ganzhen's position was usurped by his younger brother Yang Zhao. After Yang Zhao acceded to the throne, he changed to Yuan Daming. Duan Siping borrowed thirty-seven barbarian soldiers from Dongwu to attack Yanggan Town in Shicheng, and took Dong Jialuo as his strategist to attack Dali in all directions. At that time, Yang Zhao and Chen Bing were under the bridge, but Duan Jun could not pass. Duan Siping had three dreams in his sleep that night: "People have no heads; Jade bottle has no ears; Second time around ",puzzled by this, his strategist Dong Jialuo pointed out that Duan Siping's dream is a big omen, because" you are a husband, and you have to go to the first day; Jade bottle goes to the ear to be king; If there is no suitable person in second time around, the morale of the army will be greatly boosted. On that day, Duan Jun found a woman engaged in yarn washing and guided Duan Jun to a place suitable for the army to cross the river. He said, "People come from the end of my river and horses come from Sansha. My country is called Dali. Duan Siping's army successfully crossed the river according to the instructions of the yarn washer. Yang Zhao committed suicide after losing the war. After learning the news of defeat, Yang Ganzhen abandoned the city and fled, and was captured by Duan Siping Army. When Duan Siping acceded to the throne, he established Dali, established Yuan Wende, and still made Dali his capital. Over 500 years. Dali was destroyed by Mongolia in 1253. The Yuan Dynasty established Yunnan Province on the original Dali border. The Yuan Dynasty appointed Duan Xingzhi, the last surrendered Dali emperor, as the "General Manager of Dali" and succeeded him. General manager of Dali kingdom at the end of Yuan Dynasty passed down 1 1. In 138 1 year, the Ming army pacified Yunnan and cancelled Duan's hereditary privilege in Dali. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Bai nationality gradually formed an organic whole with the Central Plains in politics, economy and culture. Bai (ba)

In the process of its formation and development, the Bai people interacted with the surrounding ethnic groups, creating a splendid economy and culture. As early as the pre-Qin period, the ancestors of the Bai nationality opened up a poisonous road to Sichuan, which was called the "Southern Silk Road". In 122 BC, Zhang Qian, the Duke of Bowang, returned from the Western Regions and reported to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty his strange discovery in Daxia (now northern Afghanistan). "When I lived in the summer, I saw Shubu and Chanzhu and asked them about it, saying that the southeast (now India) was poisoned." On the territory of the western regions that has never been recorded in the official history of emperors in past dynasties, Zhang Qian actually found a large number of Shu cloth and Shu sticks produced in Sichuan. In fact, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the Bai caravan opened a folk "smuggling channel" leading to the South Asian subcontinent and the Indo-China Peninsula in the mountainous area. The oldest highway in China made Yunnan the earliest frontier of "reform and opening up" in ancient China. Since then, the Indian Ocean sea breeze has blown into the red plateau. Horses carrying cloth, silk and lacquerware from Shu crossed Gaoligong Mountain and arrived in Tengyue (now Tengchong) to exchange goods with Indian businessmen. Or go on, cross the Chindun River and Naga Mountain to Assam, India, and then follow the Yarlung Zangbo River basin to the Indian plain. "Stealing business, everything is impossible". The glass, gems, seashells, religions and philosophies of India and Central Asia also entered the Erhai Lake area, which has always been regarded as a "wild land" by the Central Plains. March Street in Dali was formed more than 65,438+0,000 years ago, and its commercial splendor is recorded in ancient books. Through continuous development and integration, the White Caravan gradually formed the "three western commercial gangs" that dominated Southeast Asia, namely Xizhou Commercial Gang, Tengchong Commercial Gang and Heqing Commercial Gang. In addition, the Bai caravan has been going north along the Hengduan Mountains, which will divide the Bai people.

Yunnan tea was transported to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the north, where it was exchanged with the Tibetan people for tea and horses. This is the mysterious ancient tea-horse road. The opening of the ancient tea-horse road has strengthened the communication between Yunnan and the people of all ethnic groups in Tibetan areas, promoted the prosperity and development of society, economy and culture in southwest China, and made indelible contributions.

Bai nationality is a minority in the southwest frontier of China. Mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lijiang, Bijiang, Baoshan, Nanhua, Yuanjiang, Kunming, Anning and other places, as well as Bijie in Guizhou, Liangshan in Sichuan and Sangzhi County in Hunan. According to the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Bai nationality was 1858063.

Bai nationality is a minority in southern China and the largest nationality in China. Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei provinces are the settlements of modern Bai people, among which there are 1505644 people in Yunnan, accounting for 80.87% of the Bai population. There are 187362 people in Guizhou, accounting for10.06%; There are 125597 people in Hunan, accounting for 6.75%; There are 7 173 people in Hubei, accounting for 0.39%. In addition to the place of residence, there are Bai people and active servicemen in 32 provinces and cities who have moved because of work and marriage.