What are the national first-class cultural relics in China?

1, pottery basin with fish pattern on its surface

This painted pottery basin is red, with intermittent black ribbons at the mouth and two groups of symmetrical mermaid patterns painted in black on the inner wall. A person's face is round, with a bun-like tip and fin-like decoration on the top of his head. The right half of the forehead is painted black, and the left half is painted black and semi-arc. Eyes are thin and straight, like closed eyes. The bridge of the nose is straight, forming an inverted T-shape.

There is a deformed fish pattern on the left and right sides of the mouth, and the fish head coincides with the outline of the mouth, which seems to contain two big fish in the mouth at the same time. In addition, two relatively small fish were separated at the ear of the human face, thus forming a mermaid with a strange image. Between two faces, there are two big fish chasing. The whole picture is free in composition, very dynamic, simple in design and full of fantasy.

2. cauldron

The Great Yu Ding was unearthed in Licun, Yan County, Shaanxi Province in the early years of Qing Daoguang. It was successively owned by squire Guo, county magistrate Zhou Guangsheng, Zuo and Pan Zuyin. 195 1 year was donated to the Shanghai Museum by Pan Dayu, a descendant of Pan Shi, and 1959 was admitted to the Chinese History Museum (now the National Museum of China).

The other tripod, also cast in a jar, is slightly smaller in shape, commonly known as the "small jar tripod". The inscription on the tripod involved the war between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the ghost face, but it disappeared when it was collected, and only the rubbings of the inscription were kept in the description.

3. Samsung Tara Yulong

Jade Dragon is carved from dark green xiuyan jade. Its whole body is bright and clean, its head is kissed, its eyes are trimmed, its mane is flying and its body is curled up. Vivid image, exquisite carving, has the reputation of "China's first art dragon".

Dragon-like remains have been found in many Neolithic sites, or used for mussel carving, painting or sculpture. Researchers have put forward various hypotheses about the prototype of the dragon, such as snakes, crocodiles, lizards, fish, giants, horses, cows, pigs, deer, bears, tigers, silkworms, grubs, pine trees, clouds, lightning and so on.

The word "dragon" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty and the jade dragon unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb all show that the dragon is a huge, horned, big-mouthed, curved beast. The Neolithic cultural relics that best meet these characteristics should belong to this curly Yulong in Hongshan Culture. Lingjiatan in Hanshan, Anhui Province and Jony J in Tianmen, Hubei Province also have similar images of Yulong, which may be the original form of dragon.

4. Colored pottery pots with storks and axes

The picture of the stork axe shows that the painted pottery cylinder is red in appearance and made into a straight-walled flat-bottomed cylinder. There is a picture on the outer wall of the clay pot. On the left side of the picture is a standing white stork with round eyes, a long mouth and an upright head. The stork has a big fish in its mouth, painted white all over, and the outline of the fish is clearly drawn with black lines.

A stone axe stands on the right side of the picture. The axe is full of holes, and the handle is wrapped in woven cloth and engraved with symbols. Storks have big eyes and bright eyes. The stork leans back slightly and its head and neck are towering. The fish's eyes are small, the body is stiff, and the fins are drooping, which is in sharp contrast with the stork's expression.

5. Stepmother Wu Ding

The bronze Fang Ding body and four legs of Wu Zetian are integrally cast, while the tripod ears are cast after the tripod body is cast. Casting this tripod requires 1000 kilograms of metal raw materials. In the process of making such a large object, there are a series of complicated technical problems, such as molding clay molds, copying pottery molds, and pouring together.

The casting of the bronze tripod of "Wu Zetian" fully shows that the bronze casting in the late Shang Dynasty is not only large in scale, but also well-organized and meticulous in division of labor, which is enough to represent the highly developed bronze culture of the Shang Dynasty.

In addition, the qualitative analysis of spectrum and the quantitative analysis of precipitation method of chemical analysis show that the bronze tripod of Houmu House contains 84.77% copper and 0/0/0/0.64% lead, which is basically consistent with the ratio of copper to tin recorded in Kao Gong Ji and Zhu Shi written in the Warring States Period, from which we can see the inherent inheritance of ancient bronze civilization in China.

Baidu Encyclopedia-China National Museum