Why is the Red Scarf Army an anti-yuan struggle of the Song regime?

Since the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the struggle for succession to the throne within the gold family has never stopped. In addition to the political line of Renzong and Yingzong dynasties, with the change of emperors, the ruling policy also changed from time to time. The change of Dadu initiated the selection of emperors by ministers, and the political situation that Temuder relied on the protection of the Empress Dowager emerged in the three dynasties of Wuzong, Renzong and Yingzong. The war between the two capitals has even resorted to the use of force to compete for the throne, which has further caused the demise of the emperor's supreme sovereignty and made the powerful ministers overbearing. The political line changes according to the will of the powerful ministers, and the political situation changes frequently with the change of the throne.

Renzong and Yingzong devoted themselves to stabilizing the ruling order, but were controlled by the Queen Mother and the powerful minister Temuder. Scholars were determined to revive once, but they never died; At first, Shun Di was controlled by Timur and Bo Yan, unable to display his ambition. Later, under the guidance of Hama and others, Shun Di indulged in womanhood and pleasure. Due to the interference of powerful ministers and the influence of Mongolian social habits, the ruling system of the Yuan Dynasty has never been completely improved, the ruling order has never been firmly established for a long time, and the civil policy has never been fully implemented. Every emergency may lead to a change of policy.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, a lot of wealth has been spent on the reward of imperial clan and ministers and the expenditure on religious activities. The life of emperors and nobles is becoming increasingly corrupt, the phenomenon of officials taking bribes and bending the law is getting worse and worse, and the ruling institutions are rapidly decaying. Bribery, official extortion, numerous names, too numerous to mention. "They ask people for money in different names: at the beginning, they say' visit at home', they say' spend money' for nothing, and they say' save money' on holidays. Ask for the' regular money' in charge, send' human money', chase' pay money' and talk about' business money'. The more money you find, the more you get. Except that the better the state, the better the work. I don't know why Zhongjun loves the people. "

The plundering and annexation of land by the royal family, nobles and powerful ministers, cruel exploitation and heavy taxes, coupled with the corruption of official management, increased the burden on the people and intensified class contradictions. The national prejudice and oppression policies of some powerful ministers and nobles have intensified national contradictions, and contradictions, conflicts and conflicts within the ruling group have further corrupted the political atmosphere. All these made the society always in a state of turmoil at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

Bureaucratic corruption has also eroded the army. After the song dynasty was destroyed, it was peaceful for a long time, and the people did not know the soldiers. The fighting capacity of the Mongolian army, which is famous for its bravery and good fighting, has been greatly reduced. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, the army at that time was described as "the son of the family, passed down from generation to generation, arrogant, extravagant and selfish." As for military affairs, I didn't talk about it, but I took flying horses as flying guns, wine orders as military orders, meat arrays as military arrays, and songs of triumph, so the military and political affairs were not repaired for a long time. "

Sai-jo, Injong and Shun Di reached the early stage of Zheng Zheng. Although some measures have been taken to stabilize social order and restore and develop production, they have been constantly disturbed and destroyed by traitors and powerful ministers. The heavy burden of labor and usury exploitation have made poor farmers bankrupt and even sold their children.

The arrogance and extravagance of the ruling group, the corruption of the bureaucratic team and the huge military expenditure have caused financial embarrassment. The solution to the financial difficulties of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty was to issue a large number of paper money, which caused the subsequent devaluation of paper money. Instead of solving the financial difficulties of the Yuan Dynasty, the method of removing and changing banknotes aggravated inflation and caused widespread dissatisfaction in society. The rule of the Yuan Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. At that time, there was a poem "Drunken Peace", which exposed the seriousness of social problems in the Yuan Dynasty incisively and analyzed incisively:

Open a big yuan, the men monopolize the power, talk nonsense to change the root of the money disaster, resulting in red scarves and thousands of troops. Taxes are exorbitant, the criminal law is too heavy, and the people complain. To the point where people eat people. When did you see the change of money? A thief is an official, an official is a thief, and a fool is a jerk. Alas, what a pity!

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Tao said that this poem "Drunkenness is not about wine" was "sick at the right time", so at that time, "everyone can learn from it from Jingshi to Jiangnan." . In the case of political corruption and people's poverty, Yuan Shundi suffers from natural disasters. In the first year of Yuan reunification, there was heavy rain in both cities, and the number of hungry people reached 400,000. In two years, Jiangsu and Zhejiang were affected, with a hungry population of 590,000. Three years after Zhiyuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang suffered another famine, with 400 thousand hungry people. In the fourth year, the Yellow River burst three times and hungry people were everywhere. In the past, when the resistance struggle of small farmers continued to occur, the Anbaili organization, which had been circulating among the people for a long time, was brewing a large-scale resistance struggle.

People often call Jia the direct cause of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. "I don't know that Yuan's death was based on the habit of following the rules from top to bottom, focusing on feasting and neglecting discipline and customs, and the disorder of order was not overnight, but has a long history."

In the 11th year of Zheng Zheng (135 1), Hanhe raised the banner of righteousness on Yingshang for the first time, which was called the "Red Scarf Army" with the red scarf on its head as the symbol, and was also called the "Fragrant Army" because of the organization call of the White Lotus Sect. Therefore, up and down the Yangtze River, north and south of the river, and the place where bees rise are all red towels. "At that time, Xu Shouhui, Huang, Bu, Meng Haima, Xiang Han, Sesame, Pei also responded to Hao."

Sesame plum, born in Xiaoxian County, Xuzhou, was named Li Er. When there was a local famine, the Li family had only one warehouse of sesame seeds, named Sesame Plum. After the Liu Futong Uprising, Li Er, who was popular among the people, and his neighbor Zhao Junyong made a conspiracy. He said: "The imperial court has made great achievements in civil engineering, but the people are poor and have no complaints. I heard that Xiang Jun in Yingshang has risen, but the loyalist has nothing. At this time, it is the autumn when a real man takes money. " Zhao Junyong is the president. He contacted eight people, including Peng Er (Peng Zaozhu) and Yi Xuexian, who are brave and good at fighting. They all sacrificed for the alliance. On the night of August 10th, 11th year of Zheng Zheng, he invaded Xuzhou. "In the morning, the flag was raised again, and there were more than one hundred people from it. The pontoon bridge is surrounded by plundered land, and there are Xuzhou, Suzhou, Wuhe, Hongxian, Fengpei, Lingbi, Anfeng and Haosi in the west. "

In the twelfth year (1352), in August, the Prime Minister left his post and invited Xuzhou, and invited Ding Yan and the brave from Huainan cities to make them know about the Privy Council, so that they could be in charge of political affairs, and they could also (greatly) recruit the brave.

In September, loyalists besieged Xuzhou, "attacking day and night with huge stones as guns". The rebels fought against the enemy and the city was breached. "After pholiota adiposa captured its flag and drum, he burned its products, pursued its pseudo-thousand households with ten people, and then slaughtered the city." . Sesame and plum ran away. Zhao Junyong and Peng Zao lived in Haozhou and then fled to Guo Zixing.

At the same time, the Red Scarf Army of Beisuo led by Bu occupied Dengzhou, Nanyang, Tanghe, Songzhou, Ruzhou and Henan successively, and advanced to Sliding State and Xunzhou. The Red Scarf Army led by Meng Haima occupied Xiangyang, Zhoufang, Guizhou, Zhou Jun, Zhou Xia and Jingmen.

While suppressing Sesame Plum, the Yuan Dynasty sent imperial envoys Timur to learn about the old chapter of the Privy Council, Wei Kuan Chege Wang, Yu A, Zhongshu Pingzhang, Gong, Taibuhua, and Sichuan Province all lost their political affairs, and so on. They led the army to conquer Henan, Jiangbei Red Scarf Army, Beisuo Red Scarf Army and Tianwan Red Scarf Army, led by Peng Yingyu and Xu Shouhui.

In the struggle against the Yuan Army, the scattered Red Scarf Army gradually united, forming the Northern Red Scarf Army with Liu Futong as the core and the Southern Red Scarf Army under the leadership of Tianwan regime.

Liu Futong is from Yingzhou. Han, a native of Luancheng, organized people to publicize "there is chaos in the world, and Maitreya Buddha is born" together with Bailian Sect; Han Shan Tong is the grandson of Song Huizong VIII. He should be the master of China, and he has many followers from Henan, Jiangsu and Huaihe. This is the beginning of the Battle of Jaruzi River. They buried a one-eyed stone man in the old course of the Yellow River in advance, with the words "One-eyed stone man stirs up the Yellow River against the world" engraved on his back, hoping to mobilize civilian workers to participate in the uprising. Just as they killed the white horse and the black cow, they swore to heaven that they would fight Yuan. When they were discovered by the government, they were suppressed and Han was arrested. His wife Yang and his son fled to Wu 'an. Liu Futong also escaped, and led the uprising on the third day of May, occupying Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui Province), and a large-scale peasant resistance struggle was officially launched at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

Appreciation of Ancient Landscape Paintings Yuan Ting ordered the Privy Council to know about Hess and Tuchi, led 6,000 Soviet troops and various Han armies to crusade, and marched with Xu Zuocheng's troops in Henan. And "three will take debauchery as a service, and sergeant will take plunder as a service, neglecting repression." Seeing that the Red Scarf Army was outnumbered, Hu's army horse raised its whip and said,' Abu, Abu.' Ab, talk. So everything went well. "Hu died in Shangcai, and Xu Zuocheng was punished by the court. Azu's army didn't learn to fight in the water, and it didn't adapt to the environment. More than half of the people who died were sick.

When the Red Scarf Army was suppressed, the weaknesses of the generals in the Yuan Dynasty were gradually exposed, such as corruption, low combat effectiveness and lax discipline. Just like Gelsi's army running away from battle, Timur's army didn't fight the Red Scarf Army first, so it disturbed itself. Timur abandoned the army first and fled, losing all food, vehicles and weapons.

In the 14th year of Zheng Zheng (1354), he went to Gaoyou to ask for Zhang Shicheng. But he was demoted because of Hama's slander, and the million-strong army was scattered for a while.

Loyalists got off to a bad start, fearing that my son Chahan Timur and Li Siqi, a native of Xinyang Luoshan who settled in Shenqiu, Yingzhou, recruited Ding Zhuang and organized landlords to fight against the Red Scarf Army. The Yuan court sealed Dr. Han Zhongshun and the great scholar Huachi of Runing House. Magistrate Li Siqi Runin. They assembled 10,000 soldiers to form an army. They camped in Shenqiu and defeated the Red Scarf Army. Later, it became the main force to suppress the Red Scarf Army in the Yuan Dynasty.

In the fifteenth year of Zheng Zheng (1355), in January, Yuan Ting made Henan take part in the defense of the red silk donkey, Shaanxi took part in the defense of Tongguan, Wang Zong lost his teeth and Xingyuan, Shaanxi took part in the attack on Aruwensha to defend Shangzhou, and Tong Zhengyuan made more efforts to defend Shandong and surround Liu Futong's troops, making it lose its eight capitals. In February, he was taken back from Dangshan, made emperor, called Bozhou as its capital, changed its name to Song, and established the northern Red Scarf Army regime. Song regime established Zhongshu Province and Privy Council, Sheng Wenyu and Liu Futong successively served as prime ministers, and appointed Pingzhang and Privy Council officials. With the development of the situation, local institutions such as provinces, prefectures and counties have also been established. Guan Jun's institutions include the Marshal's Office, the General Office of Guan Jun and the Office of Wan Hu of Guan Jun, all of which are under the jurisdiction of the Privy Council. There are 100 households, 1,000 households, 10,000 households, general managers and marshals in the military.

After the establishment of the Song regime, the Yuan army suppressed it even more tightly. In June, Ba Du Bai Lu went to Pingzhang, Henan Province, and marched into Changge (now northeast of Changge, Henan Province). He fought against Liu Futong and was defeated. The soldiers collapsed. After the defeat of Badulu, he retreated to Zhongmou, withdrawing troops and preparing for garrison. He was robbed by the Red Scarf Army and lost all his property. Yuan will ambush Liu Hamuhua, and the Red Scarf Army will lose. The Yuan army regained the lost trench.

Zhao Mingda was sent to attack Song, Xu, Deng and Luo in the north, crossing the river to Huaiqing, causing a major earthquake in Hebei. Chahan Timur entered the war, and the northern Red Scarf Army was defeated. In December, after losing Badulu, Liu Futong was defeated by Taikang and Bozhou was besieged. Han Liner took refuge in Anfeng (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province).

In March of the 16th year (the second year of Song Longfeng, 1356), Liu Futong invaded Bozhou. "Badulu and his son were defeated by Liu Futong, and the war was over. When the war horse fell, Timur Miro (son of Badulu-leader's note) ordered to mount the horse first, and pursued it with his own bow and arrow. /kloc-in October, I moved to Liu Chen. "

In September, Liu Futong sent Wu Li and Cui De to Shaanxi and Mao Guiren to Shandong in order to reduce the military pressure of the Yuan Army on the capital Bozhou and expand the results. Li and Cui broke Tongguan, knowing that political traces were killed.

In the seventeenth year (Song Feng III, 1357), due to Mao Gui's brilliant achievements in Shandong, Liu Futong further decided to make a large-scale northern expedition. The Northern Expeditionary Army in Song Dynasty was divided into three roads: Mao Gui was the main force, attacking Dadu from the east road, Mr. Guan and Toupan bypassed Shanxi as the middle road, turned to attack Hebei, and surrounded Dadu from the east road; Bai unbelief, broadsword ao and Li Xixi were sent to Shaanxi. Reinforce Wu Li and Cui De. Joint meeting of flags: "Three thousand tigers reach the land of secluded swallows; Dragonfly Ninth Five-Year Plan, the day of reopening the Great Song Dynasty ". Expressed the determination to destroy the yuan.

After Wu Li and Cui De took Tongguan, Lianke Shanzhou (now Sanmenxia City, Henan Province) and Zhou Guo (now Lingbao, Henan Province) won the letter and will enter Shaanxi. Li and Cui led troops to Pinglu and Anyi, and were defeated by Chahamel. Soon, they assembled again, occupied Shangzhou (now Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province), attacked Wuguan, seized seven sets, and went down to Lantian and Chang 'an. Striker Daba, Shaanxi Provincial Taiwan is in an emergency. Chahan Timur led many people into the pass and moved on, but the Red Scarf Army was defeated and went to Nanshan to enter Xingyuan. 10, Bai Unbelief, Da Daoao and Li Xixi went to Xingyuan and entered Fengxiang. He was defeated by Chahan Timur and Li Siqi and went to Sichuan. Li Xixi and his men later defected to Chen Youliang. Wu Li and Cui De, who stayed in Shaanxi but Gansu, captured Ningxia Road (now Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Lingzhou (now Lingwu South, Ningxia) in six years (Zheng Zheng 21st year, 136 1) and surrendered to Li Siqi.

After Mao Gui entered Shandong, he went to Jiaozhou (now Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province) to kill the Privy Council, and to Kelaizhou (now Yexian County, Shandong Province) to kill Shi Jian E, the deputy envoy of Shandong Xuanwei. When Yidu Road was occupied, Wang Mai slaves fled, and Zhang Jun, a member of Shandong Senate, threw himself into the well.

It quickly occupied most counties and cities in Shandong. March. Lower Binzhou (now Binxian County, Shandong Province) advanced to Jinan. The imperial court urgently ordered the left prime minister of Huguang Province to be too vain to know about the Privy Council, and went to Huainan to assist the Privy Council. At that time, the Red Scarf Army gathered. "When attacking Jinan from Nanshan, it can be seen that both mountains are red." Mix and others set an ambush by the stream, riding dozens to challenge first, but the Red Scarf Army was ambushed. Taian Red Scarf Army went to help, but it was defeated by Mix, so it gave up Jinan. In April, Juzhou (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) was captured. In July, Tian Feng, a million households guarding the Yellow River Rebels, responded to Mao Gui and conquered Jining Road (now Juye, Shandong Province) and Zhou Pu (now Juancheng, Shandong Province). In winter, Yu Bao, a thousand yuan rebel in Dizhou, also killed Bao Tong of the Privy Council in response to the Red Scarf Army.

In the fourth year of Longfeng (18th year of Zheng Zheng, 1358), in the first month, Tian Feng captured Dongping Road (now Dongping, Shandong Province), the hub of North-South water transportation in Yuan Dynasty, and the North-South water transportation in Yuan Dynasty was interrupted. In February, Mao Gui went to Qing (now Qingxian County, Hebei Province) and Cang (now Cangzhou City, Hebei Province) and entered (Cangzhou). Soon, after capturing Jinan Road, Yuan Shou 'ai died.

Mao Guijian built Shandong City, "building Binxing Academy, choosing the Forbidden City, and keeping the discipline; In Laizhou, 360 farms were set up, each with a distance of 30 miles, and 100 vehicles were built to transport grain storage. Guanmintian received two points in ten days, land transportation in winter and water transportation in summer. "In the case of continuous military victory, we should attach importance to the development of production and establish a solid base area. Then, he marched north. From Hejian to Zhigu, he committed crimes in Xuzhou and arrived in Zaolin, forcing Gideon to die, and a great envoy of the Tang Dynasty died. The Yuan court was terrified at home and abroad and proposed to move the capital. The left prime minister is peaceful and perseveres. Liu Halabhua, who knew the Privy Council, was ordered to leave the city to defend against the enemy and fight the Red Scarf Army in Liulin and Mao. He lost and went back to Jinan. In the fifth year of Longfeng (19th year of Yuan Dynasty 1359), Mao Gui was killed by Zhao Junyong, and Mao Gui's subordinates succeeded to the throne and killed Zhao Junyong. In the internal fratricidal battle, the Shandong Red Scarf Army was greatly weakened. In the 11th year of Zheng Zheng, Chahan Timur counterattacked Shandong, recovered some counties in Shandong, surrendered to Tian Feng and Yubao, and Shandong was controlled by Yuan Dynasty forces.

The Middle Route Army in the Northern Expedition was in Longfeng for three years. (in the seventeenth year of Zheng Zheng, 1257) entered Taihang, took Lingchuan (now Shanxi) and Kegaoping (now Shanxi), occupied Luzhou (now Changzhi, Shanxi), and attacked Jining Road, an important town in Hedong (now Taiyuan, Shanxi). Because Chahan Timur was heavily intercepted, he returned to Taihang.

In the spring of four years, Mao Gui sent Wang Shicheng and his stepfather Zi Yi to attack Huaiqing and killed Wang Dezhen, manager of Huaiqing Road. Wang Shicheng captured Jinning Road (now Linfen, Shanxi) and killed Toussaint, the general manager. The influence of the Route Army increased greatly, so the soldiers divided into two ways, starting from Jiangzhou (now Shanxi Xinjiang) and Qin Zhou (now Shanxi Qinxian), and attacking Jinning and Datong.

After the Eastern Route Army, which besieged the capital, retreated, Chahan Timur deployed a large number of troops to the west to deal with the middle road. In June, Guan conquered Liaozhou (now Zuo Quan). In September, attack Baoding and Dingzhou to the east, and then enter Shanxi, reaching the north of Shanxi. 10 month, occupied Datong and Xinghe. In December, Shangdu was conquered and the Shangdu Palace was burned down. Occupy Quanning Road (now Wengniute Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia) and burn down the Lu Palace; Seize Liaoyang Road and kill Lu Zhen, the general manager of Yizhou, as a base to attack North Korea. In November of five years, the striker crossed the Yalu River, and in December, he captured Yizhou and Xijing (now Pyongyang, North Korea) and other places. In seven years, due to unfavorable war, he returned to Liaoyang. Mr. Guan was born and died in World War II, and Pantou was captured. After Yuzhong returned to Shandong, its yuan was reduced.

At the same time of the Third Road Northern Expedition, Liu Futong attacked the capital of song dynasty in the north. Daming Road and Weihui Road were conquered successively, forming a siege of the capital of song dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty sent a reply to Badulu, knowing about the Privy Council and being confused, and repeatedly defeated the Red Scarf Army. In the third year of Longfeng, Badulu died, and his son Luo Timur attacked his position and led his troops back to Jingxing (now Jingxing West, Hebei Province).

In five years, the dragon and phoenix attacked the capital of song dynasty, and Yuan Shoujiang fled. Song took the capital of song dynasty and moved to live. The rebels reached their peak. Due to the successive defeats of the Third Route Army in the Northern Expedition, the Yuan Army was able to concentrate its forces to besiege the capital city, and the situation quickly reversed. Surrounded by the Yuan army, they broke through the capital of song dynasty, rushed out of the tight encirclement, fled back to Anfeng, and tens of thousands of Red Scarf officers, soldiers and their families were captured.

After fleeing back to Anfeng, the Song regime was isolated and in a very difficult situation. In the 9th year of Longfeng (23rd year of Zheng Zheng, 1363), Zhang Shicheng took the opportunity to attack, and Liu Futong fought hard and died. Zhu Yuanzhang went to help, and Wang Xiaoming was rescued and placed in Chuzhou. In the twelfth year of Longfeng (twenty-six years of Zheng Zheng, 1366), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Liao Yongzhong to meet Wang Xiaoming and sank in Guabu. Wang Xiaoming drowned. The demise of the Song regime.