Ask the names of three ancient scientists in China, five contemporary scientists in China and five foreign scientists.

Ancient times: Zu Chongzhi, Shen Kuo, Guo Shoujing; Contemporary: Yang Zhenning, Wang Feiyue, Deng Jiaxian, Qian Xuesen, Yuan Longping; Foreign countries: Einstein, isaac newton, Max Planck, Madame Curie, Mendeleev.

First of all, ancient scientists

1, Zu Chongzhi

Zu Chongzhi (429-500), born in Jiankang (now Nanjing), was originally from Qixian County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). He was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi studied natural science all his life, mainly contributing to mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing. On the basis of exploring the accurate method of pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he first calculated the "pi" to the seventh place after the decimal point, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. His "ancestral rate" has made great contributions to mathematical research.

It was not until the 6th century A.D./KLOC-that the Arab mathematician Al Cassie broke this record.

The Daming Calendar written by him was the most scientific and progressive calendar at that time, which provided a correct method for future astronomical research. His main works are In the Frontier, Composition, Explaining Words, Li Yi and so on.

2. Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (103 1 year-1095), a native of Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was a politician and scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Shen Kuo was born into an official family and traveled around with his father in his childhood. In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), he was a scholar, and was named Yangzhou secretariat to join the army. In Song Shenzong, he participated in the Xining political reform and was highly valued by Wang Anshi. He has served as Prince Zhongyun, torture room, supervisor of the Ministry of Heaven, review of the history museum and three ambassadors.

In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he started his career in Yanzhou, served as a road show ambassador, and was stationed in the border to fight against Xixia. Later, he was demoted for participating in the battle of Yongle City. In his later years, he moved to Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and lived in seclusion in Meng Xi Park. Born two years less (1095), died of illness at the age of 65.

Shen Kuo devoted himself to scientific research all his life, and had profound attainments and outstanding achievements in many disciplines. He is known as "the most outstanding figure in the whole history of science in China".

His masterpiece Meng Qian Bi Tan is rich in content and a great achievement of predecessors. It plays an important role in the world cultural history and is called "a milestone in the history of science in China". ?

3. Guo Shoujing

Guo Shoujing (123 1 year-13 16 years) was thoughtful. Xingtai County, xing zhou (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province). Famous astronomer, mathematician and expert in water conservancy engineering in Yuan Dynasty.

In his early years, he studied under Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu. Yuan Renzong extended his life for three years (13 16), and Guo Shoujing died at the age of 86. He is the author of fourteen kinds of astronomical calendar works, such as "Push Step" and "Licheng".

Guo Shoujing has made outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and mathematics. From the 13th year of Zhiyuan (1276), it took four years to revise the new calendar, and a "chronograph calendar" was worked out, which was used for more than 360 years and became the most advanced calendar in the world at that time. In order to revise the calendar, Guo Shoujing also reformed and invented twelve new instruments, such as simple instrument and altimeter.

In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), Guo Shoujing was ordered to repair and dredge the ancient Xixia Canal, set up sluices and weirs, and irrigate local farmland. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1), Guo Shoujing was appointed as the water superintendent of the capital, responsible for repairing the canal from Dadu to Tongzhou. It took a year to complete all the projects, named Tonghui River, and develop north-south transportation and water transportation.

1970, the international astronomical society named a crater on the moon "Guo Shoujing crater" after Guo Shoujing. 1977 In March, the International Asteroid Center named asteroid 20 12 "Guo Shoujing Asteroid". The National Astronomical Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences also named LAMOST telescope, a major national science and technology infrastructure, as "Guo Shoujing Astronomical Telescope". ?

Second, contemporary scientists.

Yang Zhenning 1

Yang Zhenning, born in Hefei, Anhui Province, is a Chinese American physicist. 1957, he and Li zhengdao put forward the theory of "parity non-conservation in weak interaction", which was proved by experiments and won the nobel prize in physics together. They are the first China people to win the Nobel Prize.

From 65438 to 0966, he served as Einstein professor of physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and served as the director of the newly established Institute of Theoretical Physics.

The gauge field theory put forward by him in 1954 developed into the basis of integrating and understanding the three kinds of interaction forces of elementary particles in the 1970s.

In addition, Yang Zhenning has made many contributions in statistical physics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, mathematical physics and other fields. He is a generation of physicists who appeared after the Second World War, and he is one of the physicists who have an important influence on both theory and experiment.

2. Wang Feiyue

Wang Feiyue, male, originally from Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province, was born in Qingdao City, Shandong Province. In 2003, 2005, 2007, 20 1 1 and 20 13 years, he was an effective candidate for China Academy of Sciences.

He used to be the deputy director of the Institute of Automation of China Academy of Sciences, the director of the Research Center for Social Computing and Parallel Systems of China Academy of Sciences, the director of the Robotics and Automation Laboratory of Arizona University, the director of the Advanced Research Center for Complex Systems, and the director of the China-US Advanced Research and Education Center.

Wang Feiyue officially considered coming to Chinese Academy of Sciences from the United States on 1997, and returned to China to work on 1999. In 2007, he became the deputy director of Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and now he is the director of the State Key Laboratory of Complex System Management and Control, which can be said to be a witness of the knowledge innovation project of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Walking with the knowledge innovation project, he has a more practical feeling about the development of science and technology in China. From the beginning, he just returned to China to serve and contribute. Now he has realized that the prosperity of the country also provides a broad platform and life opportunities for every scientist's career development.

3. Deng Jiaxian

Deng Jiaxian (1June 25th, 924-1July 29th, 986), member of Jiu San Society, academician of China Academy of Sciences, famous nuclear physicist, pioneer and founder of nuclear weapons development in China, has made important contributions to the research and development of nuclear weapons and atomic weapons in China.

1924 was born in a scholarly family in Huaining County, Anhui Province. From 65438 to 0935, he was admitted to Zhicheng Middle School. During his schooling, he was deeply influenced by the patriotic national salvation movement. 1937 After the fall of Beiping, he secretly attended the anti-Japanese party.

Later, under the arrangement of my father Deng Yizhe, I went to Kunming with my sister, and 194 1 was admitted to the Physics Department of Southwest Associated University. 1948 to 1950, studied at Purdue University, USA, and obtained a doctorate in physics. In the year of graduation, he resolutely returned to China.

Deng Jiaxian is the main organizer and leader of China's nuclear weapons research and development. Deng Jiaxian has been leading many scholars and technicians in the front line of weapons manufacturing in China, successfully designing China's atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, and leading China's national defense and self-defense weapons to the advanced level in the world. ?

1982 won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award, 1985 won two special prizes of national scientific and technological progress, 1986 won the title of national model worker, 1987 and 1989 won the special prizes of national scientific and technological progress 1 respectively.

1999 was posthumously awarded the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal". Because of his great contribution to China's nuclear science, he is called "Two Bombs".

Deng Jiaxian suffered from rectal cancer in an experiment and died in Beijing on July 29th, 1986 at the age of 62.

4. Qian Xuesen

Qian Xuesen (1911.12.1-2009.10.31), Han nationality, the 33rd Sun Wu of Qian Liu, a Shanghainese, is a ancestor.

World-renowned scientist, aerodynamicist, founder of manned space flight in China, academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering, winner of China's two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal.

Known as "the father of China's space flight", "the father of China's missiles", "the father of China's automation control" and "the king of rockets", China's missiles and atomic bombs were launched at least 20 years earlier because of Qian Xuesen's return to China.

5. Yuan Longping

Yuan Longping, male, Han nationality, without party affiliation, 1930, was born in Beijing in September. He is from Dean County, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. He is an expert in hybrid rice breeding in China and a pioneer in hybrid rice research and development in China. He is known as "the father of hybrid rice in the world".

On September 8, 20 18, he won the life science award of "Future Science Award"; 20 18 12 18 the CPC central Committee and the State Council awarded Yuan Longping the title of reform pioneer, the reform pioneer medal and the research pioneer of hybrid rice.

Third, foreign scientists.

1, Einstein

Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 95 18) was born in Ulm, Wü rttemberg, Germany, and graduated from Federal Institute of Technology Zurich as a Jewish physicist.

Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany on 1879. 1900 graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and became a Swiss citizen.

1905 received a doctorate from the University of Zurich. Einstein put forward the photon hypothesis and successfully explained the photoelectric effect. So he won the Nobel Prize in physics at 192 1 and founded the special theory of relativity at 1905. General relativity was founded in 19 15. 1April 1955 18 died at the age of 76.

Einstein laid a theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy and initiated a new era of modern science and technology, and was recognized as the greatest physicist after Galileo and Newton. 199965438+On February 26th, Einstein was selected as "the great man of the century" by American Time magazine.

2.newton

Sir isaac newton (1643 65438+1October 4th-1727 March 3rd1), chairman of the Royal Society, a famous British physicist, is an encyclopedic "all-rounder" and author of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and Optics.

He described gravity and three laws of motion in the paper "Laws of Nature" published by 1687. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering.

By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; It provides strong theoretical support for the sun-centered theory and promotes the scientific revolution.

In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum and put forward Newton's law of motion. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into the visible spectrum, he developed the color theory. He also systematically expressed the cooling law and studied the speed of sound.

In mathematics, Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem and put forward Newton's method to approximate the zero point of function, which contributed to the study of power series.

3. Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (German: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, 1858-65438 April 23rd +09471October 4th, at the age of 89) was born in Hollstein, Germany, and he was one of the famous German physicists and important founders of quantum mechanics.

From about 1894, the problem of blackbody radiation was studied, and Planck's radiation law was discovered. In the process of demonstration, the concept of energy quantum and the constant H (later called Planck's constant) were put forward, which became the most basic concept and extremely important universal constant in microphysics.

1900 14 February 14, Planck reported this result at the German Physical Society, which became a great moment for the birth of quantum theory and the announcement of a new physical revolution. Because of this discovery, Planck won the 19 18 Nobel Prize in physics.

4. Madame Curie

Marie Curie (1867165438+1October 7th-1July 4th, 934), born in Warsaw, is called "Madame Curie" and her full name is Marie Sklodowska Curie (Maria Sk? Odowska Curie), a famous Polish scientist, physicist and chemist in France.

1903, Mr. and Mrs. Curie and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics for their research on radioactivity.1910/year, they won the Nobel Prize in chemistry again for their discovery of polonium and radium, thus becoming the first person in the world to win the Nobel Prize twice.

Madame Curie's achievements include initiating the theory of radioactivity, inventing the technology of separating radioactive isotopes, and discovering two new elements: polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people used radioisotopes to treat cancer for the first time.

Due to long-term exposure to radioactive substances, Madame Curie died of malignant leukemia on July 3, 1934.

5.mendelev

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (Russian: дми? трий Ива? нович Менделе? ев,1February 7, 834-1February 2, 907).

Russian scientists discovered the periodicity of chemical elements (but Newlands was the first person to discover the periodic law of elements, and Mendeleev later summed up and improved the periodic law of elements now in use), made the world's first periodic table of elements according to atomic weight, and predicted some undiscovered elements accordingly.

1907 On February 2nd, this world-renowned Russian chemist died of myocardial infarction, only five days before his 73rd birthday.

His representative work, Principles of Chemistry, was born in the periodic law of elements. It is a standard work recognized by international academic circles at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. Eight editions were published before and after, which influenced chemists from generation to generation.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Shen Kuo

Baidu Encyclopedia-Guo Shoujing

Baidu Encyclopedia-Zu Chongzhi