Beginner Fortune Telling in Manchu Dynasty _ Beginner Fortune Telling in Manchu Dynasty is not allowed.

History of manchu before the Qing army entered the customs.

(1) The origin of Manchu can be traced back to prudence more than two thousand years ago.

1. Su Shenren is one of the earliest recorded residents in northeast China. They live in the northern part of Changbai Mountain and the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. They are good at hunting nomads and are brave in sex.

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 the beginning of the century), Sushen Department presented "Xi Ya Bian Shi" to the Zhou Dynasty.

Zuo Zhuan recorded that "Sushen, Yan and Bo" were the "northern soil" of the Zhou Dynasty.

2. After the Warring States Period, the Soviet God changed his name to Lou, planted grains and was good at raising pigs. They can weave linen and build ships.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, descendants of Su Shen and Toulou appeared in succession under the names of Buji and Mohong, and the population grew to dozens of tribes.

The cymbals later developed into seven parts, namely Xiaomi, Baishan, Dubo, Anqigu, Funie, No.1 Room and Heishui.

3. In the Tang Dynasty, Grand Rong Ruo (the chief of Hou Ji) established a local regime of "rejuvenating the country" in the upper reaches of Songhua River and the northern foot of Changbai Mountain with Hou Ji as the main body.

In the first year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (7 13), Dazuorong was named "King of Bohai County" and "Shouhan Taishou" by the Tang Dynasty. Since then, he has taken the name of Bohai.

The political and military systems in Bohai were established according to the Tang system, and the characters were written in Chinese characters.

4. After Liao died in the Bohai Sea, he moved south to the Bohai Sea, and the black water cymbals rose instead of the Bohai Sea, which was called "Jurchen" and remained in use until the end of the Ming Dynasty.

Jurchen in Liao Dynasty can be divided into three parts: those who live in Liaodong are called * * * Zhen or Liao Jurchen; Living in the north of Songhua River is called "Saint Zhen"; The Jurchen who lives in between is called Uighur (Uighur).

The Wanyan Department of the Jurchen nationality established the Jin Dynasty under the leadership of the leader Wanyan Akuta. It first joined hands with the Northern Song Dynasty to destroy Liao, and soon went south and stood side by side with the Southern Song Dynasty.

5. Jurchen in Ming Dynasty was divided into Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Donghai Jurchen (commonly known as savage Jurchen), and slave owners and slave classes had appeared.

Fogg, a A Qing dynasty man, said when listening to the rain, "Manchuria has crops, castles and people living in the world." "Dozens of giants live in cities and villages, and small families also have their own castles. Every minister and his people have a wall.

The aborigines are used to shooting and hunting. They know their crops. "

(2) The Eight Banners Army was the cornerstone of the Qing regime.

1. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the ministries of Jurchen fought for each other for a long time.

Nurhachi (Qing Taizu), with outstanding political and military talents, spent more than 30 years unifying the ministries of Jurchen.

During this period, he creatively reformed the hunting organization Lu Niu and established the famous Eight Banners system.

Manchu soldiers participated in almost all wars in the Qing dynasty and made great sacrifices for the war.

As an organization of social and political unity and military-civilian unity, the Eight Banners system played an important role in the process of unifying China in the Qing Dynasty.

2. In the forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 16), Nurhachi established the Daikin Kingdom in Hetuala (now Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province), calling himself "wise Khan", which was called Houjin in history.

Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and the next day, the Eight Banners Mongolia and the Eight Banners Han Army were formed one after another.

In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed his country name to "anniversary".

3. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered the customs, gradually unified the whole country, and began the rule of Manchu nobles over the whole country.

After the soldiers of the Eight Banners entered the customs, they changed from the flag land system to the flag salary system.

The ruling classes of Manchu and Han gradually united, and the social economy gradually resumed prosperity.

4. During the Kanggan period, the territory of China started from Sakhalin Island in the east, Zengmu shoal in the south, Congling in the west, Balkhash Lake in the northwest and Hinggan Mountains in the northeast, with a territory of about 6,543,800 square kilometers.

5. In military politics, the Eight Banners Army is the cornerstone of the existence of the Qing regime; From the perspective of civil affairs, the Eight Banners system was an effective means to separate the flag people in Qing Dynasty.

The Eight Banners system separated the population of the Eight Banners from the Han nationality, which alleviated the sharp ethnic contradictions in the early Qing Dynasty to some extent.

After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the population of the Eight Banners was prevented from melting into the sea of Yang.

The people of a nation are all soldiers, and they are not allowed to make a living in agriculture, industry and commerce, which eventually becomes a shackle that binds development.

19 1 1 Xinhai revolution, the Qing court fell, the flag camp was dissolved, and the Eight Banners system completely collapsed. Manchu people changed from living on wages to living on food.

(3) Manchu banquet Saqima shaman

1, Manchu is a nation that is good at absorbing foreign cultures, integrating and innovating, and has formed a custom culture with national characteristics in its historical development.

2. According to historical records, there are more than 600 Manchu surnames, which are second only to the Han nationality in China.

Manchu people call their surnames Hala.

At first, Ahala was a Mukun (family). Later, with the population doubling, the family branched and was stationed in other places, and several new Mukun were differentiated.

After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, influenced by Mongols, Jurchen took their surnames by their first names.

3. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, many Manchu banners were influenced by the cultural customs of the Han nationality and took Chinese characters as their surnames. For example, Guarga was renamed Guan in transliteration, Niu Kelu was renamed Lang (Wolf) in free translation, Ilgen Jueluo was also named Min Jueluo, and Han was renamed Zhao.

There are also surnames with Manchu transliteration initials, such as Tong Family for short, Ma Family for short, and Tu, De, Da, Bao, Hu, A, Zhao, Bu and other surnames. Most of them use Chinese characters to abbreviate the original Manchu surnames.

In this regard, the Qing rulers were very dissatisfied and banned it many times, but it didn't have much effect.

After the Revolution of 1911, most Manchu people generally used or changed their Chinese surnames, so that others did not know that they were Manchu, so that many Manchu people no longer knew their old surnames today.

4. Manchu ancestors lived in mountainous areas for a long time and advocated riding and shooting.

When a baby is born, he hangs a bow and arrow in front of the door, which symbolizes that he will become an excellent shooter in the future.

When the boy was six or seven years old, he practiced shooting mandarin fish with wooden bows and arrows. When he was a little older, he rode a horse and galloped in the mountains with arrows.

Women whip like men. Bows and arrows and deerskin clothes are necessary for girls to get married. When they get married, they should put bows and arrows on the table.

As soon as the car came in, the groom shot three arrows.

16 16, Aixinjue Luo Nuerhachi set out to unify the various tribes of Jurchen, and established a dynasty called Khan, whose surname was Jin, and its capital was Hetuala (later renamed Xingjing, in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, China).

1635, Huang taiji abolished the name of "Nuzhen" clan and renamed it "Manchuria", and brought several ethnic groups living in the northeast of China, such as Jianzhou Nuzhen, Haixi Nuzhen, Savage Nuzhen, Mongolia, North Korea, Huerha and Soren, under the Eight Banners, and the embryonic form of Manchu was formed.

1635, Huang taiji abolished the name of the "Nuzhen" clan and renamed it "Manchuria", bringing all ethnic groups living in northeast China under the Eight Banners, thus forming the embryonic form of modern Manchu.

It is worth mentioning that a considerable number of Liaodong * * *, Mongols, a small number of Koreans and even a part of Russians were incorporated into the Eight Banners at the beginning. In the process of long-term integration within the Eight Banners, they have completely integrated into the Manchu.

The jurchen in Jianzhou is called "Buddha Manchuria" (old Manchuria), while others are called "Che Yi Manchuria" (new Manchuria).

1636, Huang taiji changed his title to "Qing" and also changed his title to "Chongde".

1644, Li Zicheng's entry into the customs was destroyed, the Ming Dynasty perished, and the Qing Dynasty covering the northeast, the customs and the northwest of the Ming Dynasty was established.

Extended data

Manchu is a nation that attaches great importance to culture and education.

Since the Qing Dynasty, the popularity and types of Manchu education have set a historical record.

There are eight banners official schools affiliated to imperial academy, religious schools and Jueluo schools transferred from Zongrenfu.

Outside the capital region, official schools were widely established in the garrison of the Eight Banners and the northeast region where they originated.

/kloc-Ordinary flag bearers over 0/0 years old enter the Eight Banners Volunteer School to which the participating flags belong, learn Manchu, Manchu, riding and shooting, and keep their scores on file.

In the later period, the learning content mostly turned to the traditional culture of Han nationality.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners test was specially set up, and the Manchu translation test was also set up.

At first, the imperial examination was divided into flag examination and national examination, and then it was gradually integrated with the examination.

With the help of the state, a large number of books were compiled in the Qing Dynasty, such as The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books in the Kangxi period and The Sikuquanshu in the Qianlong period, which left valuable wealth for China culture.

Manchu itself has a considerable number of handed down works.

The books compiled by Kangxi, such as Mathematical Essentials, Calendar Examination and Panorama of the Forbidden City, have high scientific value.

Before the popularization of western medicine plasters and bandages, Manchu's surgical and medical bonesetting (called "kicking" by the Eight Banners) has been dominant in Beijing.

Early Manchu works, such as Old Manchu Files, Records of Taizu and Records of Foreign Countries written by Tu Lichen, are well-known works.

Most Chinese masterpieces are translated into Manchu, and folk stories such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Romance of the West Chamber, Dream of Red Mansions, Jin Ping Mei and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are all translated into Manchu.

We are also familiar with the famous Manchu Peking Opera artist Cheng, Manchu writer Lao She, Manchu linguist Luo Changpei and crosstalk artist Hou.