What is the history and origin of the surname Zhang? Does anyone know?

Zhang is one of the most popular surnames in China, with a population of nearly 100 million, which is spread all over the country and even the world. Where is Zhang Zugen? Some say Qinghe in Hebei, some say Taiyuan in Shanxi, and some say Puyang in Henan. In order to find out this problem, the association invited famous experts and scholars from inside and outside the province to hold two academic seminars on the origin of Zhang's surname, conducted on-the-spot investigations, mastered a lot of historical facts, and confirmed that the ancestor of Zhang's surname in China was a Chinese worker. Huigong's surname is Diqiu (now Puyang, Henan), which is the earliest ancestral home of Zhang's ancestors. Zhang's surname originated in Puyang, and other places can only be Xizhi.

I. Historical Records and Pedigree Basis

We looked up the records about Zhang's ancestor, and there were as many as 17 kinds in the book. "Poetry" Day: "Wave like a bow and seek enemies." This is the earliest record of waving. Historical Records of the Five Emperors: "The Yellow Emperor lived in the hill of Xuanyuan and married the daughter of Xiling as Leizu. Lei Zu, the princess of the Yellow Emperor, gave birth to two sons. After the world: one day for Qingyang, Qingyang settled in the river; The second day is prosperous, like water flowing. Changyi married the daughter of Shushan and the servant of Richang, and gave birth to Levin, who was virtuous. When the Yellow Emperor collapsed, Levin, the son of Sun Changyi, was buried in Qiao Shan as Emperor Zhuan Xu. " Tang Dynasty's Yuan He Shi Bian said: Qingyang, the fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, was born and lingering, bowing, watching the arc stars, making bows and arrows, and worshiping the arc stars, because of his surname Zhang. Song Ouyang Xiu's "List of Prime Ministers in the New Tang Dynasty" said: "Zhang gave her surname, Qingyang Wuzi, the son of the Yellow Emperor, wielded bows and arrows, and later generations gave her the surname Zhang." During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang's genealogy was rebuilt: "Zhang came from Xuanyuan, Huangdi, and was born in Wu Jintian, also known as Qingyang. Wuzi waved his bow and arrow, and went to Gong Zheng to worship the arc star. The world is in charge, giving the surname Zhang. "

As can be seen from the above documents, "Hua" is the ancestor of Zhang's surname, which is undoubtedly true in other historical books, but the Tongzhi written in the Song Dynasty thinks that Xie Zhang is the ancestor of Zhang's surname. However, Yao is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor or the son of the Yellow Emperor; Swing is the son of Qingyang family of Xuantao or Qingyang family of Shao Hao, but there are differences. We believe that Hua is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the son of Qingyang. There are two reasons: ① The date of Mandarin: "All the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor have fourteen surnames, which are twelve surnames, namely, Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Ren, Xun, Gu, Yi and Yi." (Two of them have the same surname as Ji, and two have their own surnames). Records of the Five Emperors are recorded in Historical Records, Notes, Shiben and Li Ji from generation to generation. Among the twelve surnames obtained by the son of the Yellow Emperor, there is no Zhang surname, indicating that Zhang surname is not given by the Yellow Emperor, nor is it the son of the Yellow Emperor, but the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and he is an uncle and a contemporary with Emperor Zhuan Xu. (2) A famous contemporary ethnologist, Mr. He Guangyue, verified that Jintian, Shao Hao, was born in Dongyi and was not descended from Qingyang, the Yellow Emperor. It also ruled out that Shao Hao was the son of the Yellow Emperor, and it was more credible to be the son of Qingyang.

However, the question of "son or grandson of the Yellow Emperor" has been debated for thousands of years in history, and each has its own important literature basis; It is normal that the history books of later generations are inconsistent and controversial, because he lived in the era of ancient legends. Therefore, our attitude is: the two views should respect each other, tolerate each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, and no one can force anyone to change the genealogy. We believe that with the passage of time and the in-depth study of surname culture, the understanding will gradually be unified.

Second, the ground observation and inspection

Why is Xiao Xuan called Qingyang? This is related to its fiefs. Since ancient times, there has been a saying in China that "there are mountains in the south and water in the north is the sun". Qingyang, that is, the sun of clear water (shared by Qing and ancient times), and the ancient Qinghe River flows through Puyang.

"Reading Historical Records" Day: "Qishui passes through Neihuang County, and Baigou in the south is also Yangjiang." Another day: "Qi Shui ... crossed the Yellow River, crossed Qingfeng and entered the river, so it was blasphemous." "Pre-Han Geography" Day: "Qinghe goes out of Neihuang County." The above quotation shows that Guqinghe, Qihe and Baigou are different names of the same river. "The Book of Songs Feng Wei Mang" article: "Mang cockroaches, embrace cloth trade silk. When robbers came to trade silk, they came to me. Sending children involves Qi, and as for Dunqiu ... "Gas-related" means "gas-related water" and "gas-related water" means "Guqinghe"; Dunqiu is an ancient city name, located in Puyang City and the west of Xun County. This ancient poem also shows that there is an ancient Qinghe River near Diqiu. Today, the villagers in Zhangyi Village, Banjia Village and Diandang Village in Puyang City still refer to the north of the village as the North Qinghe and the south as the South Qinghe. Zhangyicun is the hometown of Zhang Yi, a strategist in the Warring States Period. Up to now, there is still a "Zhangyi Temple Site" in the village. There are eight surnames in this village, including Zhang, Yin and Li. Only Zhang is an old resident, and the others are immigrants. According to the "Li's Genealogy" revised in the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, "Li went out of Longxi and spread all over the world. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, he moved from Hongdong to Wangjiazhuang in the north of Kaizhou, and from Wangjiazhuang to Qingyi Zhangyi Village. "Yin's Genealogy" continued in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, recording: "Yin, a native of Hongdong, Shanxi Province, moved to Qingyi Village during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty. "Why is this place called Qingyi? It must be related to the ancient Qinghe River flowing through this place, and it is probably the "Qingyang" of Xuantao's fief. Qingyi "still exists in the Ming dynasty, but it is no longer there today." According to the famous historian Mr. Zhu Shaohou, "Diqiu (now Puyang) was the transition area between Dongyi and Huangdi in ancient times. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor had to consolidate Diqiu, so he sealed his son Xiao Xuan in Qingyang. "So Zhang's ancestors waved their hands, lived in his father's fief in the upper reaches of the ancient Qinghe River since childhood, and later became old in Diqiu for Emperor Zhuan Xu. Because he wielded a very clever and heroic weapon, he watched the arc stars at night, bent branches and made bows and arrows, which greatly improved the fighting capacity of the Zhuan Xu tribe. Bows and arrows are used for hunting, and the number of birds and animals hunted is unprecedented, which improves the living standard of the tribe; Used in the war, defeated the Gonggong tribe contending with Zhuan Xu for the emperor, and made the territory ruled by Zhuan Xu "as for Youling in the north, Jiaodian in the south, quicksand in the west and Panmu in the east". Because of his outstanding contribution to public affairs, Emperor Zhuan Xu named him Gong Zheng (also known as Zhang), which is in line with historical reality.

Some people say that there is more than one Qinghe River in China. Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui and other provinces have Qinghe. How can we conclude that the ancient Qinghe River in Puyang is the location of Qingyang, a feudal city in Xuandao? This is because Puyang was called Imperial Mountain in ancient times, and Zhuan Xu built its capital here. Up to now, the four characters of "Zhuan Xu's Legacy Capital" are still engraved on the four archways in the center of Puyang. After Zhuan Xu and Di Ku died, they were buried in the Mausoleum. Now the mausoleum still exists, which is not found in any Qinghe River. Therefore, only the ancient Qinghe River near Diqiu is the location of Qingyang, and it is also the city where Xiao Xuan was awarded the title of Qingyang.

Third, the research results of contemporary national history.

Mr. He Guangyue's statement that he is the son of Qingyang's family is quite authoritative in today's historical circles, which provides an important basis for studying the origin of Zhang's family name. After years of research and textual research, Mr. Xie, a famous expert in national history, confirmed that Zhang was from Puyang. Its research results were published in European Times, Henan Radio and Television News and other domestic and foreign newspapers from 65438 to 0994.

The above arguments fully prove that Hua Gong is the ancestor of Zhang's surname, and he got his surname by inventing bows and arrows. Zhang's ancestral home in Puyang is the origin of Zhang's surname.

In addition, later generations also took characters as surnames, and some changed their surnames for various reasons. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a Zhang Jie named Zhang Hou in the State of Jin. He fought bravely in the Battle of Saddle in Jin Qi, with outstanding achievements. Later generations took his name as his surname and changed his surname to Zhang. During the Warring States Period, in order to avoid the persecution of the enemy, wei ren Fan Ju changed his name and surname, calling himself Zhang Lu, and went west to the State of Qin. He made many suggestions for the king of Qin and made great achievements. Zhang Liao, a famous soldier of the Three Kingdoms, was originally named Nie. Zhang Yan, the leader of the Black Mountain Rebel Army at the end of Han Dynasty, was originally named Chu. Another minority changed their surname to Zhang. In contemporary China, more than a dozen ethnic minorities, such as Hui, Man, Tibetan and Miao, are surnamed Zhang. But this is just a branch, a stream, not the source.

Fourth, Zhang's name is broadcast and moved.

How did Zhang's ancestors move from Puyang, the surname, to the whole country and the world? This is a big topic, which can't be explained clearly in a short article. Now, according to our preliminary investigation, let's talk about our views.

The first large-scale migration of ancestors named Zhang should be during Dayu's flood control period. At that time, there were floods everywhere, and Puyang in the Central Plains was low-lying and covered with Wang Yang. In order to survive, the ancestors had to choose high-lying places to live, fled to nearby high hills or mountains, settled there, and then gradually moved to all parts of the country. The flood occurred in the Yao and Shun period, after Zhuan Xu and Di Ku, that is, after he got his surname. At first, Yao ordered Zhuan Xu's son, Gun, to control water. He had been to Puyang. Up to now, there are still "lost embankment" relics in Puyang. Ming Jiajing's "Kaizhou Zhi" (called Puyang Kaizhou in Ming Dynasty) contains two poems of Song Sima Guang's "Lost Dike": "Dongjun (now Puyang) is ancient and has always been sparse. The dike is sealed for a hundred miles, and there are more than ten thousand teeth ... "Unfortunately, the gun that once built a dike to control water in Puyang failed to level the water for nine years and was killed by Shun in Yushan. Shun also sent Da Yu, the son of Gun, to control water. He led the people, opened mountains and rivers, and controlled water for thirteen years. After three visits, he didn't get in, and finally he leveled the water. The flood has been controlled for 22 years, forcing many people to leave their homes to escape from the flood. But to ask which province and county Zhang's ancestors fled to at that time, because there is no conclusive basis, the author can't talk nonsense. But according to reading history, Zhuan Xu and Di Ku both established their capitals in Diqiu (now Puyang). Why did Emperor Yao move his capital to Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen)? Why did Shun Di move its capital to Puban (now Zhou Pu, southwest of Yongji County)? Why did Dayu move the capital to Anyi (now northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province)? I'm afraid they are all directly related to this big flood. The topographical features of China are "high in the northwest, low in the southeast, ten miles and three feet". No wonder Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun and Dayu all moved their capitals to Shanxi during the flood-ravaged years. Imagine that the leader of the tribal alliance and the capital have moved away. Can the people of Lebanon not follow? Therefore, most Puyang people who have been suffering from floods fled to the west and went to Shaanxi instead of Shanxi. At that time, it was more in line with the historical reality that Zhang's ancestors fled to Shanxi and other places from Diqiu (now Puyang) where they obtained their surnames, and then moved from Shanxi to other places, or moved back to their hometown Puyang.

The second large-scale migration of Zhang ancestors took place in BC 132 (the third year of Emperor Yuanguang of the Han Dynasty), and the Yellow River in Puyang burst. Since ancient times, people have loved their homes. After Dayu's flood control, some ancestors who fled to other places must have returned. After Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, especially during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Puyang belonged to the State of Wei, and its economy and culture developed considerably. However, in the Han Dynasty, Puyang people encountered a breach in the Ruzi dike of the Yellow River, which flooded sixteen counties, and the east of Puyang became Zeguo, which was flooded for another 22 years. Can people not escape without eating or drinking? Where are you going? In order to survive and escape from the flood, we had to take the old road and escape to the mountains or mountainous areas. Since then, there has been a new Mang period (A.D. 1 1), when the Yellow River Autonomous Pavilion (now Puyang) burst. This is the second time in history that the Yellow River changed its course and flowed to the counties east of Puyang, which lasted for 59 years. In the tenth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River burst from Caocun village in Puyang, which was the third time in history that the Yellow River changed its course, covering 45 counties and flooding 300,000 hectares of civilian land. There are more than 100 breaches in Puyang of the Yellow River recorded in history. Coupled with drought and insect disasters, every flood and drought disaster forced our ancestors to leave their homes and flee to various places.

In addition to floods, war is another important reason for Zhang's repeated migration. Puyang, located in the Central Plains, has always been a battleground for military strategists. Chu Jin Chengpu in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhang Han and Xiangyang in the Qin Dynasty, Cao Cao, Lu Bu and Puyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Song Liao and Chanyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty all took place here. Every war forced our ancestors to migrate to the more stable south. According to Wang Daliang and Meng's book The Root-seeking and Naming of the Most Popular Names in China, due to the war, "Zhang's ancestors migrated from the Central Plains to the four directions, and there were several major trends. The first time was in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to Dong Zhuo's rebellion and years of war, the Central Plains region suffered serious damage, and the ancestors of Zhang, who lived here, were forced to move south. The second time was at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. The troops of the Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di and Qiang entered the Central Plains, which destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty established by the Han landlord class in Luoyang, and the people suffered greatly. The ancestors of the Zhang family in the Central Plains once again moved to the south on a large scale, and some of them moved to the northeast and northwest. The third time, nomads invaded the south, destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty regime with Kaifeng as its capital, and occupied the north and south of the Yellow River. The ancestors named Zhang here moved south again on a large scale and took refuge in Jiangnan. In addition to these three migrations, there are more small-scale migrations, gradually spreading Zhang's children all over the country. "