1 In Bushan County. Sanjiaozui Datang Village in Guiping County, Zhibushan County, Guilin County

Based on historical documents, geographical location, source of place names and a large number of newly discovered archaeological materials, this paper not only puts forward that early Guilin and Bushan County were ruled in Guiping today, but also puts forward a new view that Bushan County was ruled in Guiping first and then moved to Guixian, and initially provides two places in Guiping, namely Sanjiaozui and Datangcheng Village, which may be the sites of Guilin and Bushan County.

Keywords: Datang Town Village, Sanjiaozui, Guiping, Zhibushan County, Guilin County

Author Chen Xiaobo, deputy research librarian of Guangxi Museum.

For a long time, the academic circles have been controversial about the location of the administrative office of Bushan County, and the opinions are mainly concentrated in Guiping and Guixian. In recent years, the academic circles generally tend to think that Bushan County governs your county. Although the author agrees with this view, he thinks that Bushan county was not in Guixian from the beginning, but its original location should be in Guiping, and it was only later that it moved from Guiping to Guixian.

First, the literature is recorded in Guiping.

According to historical records, after Qin Shihuang pacified Lingnan in the thirty-third year (2 14 BC), Guilin, Nanhai and Hunan counties were established based on the land, which was the beginning of county construction in Guangxi and even Lingnan area. However, these three counties are described as counties without counties. As a place name of a county, "Bushan" first appeared in Yulin County in Hanshu Geography, and Bushan was listed as the first of the twelve counties under the jurisdiction of Hanyulin County. According to the law of The History of Counties and Countries, Bushan County is undoubtedly the seat of county administration in Han Dynasty. However, this record in Geography of Hanshu did not specify the location of Bushan County, which led to the controversy over the location of Bushan County in later generations. Later literature constantly supplemented this content. For example, Du You wrote "Tongdian" in the Tang Dynasty: "Guiping, Hanbushan County", indicating that Bushan is in Guiping. In the Geography of Old Tang Books written by Zhang Zhaoyuan and Wei Jia at the end of Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, it is said: "The county of Hanbushan is governed by Yulin County." In Northern Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Di Guang Lu" also said: "Guiping County, the place where the Han Dynasty is not a mountain county, also belongs to Yulin County." There are also documents such as Taiping Yuhuan compiled by the history of music in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yi Tong Zhi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Gu Zuyu's Summary of Reading History in the early Qing Dynasty, all of which are based on Guiping. In modern times, many works, such as the official records compiled by Xia Jingyi and Chu Xingzhou in the 22nd year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1896), the Guiping County Records compiled by Cheng in the 9th year of the Republic of China (1920),1May Zang. Even 1974 published the third volume of Atlas of Chinese History, 1975 published the second volume of Atlas of Chinese History by the Cartographic Society of China,1979,65438+February. 1978 12 A Brief History of Guangxi edited by Mo Naiqun, a famous expert in Guangxi history and geography, also said: "Zhibushan County (Guilin) County is in Guiping County." Even in the "Guiping" section of 1979 and 1999 editions of Cihai, it is determined that Bushan County is under the jurisdiction of Guiping. These documents and historical records, from one side, show that there is a consensus among historians of past dynasties on "Bushan County governing Guiping", so the document records are regarded as one of the important bases of this view.

Second, the geographical location should be Guiping.

In addition to the documents recorded in Guiping, geographically speaking, the county government is also suitable for Guiping. In ancient China, whenever a dynasty wanted to build a city, it usually chose a place with important geographical location and convenient transportation. The ancient cities are basically selected in places with developed water systems. As far as the city sites found in Guangxi during the Qin and Han dynasties are concerned, they are basically on the flat land by the river or on the hillside by the river. There are two kinds of these city sites, county government and military fort, but most of them are county governments. Therefore, in the early Qin and Han dynasties, rulers paid more attention to military and transportation considerations when choosing city sites, mainly to meet the needs of military defense, combat readiness, water supply and convenient transportation. Judging from the geographical conditions of Guiping, it met the requirements of urban site selection in the early Qin and Han Dynasties and was an ideal place to build a city at that time. First of all, geographically. Guiping is located in the alluvial plain of southeast Guangxi, with the remaining vein of Dayao Mountain and the beginning vein of Lianhua Mountain in the northwest and the foot of Rong Da Mountain in the southeast. It is a basin surrounded by mountains. As far as the current city site is concerned, Guiping City is surrounded by mountains, backed by mountains and open on three sides. It is a place to build a city and has a very important political, economic and military strategic position. Obviously, building a county government here has a unique geographical advantage.

Secondly, in terms of traffic. Guiping is the traffic hub of "when Guizhou is in the middle of the two rivers, the willow elephant is on the pillow, the rattan road is on the bottom, the right ring depression, Pingyang on the left, and southeastern Guangdong". Xunzi, Chongqing and Guizhou rivers intersect in the urban area and meet with 24 rivers abroad. Guiping is located in the center of Guangxi river network, with developed water system, criss-crossing rivers and extending waterways in all directions. If we control Guiping, we can control most of the main waterway traffic routes in southeastern Guangxi and even Guangxi.

It can be seen that in ancient times, when water transportation was dominant, Guiping, located in the center of Lingxi river network, had an absolute advantage over Guixian in terms of geographical location, water transportation and military affairs.

Third, the place name is Guiping.

Not only the geographical location and historical records show that Bushan County was ruled in Guiping, but also the origins of the two place names "Guilin" and "Bushan" are in Guiping today. The naming of place names in Guilin County of Qin Dynasty is related to the abundance of osmanthus trees in this area. According to the geographical records of the old Tang book, "Heyuan is rich in osmanthus, and there is no miscellaneous wood. Qin Shili becomes Guilin County." "Gui" is the name of this plant, that is, "turpentine". But the word "Gui" here is the homonym of gveiq in Zhuang language, which means "Cinnamon". Cinnamon is also called Yugui, Gui Mu, Ruogui and Tonggui. Its tender branches are called "Guizhi" and can also be used as medicine, which is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Because of its great medicinal value, cinnamon has become a famous local specialty. Its land is called Guilin because there are many osmanthus trees and forests there.

The climate of Xunxun, Jade and Gui basins in Guiping City is suitable, which is beneficial to the growth of Cinnamomum cassia. Cinnamon trees are everywhere, producing a lot of cinnamon. Guiping was named after the place name. Because Guiping is famous for cinnamon, there are many places named after the word "Gui" in history. So when the Qin Dynasty set up a county here, it took this famous local product as the county name and called it "Guilin County". The place names of Guiping since the establishment of Qin Dynasty include Guiping County, which belonged to Guilin County in the Southern Dynasties, Guiping County, which was changed from Sui County to County, and the abandoned county of 1994. The word "Gui" has never been separated, and later became the abbreviation of "Gui" in Guangxi. No matter how history, dynasties and administrative regions change, local specialties and place names cannot be changed, which has become an important basis for us to textual research on historical facts today.

More importantly, the place name of Bushan County is the same as that of Guilin County, and its name originated from Guiping today. Bushan is a place where Zhuang people live in compact communities. Bushan's "Bu" sound has the pronunciation characteristics of Zhuang language and is a place name of Zhuang language. Therefore, to understand the origin of the place name Bushan, we must understand it from the semantics of the place name in Zhuang language. Zhuang language "cloth" means "spring" and "cloth mountain" means a mountain with spring water.

In Chahanbushan County, there is only one famous mountain in Gu Quan, namely the Western Hills of Guiping.

The textual research of the above-mentioned place names and the records of memorial buildings not only show that the two place names "Guilin" and "Bushan" originated in Guiping today, but also prove that the important administrative institutions of Guilin County and Bushan County in Qin and Han Dynasties were located in Guiping today, which has become an indisputable historical fact. As for whether the place names of Bushan, like those of Guilin, left their ancestral homes and moved to other places after the birth of Guiping, there is no clear record in the literature so far, which needs further textual research and archaeological materials to confirm.

Four, the city's current site materials are in Guiping.

In addition to the above-mentioned literature records, geographical location, source of place names, etc., it is proved that Bushan County is governed in Guiping. Since Bushan County is governed in Guiping today, where is the specific county? In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Annals of Unification and the Minutes of Reading Historical Sites both said: "Bushan abandoned the county and ruled the west for fifty miles in this government." In the Republic of China edition of Guiping County Records (1920), besides agreeing that "Bu Shan Zhi is fifty miles west of the county seat", according to calculation, it is concluded that this county is west of Xumeng Xinde Gucheng Village, so this village is confirmed as the former site of Bushan County. In order to understand the situation of this city site, the author personally went to the village to investigate. Except for a Han dynasty pottery collected in the village and two bronze drums unearthed in nearby Mogou Mountain and Jigong Mountain in the early years, no other Han dynasty cultural relics or urban sites have been found. Therefore, the author believes that it is unlikely that Hanbushan County will be governed in Gucheng Village.

In addition, there are many historical materials that define the position of Bushan County Administration in the urban area of Guiping City today. The Records of Guiping County in the thirty-third year of Qing Qianlong and the Records of Guiping County in the twenty-third year of Daoguang thought that "today's county governance is a relic of Bushan." About 0? The triangle formed by the intersection of Yujiang River and Qianjiang River is 7 kilometers to the east from Datangcheng Village on the other side of Yujiang River. Among them, the reason why Sanjiaokou is considered as an ancient city site is mainly considered from the following aspects:

First of all, from the physical data of ground investigation. Many relics of the Han Dynasty were found on the surface of the triangle mouth of the city. 1August, 960, the archaeologists of Guangxi Museum collected 9 pieces of rope-grain and checkered pottery, 4 pieces of medium-rope-grain pottery and 5 pieces of triangular-mouth checkered pottery. 1On May 30th, 980, the author collected 54 pieces of rope-patterned and checkered pottery in the Han Dynasty at Sanjiaokou during an investigation with Comrade He Naihan of Guangxi Cultural Relics Team. The discovery of these relics provides preliminary material support for the above-mentioned historical documents and the author's view that Hanbushan County ruled in Guiping.

Second, from the terrain. Guiping is a metropolis, known as the "winning area, surrounded by four cities, surrounded by two rivers, a city rich in China". Here, the terrain is flat, the west is backed by the mountain (Xishan), and the alluvial plains in the north, east and south are open, where the three rivers of Xunxun, Chongqing and Guizhou meet. Such a city location has a high safety factor for its defense. For the early rulers of Qin and Han dynasties who attached importance to military defense, it was more likely to choose this place as the county seat.

Third, judging from the tombs that appeared nearby. Next to this tomb, seven Western Han Dynasty earth pit tombs were discovered one after another. In She Village, Bian Jiang, about 300 meters south of Datang City Village, another Han tomb with a diameter of about 30 meters was discovered (No.:Datang City 300 1). In addition, many earth mounds and slightly raised domes were found, all of which were raised on the flat ground, which were very similar to the common earth mounds in Han tombs. Whether the Han tomb is buried or not needs further investigation and exploration to confirm.

Fourth, from the Wayao site. On the south bank of Yujiang River east of Sanjiaozui, five horseshoe-shaped small kiln houses were found along the river bank. These fired tiles can't be transported to distant places for use, so they must be fired on the spot and built nearby, so it is more likely that there will be a Han Dynasty city site at the triangle mouth near the kiln site.

Fifth, the cloth mountain falls first and then moves expensive.

Judging from the above-mentioned documents, geographical location, origin of place names and materials of city sites, Guiping has the conditions to set up two-level administrative institutions at the county level, which is obviously the place where Guilin County and Bushan County of Qin Dynasty are set up. However, it is worth noting that the artifacts engraved with the name "Bushan" on movable property appeared in Guixian County outside Guiping today. The excavation of these artifacts raises a question for us: since the origin of the place name "Bushan" and the county administration are in Guiping, why did the artifacts with the word "Bushan" appear in your county? Is it just the normal flow of utensils, or is the place name and county administration of Bushan transferred from Guiping to Guixian? Or is your county originally a part of Busan County? The author believes that there are not only objects engraved with the word "Bushan" unearthed in your county, but also a large number of tombs of the Han Dynasty. If it is not a county administrative center with developed politics, economy and culture, how can there be such a rich cultural accumulation? What's more, there are indirect records about your county in the documents recording the geographical location of Bushan. Therefore, although the author thinks that the early Bushan County ruled Guiping, he also agrees with the previous view that Bushan County ruled Guiping County. The reason for this is that Guiping and Guixian in history belong to Bushan County, and both places may have set up Bushan County Governance, which is also the reason why the county governance moved the capital. Judging from the information currently available, if the viewpoint of "Gui County Theory" is correct, then the establishment of Bushan County Governance should be moved to Gui County after Guiping.

2. Several problems in the citation of Guiping's theory of governing Bu county.

Author Lan Riyong, research librarian of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Museum, Nanning 530022.

Key words: Bushan county governs Guiping's citation error, and its statement is not valid.

This paper analyzes the evidence cited by Speaker Guiping of Bushan County from three aspects, and holds that the place name is exquisite and far-fetched, the literature interpretation is biased, and the archaeological materials are improperly used, so this statement is not valid.

First, the far-fetched study of place names, if there is no mistake, the dispute about the governance of Bushan County first appeared in Guixian Annals in the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, and it was attached to the evolution table with a textual research on Bushan County, which claimed that the county was Yulin County in Han Dynasty, and Bushan County ranked first among the twelve counties headed by Yulin County in Han Dynasty was the county governance, and the county governance was in Guixian County, and the neighboring Guiping County belonged to Bushan County. Therefore, the editor of Guiping County Annals had an argument with Guixian County in Guiping County Annals, and thought that Bushan County was under Guiping's jurisdiction. From the 1930s to the early 1980s, some dictionaries, atlases and some middle school textbooks marked Bushan County as Guiping County, which provided new evidence for Guiping's theory. Archaeology, in the mid-1970s, the early tombs of the Western Han Dynasty at Luobowan 1 in Guixian County were excavated, and the inscription "Bushan" appeared on the unearthed lacquerware, which attracted archaeologists' "Bushan Examination". In the excavation report of the tomb, the section of "county system reflected by the inscription" Bushan "was specially opened, and it was inferred that" Bushan, which existed in the early Han Dynasty, should be a continuation of Bushan in the Qin Dynasty. Bushan County is actually located in Qin "(1), which not only affirmed Bushan County in Qin for the first time, but also opened the discussion of Bushan County in today's academic circles.

Second, the deviation of literary interpretation.

In Guiping County, which was named only in the Southern Dynasties, the earliest affiliation in history and the official history of later generations are very clear. For example, Du You's Tong Dian in the Tang Dynasty recorded "Guiping, Hanbushan County". The Jade Emperor Guang Ji in the Northern Song Dynasty also said that "Guiping County, Benhanbushan County and Yulin County are also governed". Both books point out that Guiping County in the Tang and Song Dynasties belonged to Bushan County, and it was under the jurisdiction of Yulin County from the middle Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Gui Ping, a scholar of Bushan county governance, interprets "county land" as "county governance" and "Yulin county governance" as "Yulin county governance", which leads to the deviation of the research on this issue from the starting point. At the same time, it is only based on the recent county annals and other historical records, which are not ancient, and the foundation is naturally unstable, which is difficult to convince.

Guiping, the magistrate of Bushan County, questioned Guigang as Guilin County and Bushan County in Yi Pian, totally denied it and said that it was an important garrison place in Lingnan area in Qin and Han Dynasties. The author has carefully studied this statement and found that there are also deviations in interpretation.

Yes, there is indeed a record in Huai Nan Zi Ren Xun describing Qin Jun's entry into the customs: Qin Shihuang "also benefited from rhinoceros horn, ivory, jade and pearls, which caused Wei Tusui to lose 500,000 troops. One army blocked Chengling, one army guarded Jiuyi Village, one army was Panyu, the capital, and the other was guarding the border. For three years, I didn't know the crossbow, which made the supervisor unable to adjust his salary. With a single soldier, he dug a canal to get through the route for providing foodstuff, beat the Vietnamese, and killed Xi Oujun. The Vietnamese all went into the jungle, unwilling to be Lu Qin. They thought that Jie Jun would be a general, but they attacked the Qin people at night, broke the Qin people, killed the captain, and had hundreds of thousands of corpses, so they were prepared. " Qin Jun garrison is mainly to deal with Xi 'ou's armed forces, and the garrison point should be selected in the above-mentioned areas first, which may be mainly to guard the Lingqu and the key points on the traffic arteries of Lijiang River and Gui Jiang. Today, the Qin Cheng site left by Rongjiang Lingqu in Xing 'an may be one of the garrison sites in Qin Dynasty, and it is a witness of this period of history. In Doubtful Articles, Zhao Tuo led the army to "fight against the West River in Fengkai, Hezhou, Wuzhou, Cenxi and other places, annihilate the country of ou, and then advance westward along Yujiang and Qianjiang to Pingnan, Guiping, Guigang and Wuxuan to pursue the remnants of ou who fled westward." After Zhao arrived in Guigang, one of Zhao Jun's biggest regrets was that this statement lacked evidence. Therefore, the specific military actions of the Qin and Zhao armies and what happened in Guigang are pure fiction.

Historically, it is impossible to say that Qin and Han dynasties were heavily stationed in Guigang. Therefore, if Luo Ou and Wu Hu rebelled, attacked and rebelled against the Qin and Han regimes, and robbed property, then the geographical location of their attack should be the first choice, and Guiping, not Guigang, should be heavily guarded. According to Guiping, the magistrate of Bushan County, Guiping is very safe and need not be guarded. The most important thing is to set up a military stronghold in Guigang, 70 or 80 kilometers away from Guiping, "to stop the fierce and powerful resistance of the tribes in southwest Luo Ou". None of these understandings are accurate.

Third, the improper use of archaeological data.

The ancient history of China is not completely recorded in the voluminous history books. There are many splendid civilizations buried under the ancient soil, and their excavation allows us to touch the truth of history more accurately. When studying and determining the land management in Bushan county more than 2000 years ago, it is very important to restore its historical features with sufficient archaeological data support.

In order to make Guiping the county capital of Qin and Han Dynasties, whether Guiping has sites of Qin and Han Dynasties is the key to successful demonstration. In the textual research of Bushan Guiping, in the absence of any ancient historical materials, the narrator first speculated that "the triangle mouth formed by the intersection of Yujiang River and Qianjiang River to the east of the triangle mouth and Datang Village across the Yujiang River" may be the ruins of the ancient city, and then disproved the conclusion that "the materials of the city site are Guiping now" with the tiles and terrain advantages found on the surface of the triangle mouth, as well as the nearby Han tombs and the Han Dynasty Wayao ruins. Nowadays, it is nothing new to find the earthen kiln of Han Dynasty in some places in Guiping. They only prove that people lived here in the Han dynasty and burned tiles to build houses, but they can't mark the existence of the city site. The author also made a field investigation on Sanjiaozui Village and Datangcheng Village in Guiping City. It can be said that the cultural elements of the above-mentioned ancient city sites have not been found in these two places. Therefore, the evidence of designating these two places as Seoul sites is obviously insufficient. The problem is that Kao Wen did not use the same standard when demonstrating that the triangle mouth of Guiping and the village of Datangcheng are the ruins of Seoul, which led to partiality. In the use of tile materials in Han Dynasty, the fact that China tile fragments were found in the enclosure of No.2 Han Tomb in Luobowan was completely abandoned. The same archaeological materials are cherished in Guiping, but ignored in Guigang, which is unfair at least academically.

"Textual research" and "doubtful text" can be said to attach great importance to the data of Han tombs in Guiping and Guigang, but the deviation in analysis and application is also very obvious. The fact is that the Han tombs excavated near Datang City are small and medium-sized, and the quantity and quality of funerary objects are not high. In addition to civilians, tomb owners are relatively wealthy landlords at best, so their findings are not necessarily related to Guiping County in Han Dynasty. For Dajidui near Datangcheng Village, Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology funded drilling in 2007, but the sexual characteristics of the ancient tomb were not seen. For the sake of prudence, migrant workers were immediately asked to drill holes at the bottom of the mound that had just been leveled, proving that it was a natural accumulation rather than a Han tomb. Many years ago, the cultural relics survey data showed that this Han group located around Guigang City has a large area. There used to be many sealed mounds on the ground. Because it has not been fully explored, there are no accurate figures on how many ancient tombs are underground. Most of the hundreds of ancient tombs excavated in the past decades are the protection measures taken by the state for the construction land involving the safety of ancient tombs, not the result of cleaning up the whole tomb group. Among them, 255 Han tombs are obviously not the original data of Han tombs in the whole tomb group. There are less than ten Han tombs excavated in Guiping so far, and the data is definitely much lower than that in Guigang. Moreover, Guiping hasn't even discovered the tombs in the early Western Han Dynasty, so the argument that Guiping ruled the land for the early counties of Guilin County is unfounded.

In order to deny the history that Guigang was once the ruling place of Bushan County during the Qin and Han Dynasties, Literature and Art also disambiguated some of the cultural relics left in the early Western Han Dynasty tomb of Radish Bay No.1, and extended some cultural relics from other places as circumstantial evidence. Finally, it did not admit that Bushan was in Guigang, but in Guiping. The author believes that this choice and analysis result of "literature and art" neither hinders the historical position of Guigang, nor can it prove that Guiping was the administrative seat of Bushan County in Qin and Han Dynasties. First of all, judging from the lacquerware marked with the word "Bushan", it is obvious that there are many lacquerware buried with the No.1 tomb. In addition to the three painted coffins, there are a large number of vessels and weapons, of which dozens are complete and repairable, and there are many kinds. There is also "Shuijing Note" about "Yushui East goes to the north of Bushan County, and Yulin County governs it. In this case, it is unconvincing to question Guigang and affirm that "Bushan" is in Guiping. If Guiping discovered the lacquerware manufacturing workshop in the early Han Dynasty, there is still some reason to speculate that the lacquerware unearthed from the No.1 Han Tomb in Luobowan, Gui County came from Guiping. The problem is that Guiping can't produce any identical material evidence now, and can't support Guiping's theory.

The identity of the owners of the No.1 and No.2 Han tombs in Luobowan, your county has been inferred in the excavation report. Its advanced position cannot be shaken by the objective existence of large-scale high-standard tombs and many high-quality cultural relics.

No.1 Han Tomb in Radish Bay has a huge scale. According to the records in the annals of the ancients, there are more than 70 kinds of funerary objects, including clothes, food, games and weapons. Although there is no catalogue of funerary wares in Han Tomb No.2, because of its large scale, the types of funerary wares in those days are naturally not inferior to those in Tomb No.1. Although two tombs were stolen, fortunately, many cultural relics still exist. The narrator of Bushan Guiping chose some unearthed objects that he thought were "garbage" to illustrate his identity. The method is not bad, but there is a deviation in understanding

Also, there are 7 people in the No.1 tomb of Radish Bay and 7 people in the No.2 tomb 1 person, which shows how awesome they were before their death. This has locked the failure of Bushan Guiping's thoughts of relegation and moderate defense. The archaeological data of Guigang is not the cornerstone of Bushan Guiping's theory, but it shines with the local glory of Qin and Han Dynasties.

Precautions:

① Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Luobowan Han Tomb, Gui County, Guangxi, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1988.

② Chen Xiaobo: A Study of Bushan County, collected by Guangxi Zhuang Museum, the third series, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 2006.

Chen Xiaobo: Query on the Theory of Bushan County Governing Guigang, Collection of Guangxi Zhuang Museum, 4th Series, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 2007.

③ An Introduction to Lacquer: A Probe into the History of Guilin, collected by Guangxi Zhuang Museum, Series 4, Guangxi People's Publishing House, 2007.