Kobe's fortune telling _ Kobe's numerology

There is only one origin of basketball (note: the following "West" is a Spanish word) james naismith.

189 1 1 in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA in early February, it was invented by Dr. james naismith, the school's physical education teacher. At that time, the basketball rules were only 13, and Dr. naismith died in 1939.

He didn't expect that the basketball game created by him actually spread in more than 200 countries, and American basketball is still famous all over the world. It was introduced to Europe by the US military during the First World War.

To commemorate Dr. naismith's achievement in inventing basketball, the james naismith Memorial Hall of Fame of American Basketball was built in the campus of Springfield College.

189 1 year, naismith taught at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. Luther gulick, the head of the physical education department of this school, commissioned him to design an indoor group game to implement the winter physical education class syllabus. He was inspired by the game that local children like to throw balls into peach baskets (peaches are abundant in the local area, and every family has peach baskets) and created basketball games.

At first, naismith nailed two baskets to the railing of the stands of the gymnasium, with their upper edges 3.04 meters off the ground, and threw them with football as a game tool. Throw the ball into the basket and score 1 point, and decide the outcome according to the score. Every time you throw the ball into the basket, climb the ladder, take it out and start the game again. In the future, the bamboo basket will be gradually changed into an iron basket with a movable bottom, and then a net will be hung under the iron ring. People call this game "naismith Ball" or "Basketball". After a long time, I named it "Basketball" after repeated discussions with my colleagues.

Naismith invented basketball at the age of 30, but it was ignored for nearly half a century after its birth, and was not respected until 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. 75-year-old naismith arrived in Berlin with the American basketball team, but the coach of the American basketball team was only responsible for his air ticket from the United States to Berlin, not for his hotel and entrance fee in Berlin. The American Olympic Committee turned a blind eye to this, which made the father of basketball feel very heavy.

William jones, the first secretary-general of the International Amateur Basketball Federation, respected and admired him very much. He not only settled his hotel expenses, but also invited him to kick off the first basketball match of the Olympic Games. Before kick-off, Jones introduced the inventor of basketball to all the participating athletes, and naismith was warmly welcomed by everyone. After all the games, Jones arranged for Ness to preside over the award ceremony and awarded him a special Olympic medal in recognition of his achievements in inventing basketball. When a little German girl gave him the laurel of the moon, naismith was ecstatic and threw her hat into the sky.

Naismith died on 1939. In order to remember this basketball pioneer forever, FIBA decided to name the gold cup of the World Men's Basketball Championship "Naismith Cup" at the first Central Bureau meeting held during the World Men's Basketball Championship 1950/kloc-0.

It was not until 1893 that modern rebounds, hoops and nets were formed. In the initial basketball game, there were no strict restrictions on the number of people, the size of the venue and the time of the game. As long as the number of participants is equal. At the beginning of the game, the players of both sides stood outside the two end lines, and the referee blew the whistle and threw the ball into the center of the court. The two sides ran to the court to grab the ball and started the game. The bearer can run to the basket with the ball, and the first person who reaches the predetermined score wins. 1892, naismith formulated 13 rules of the game. The main rules are: don't run with the ball, don't make rough moves, don't hit the ball with a fist, or you will be sentenced to three consecutive fouls and fined 1 minute; The competition time is the first half 15 minutes; The size of the venue is also stipulated. The number of players in the game is gradually reduced to 10, with 9 or 7 players per team. 1893 is set to 5 players per team.

1904 The 3rd Olympic Games, the basketball exhibition match was held for the first time 1. 1908, the United States formulated a unified national basketball rule, which was published in many languages and distributed around the world. In this way, basketball has gradually spread all over America, Europe and Asia, becoming a worldwide sport. 1936 1 1 The Olympic Games listed men's basketball as an official event, which unified the rules of the world basketball competition. Since then, during the period of 1948, the rule has been revised several times. The important change related to the current rules is that after scoring, the jump ball in the middle circle is changed to the end line of the losing team in the backcourt. The attacker must push the ball to the frontcourt within 10 second; After the ball enters the frontcourt, it is not allowed to return to the backcourt; Offenders are not allowed to stay in the "forbidden zone" for 3 seconds; When the shooter was violated, 1 made a free throw, and 2 missed. In the basketball matches of the1952nd Olympic Games,15th Olympic Games and16th Olympic Games, the International Amateur Basketball Federation twice expanded the "forbidden zone" (also known as the "3-second zone") in the basketball field. It is also stipulated that a team must shoot within 30 seconds after controlling the ball. In the early 1960s, the regulations on 10 seconds and the return of the ball to the backcourt were once suspended, because the touchline midpoint was cancelled after the 1960 17 Olympic Games. 1964 After the Olympic Games, the midfield line will be restored and these regulations will continue to be implemented. 1977, it is added that after each team 10 fouls, two penalties are made for defensive fouls, one for shooting prevention 1 foul, and one for missing penalty 1. After 198 1, 10 fouls, the penalty was reduced to 8 times. Obviously, the change of personnel and the development of skills and tactics have caused the change of rules, and the change of rules has promoted the further development and change of personnel, skills and tactics. Especially since the late 1950s, the changes of rules have constantly put forward new and higher requirements for the offensive and defensive speed of basketball matches, athletes' body, skills, tactics, will and style, and promoted the rapid improvement of basketball technical level. The women's basketball was listed as an official event only in197621Olympic Games.

Basketball was introduced to China from the Chinese YMCA in Tianjin around 1896, and then to the YMCA in Beijing and Shanghai. 19 10 After the men's basketball exhibition match was held in the National Games, basketball activities were gradually carried out in universities and middle schools in major cities across the country, especially in Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai. The rules of the game were simple at that time. Draw a middle circle with a diameter of about 1 m in the center of the court. The center player must put a hand when jumping the ball. The technology is also simple. After the jump ball in the middle circle, whoever receives the ball dribbles it himself, and shoots if he exceeds the defender. I was just dribbling in a straight line. The passing method is to pass the ball with one hand and put your hands on your chest. Running shot is a one-handed low-handed layup. The vertical racket is a low-handed racket with both hands in front of the stomach, no matter how far or near. 1925 or so, the five offensive and defensive athletes have a clear division of labor, center to center, defender to striker, someone staring at people, staring at their opponents. But the striker's duty is to attack and shoot, regardless of retreat; The defender's duty is only to defend the volley, regardless of shooting. Strikers and defenders rarely run all over the field, only the center should give consideration to both offense and defense. Later, it was gradually changed to 1 assisted two defenders (mobile defenders), and 1 stayed in the backcourt (fixed defenders). The two strikers also became 1 staying in the frontcourt to attack the fast break, 1 retreating to the backcourt to help defend. Technical movements have also developed, such as one-handed running shooting and expert shooting, two-handed standing shooting on the chest, one-handed passing and two-handed touching the ground, two-handed dribbling alternately dodging defense and advancing beyond defense. The restricted area and the free throw line have been added to the rules. A player who commits four fouls will be disqualified, and any player with 1 can be punished by the captain. The competition time is divided into the first half and the second half with an interval of 10 minute. After each shot or free throw, jump the ball to the middle circle and start the game again. But since 1926, the basketball level in China has been greatly improved.

1892, Smith, the inventor of basketball, made a simple rule of 18, and basketball entered the stage of confrontation, and then the organization leader and law enforcement arbitrator-referee came into being.

Foreign countries call basketball referees "ball cards", and there are two "ball cards" in each game. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, China called basketball referees "commanders", and there was only one "commander" in every basketball game. After liberation, it was renamed referee, and there were two referees in each game.

The current basketball referees in China are divided into five levels: international level, national level, first level, second level and third level. Due to the increasing speed and intensity of basketball games, in order to implement the rules more comprehensively and accurately, some countries have begun to try out three referees per game. [Edit this paragraph] Basketball rules formulated by naismith ① Basketball is a sport played by hands, and the ball is round;

② Walking or running with the ball in hand is not allowed;

(3) Athletes can go anywhere on the field as long as it does not affect or hinder other athletes;

④ Physical contact between athletes is not allowed;

⑤ The hoop should be horizontal.

According to these five basic principles, Mr. naismith made the most primitive rules of basketball match. The original rules of basketball match are 13. The basic content of article 13 is:

1. Players can throw the ball in any direction with one hand or both hands.

2. Players can catch the ball in any direction with one hand or both hands, but they must never hit the ball with their fists.

Players can't take the ball away.

You must hold the ball with your hand, but you are not allowed to kick the ball with your head and feet.

5. Players are not allowed to use shoulder bump, hand pull, hand push, hand bump, foot trip and other methods to deal with opposing players. Any player who violates this rule is regarded as the first foul and will be forced to stop playing until he hits the target. If you intentionally hurt the opposing player, you will be disqualified from participating in the whole game and will not be allowed to substitute.

6. It is against rules 3 and 4 to hit the ball with fists.

7. If either side fouls three times in a row, it is counted as the other side's goal. Continuous foul refers to: during a period of time, the opposing team members did not foul, while their own team members fouled continuously.

8. If the defender doesn't touch or interfere with the ball, when the ball is thrown into the basket and stays in it, it is considered a basket. If the ball stops at the basket and the other team touches the basket, it is also a fortune teller.

9. When the ball is out of bounds, the ball will be thrown into the field by the first person who touches it. If there is an argument, the referee will throw the ball into the field. Throw a foul ball for five seconds. After more than 5 seconds, the ball was awarded to the opponent.

10. The referee is the referee of the player, and he has the right to call a foul. When a team fouls three times in a row, he will notify the assistant referee. He has the right to declare an athlete disqualified.

1 1. The assistant referee is the referee of this ball. He can decide the time of the ball in the game, he should count the time, decide the stroke of the ball, record the number of strokes of the ball, and bear the responsibility that the referee should bear at ordinary times.

12. The game will be played in two 15 minutes with a 5-minute break.

13. The team that hits the ball the most wins. If there is a draw, with the consent of both captains, the game can be postponed until another goal is scored.

Although the original 13 basketball competition rules are not systematic and complete, and some terms are not clear enough, they have played a great role in promoting the development of basketball in the early stage. In particular, basketball has developed into a modern basketball sport today, and the technical and tactical level is getting higher and higher, so the rules are even more important. It requires strict, scientific and systematic management of basketball games. [Edit this paragraph] The modification of the evolution rules of basketball competition has promoted the development of basketball, and the continuous progress of basketball skills and tactics has promoted the appropriate modification or supplement of imperfect rules, thus making basketball develop in a healthy and advanced direction.

Rules and basketball skills and tactics, like productivity and relations of production, are complementary, interdependent and mutually reinforcing. By affirming, denying, allowing or not allowing, the rules ensure the normal progress of basketball games and promote the healthy development of basketball. The action that conforms to the rules of the field is the correct action, and vice versa.

The rules have developed from the initial 13 to the present 58, and the basketball skills and tactics have developed from the initial simple low level to the present high level, which is the result of their mutual restriction and promotion for many years. For example, the development of dribbling technology from the initial elbow joint as the axis to the current shoulder joint as the axis is precisely the result of the constant affirmation of the developing technology by the rules. Now the rules clearly point out that the symbol of the end of dribbling is the moment when both hands touch the ball or dribble with the palm up, and the thumb exceeds the vertical plane to end the dribbling. If the palm of your hand is always down and your thumb is not above the vertical plane, it is impossible to keep the ball in your hand. Therefore, the modern technology of arm dribbling with shoulder joint as the axis and one-handed back-pulling and back-turning dribbling has been affirmed in legal form. Another example: the development of shooting techniques, from the initial in-situ two-handed chest shooting to top-down dunk, one-handed or two-handed basketball and other superb techniques, the rules clearly stipulate that all players are shooting. Therefore, modern technologies such as dunk and makeup have developed rapidly. In recent years, there have been many techniques in the competition, such as back jump shot, back jump shot and hook jump shot, which are also determined by the basic principles of dealing with physical contact and foul, such as vertical plane principle and flying man principle. When dealing with fouls, the guiding ideology of offensive and defensive balance is particularly emphasized, forcing and promoting shooters to adopt various forms of jump shot techniques, get rid of defense and avoid hitting people because of fouls, so as to achieve the goal of scoring and promote the continuous development of defensive tactics.

Under normal circumstances, FIBA will revise and supplement the rules every four years, with the purpose of promoting the further development of basketball skills and tactics, limiting rude movements and making the game develop in a civilized, clean, intense and hard-working direction.

The change of rules is unknowable, and no one can change it at will on a whim. It is carried out according to a certain review purpose. The specific guiding principles for modifying the rules are:

1. Gongping. This is the basis for modifying the rules. Rules should be fair to both sides of the game. Because the basketball game is a contest of basketball consciousness, skills and tactics and physical quality between the two sides under the same conditions of time, space, venue and number of people.

2. Balance. Balance (or balance) means that both offense and defense must be balanced. If a game is easy to score or difficult to score, it will make the game dull and not exciting, then the wonderful charm of the basketball game will be lost.

3. Define the meaning. The definition of rules should be concise and accurate.

4. compile. Rules should be compiled, avoid duplication, be consistent and not contradictory.

5. Keep it short. The rules should be short and to the point, and avoid verbosity that makes people difficult to understand.

6. Outside the case. There are many rules in front of the rules. If there are no exceptions (that is, comments), it is difficult to enforce the rules. The exception is to ensure the implementation of positive law.

7. Safety. Rules should ensure personal safety and the smooth running of the competition in a good environment and atmosphere.

8. power. The referee must be given the power to execute the rules competently and authoritatively in the competition.

9. Continuation. The rules should minimize the number of interruptions of the game, so as to ensure the continuity of the game and make the game more compact and exciting.

10. No profit. Rules should make no one in the game benefit from violating the rules, so that the game can be played fairly and reasonably. [Edit this paragraph] Basic rules Basic rules 1

1. Competition method

There are five people in a team, one of whom is the captain and at most seven substitutes, but the number can be increased according to the organizer. The game is divided into four quarters, each of which is 10 minute, NBA 12 minute, with a 5-minute break, NBA 130 second, halftime 10 minute, NBA 15 minute, and NBA with a break between the fourth quarter and any overtime. At the end of the game, if the scores of the two teams are the same, overtime will be played for 5 minutes. If the score is still the same after 5 minutes, a 5-minute overtime will be played again until the tie is broken.

2. Fraction type

After the ball is thrown into the basket and approved by the referee, it is counted as a score. 3 points can be scored for the inner input of the branch line; You can get 3 points for shooting outside the three-point line, and the penalty 1 point.

3. Way of proceeding

At the beginning of the game, each team pushes a jumper to the central jumper area, the referee throws the ball, and the jumpers from both sides start the game.

4. Player replacement

The substitution of each player should be completed within 20 seconds, and the number of substitutions is unlimited. The time to exchange players is when someone fouls, fights for the ball, calls a timeout, etc. The referee can temporarily suspend the timing of the game.

5. Free throw

Each player has four chances to be allowed to foul, and the fifth time is all out (6 times in NBA). And cannot be played again in the same game. Free throw is shooting when no one can stop or defend it. It is a punishment for the offending party and an opportunity for the opposing party. Stand behind the free throw line and shoot within 10 second after receiving the referee's ball. After shooting, you can't cross the free throw line before the ball touches the basket.

lawbreaking

Generally, it can be divided into (1) common violations, such as walking with the ball, dribbling twice (double belt), kicking the ball (foot ball) or hitting the ball with the fist. (2) jump ball violation; (3) Illegal jump ball: Before the jumper touches the ball, no one except the jumper is allowed to enter the central jump ball area.

Basic rule 2

24-second rule: the attacker must shoot within 24 seconds of holding the ball (24 seconds for NBA, CBA, CUBA, WNBA and 35 seconds for NCAA).

8-second rule: the team must control the ball from the backcourt and make the ball enter the frontcourt (the opposing half) within 8 seconds.

Five-second rule: after holding the ball, the player must throw the foul ball within five seconds, and the FIBA rules stipulate that the free throw must also be shot within five seconds.

Rule of 3 seconds: divided into offensive 3 seconds and defensive 3 seconds. Attack for 3 seconds: the attacking player shall not stay in the 3-second zone for more than 3 seconds; Defensive for 3 seconds: When the offensive player corresponding to the defensive player is not in the 3-second zone or the edge of the 3-second zone and completely gets rid of the defensive player, the defensive player shall not stay in the restricted area for more than 3 seconds.

Personal foul: a foul caused by physical contact with an opponent.

Technical foul: A player or coach is convicted of a foul for poor performance, such as an argument with a referee.

Disqualification foul: a foul action made by a player that does not reflect the spirit of the athlete, such as hitting someone. When this happens, the player should be sent off immediately.

Five fouls by a player: No matter whether it is a personal foul or a technical foul, a player who commits five fouls (six in NBA) must leave the field and cannot play again.

Foul: Violation of rules, neither personal nor technical. The main violations are: illegal dribbling, taking the ball away, 3 seconds violation, letting the ball out of bounds, kicking the ball with your feet.

Player out of bounds: The ball is out of bounds when the player touches the area outside the sideline or string with the ball or the ball itself. The ball doesn't go out of bounds in the air until it hits the line or out of line.

Interference ball: When the shot ball falls to the basket, neither player can touch the ball. Defenders must not touch the ball when it is in the basket.

After the ball hits the chessboard, the opponent must not touch the ball until it falls.

Players closely watched by defenders: Players closely watched by defenders must pass, dribble or shoot within 5 seconds, otherwise their team will lose possession of the ball (which is not stipulated in NBA rules).

Ball back to the backcourt: if the team has moved the ball from the backcourt to the frontcourt, the team players can no longer move the ball across the center line and transport it back to the backcourt.