Who popularized block printing and prospered book compilation in Song Dynasty?

You should be talking about the paper, right? Please refer to the following:

In the Song Dynasty, the popularity of woodcut printing and the prosperity of book compilation were the fingers of a private library. ....

Research on the engraving industry in Hangzhou in the golden age of engraving printing in Song Dynasty

Abstract: During the Song Dynasty, with the capital of Wu Yueguo and the Southern Song Dynasty, as well as the convenience of commercial prosperity and developed handicraft industry, Hangzhou became one of the four major book engraving centers in China. The author tries to explain the reasons for the prosperity of engraving industry in Hangzhou, the outstanding contribution of "square engraving" in the three engraving industries after Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, to the inheritance of ancient cultural heritage in China, and the features of Hangzhou engraving in the Song Dynasty.

Keywords: Book engraving industry in Hangzhou in Song Dynasty

Author Qiu Jiajing, Deputy Research Librarian, Ancient Books Local Literature Section, Characteristic Literature Center, Hangzhou Library (postal code: 3 10006).

Song dynasty enjoyed the country for more than 300 years. Faced with the threat from the north, the military defeat and the disaster of Jingkang, the Central Plains fell, and Gaozong crossed the river and became a vassal of Jin, suffering humiliation. However, he has made outstanding achievements in block printing industry. Wu Chengyun, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, said, "In the past hundred years, Song San has become a market, all over the world, and secret rooms are guarded. Before the Han Dynasty, it was not difficult to teach by ear, and before the Tang Dynasty, it was not diligent to copy by hand. Readers are lucky to get twice the result with half the effort! " This is the "Golden Age of Song Dynasty woodblock printing (960- 1279)" mentioned by Zhang Xiumin in his book The History of Printing in China, and the woodblock printing industry in Hangzhou was the best in the golden age of Song Dynasty woodblock printing. In Song Dynasty, Ye Mengde said in Misty Rain in Shilin that "Hangzhou is a good place to print books today". The author tries to explain the causes of the engraving industry in Hangzhou in the Song Dynasty, the prosperity of engraving printing industry in Hangzhou after the southward crossing and the characteristics of engraving industry.

First, the causes of Hangzhou famous block printing elements

Since the Five Dynasties in Hangzhou, block printing has been quite developed. Qian Liu, King of wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Disputes, assessed the situation and adopted the strategy of "being an emperor behind closed doors for holidays", protecting the environment, protecting the people, and even returning the land to the Song Dynasty, in exchange for a peaceful situation in which "the people died of old age and didn't know how to change troops, and the voices of singing and dancing were heard all day". The kings of Qian followed Qian Liu's wishes, intensively cultivated and developed the economy, which provided a good foundation for the development of engraving and printing industry in Hangzhou. Wu Yue Qian Liu and his descendants believed in Buddhism. During their stay in Hangzhou, they built stupas, especially the third King Qian Chu, who successively presided over three large-scale engraving of Buddhist scriptures in Xiande (956), Yichou (965) and Yihai (975), with a print run of more than 200,000 volumes. Among them, Dalagni Jing, such as Lai Xin Jing, which was hidden in the brick of Leifeng Tower in Hangzhou, was published in the eighth year of Song Kaibao (975). Judging from these preserved objects, the paper and ink are excellent and the carving is excellent, reaching a high technical level.

After Cheng Song, the development of productive forces reached an unprecedented level in the feudal society of China, which opened the first modern history of China's book engraving. Zhejiang's handicraft industry is developed, its business is prosperous, and it is also rich in paper, which has favorable conditions for the development of block printing industry. During the Five Dynasties, Hangzhou was already full of good workers, and the engraving printing technology was quite famous. In the Northern Song Dynasty, imperial academy not only carved scriptures, but also edited a large number of historical books, sub-books, medical books, arithmetic books, quasi-books and poetry collections. Although these editions were published in Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, most of them were carved in Hangzhou. For example, Wang Guowei's Textual Research on Ancient Journals in Zhejiang Province said: "The Zhejiang version has a square font and a round knife method, which is actually the first in the Song version. Imperial academy's engraving in the Song Dynasty, such as the Seven Classics of Justice, the Three Histories of History and Han Dynasty, the Seven Histories of Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zi Jian and all medical books, were all engraved in Hangzhou. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were almost a majority of people who supervised this magazine in Hangzhou. " In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou not only undertook the imperial court to engrave books, but also engraved many public and private books such as The Change of the City. Local officials carved books, including 72 volumes of Bai Anthology, which was awarded the title of Hangzhou in four years (1037) and redefined by detailed officials in Hangzhou. Zhang Junfang knows that Qiantang has been printed with Seven Clouds, Travel in Different Places and Love Collection. After Zhai Zhao learned about the situation in Renhe County, he changed the original version of the criminal law into a block-printed version of Jinke Justice. Private publishing houses include Lin Wanjuan Hall, Qiantang Yanshi and Hangzhou Shen Shi. And carved with Qian Jiazi in a workshop in Hangzhou. There are books engraved in temples, such as Hua Yan Jing published by longxing temple between Chunhua and Xianping, and Han Changli Ji engraved by Dazhong Xiangfu in Mingjiao Temple in the second year (1009).

The Song Dynasty advocated cultural rule and implemented the basic national policy of Yanwu's writing. In order to publicize feudal culture, the rulers strongly advocated reading and engraving books. For example, Song Meng's textbook "Poetry of a Child prodigy" said: "The son of heaven values heroes, and the article teaches two Cao. Everything is inferior, only reading is high ",which has become a social value orientation for a time, making the demand and circulation of books surge." Bureaucratic scholars in the ruling and opposition parties also give priority to reading to persuade students to learn, and it has become fashionable for local officials to engrave books. Lu You, Fan Chengda, Yang Wanli, Zhu, Zhang Qian, etc. 100 people, as officials, carved books everywhere. They printed their own works, or the works of their ancestors, or the works of rural sages and famous ministers. In my spare time, I will take proofreading and engraving books as a wonderful achievement with my subordinate officials. As for scholars from all over the world, they have published the works of their teachers and friends, or circulated rare books in Fu Zi, and the list goes on and on. The academic activities in Song Dynasty developed unprecedentedly, with rich scientific, cultural, historical and philosophical works and remarkable compilation achievements, which promoted the development of block printing. Official and private engraving has become a common practice, which has created a huge publishing market for the development of engraving and printing industry. The appearance of movable type printing is the product of the development of block printing technology to a certain stage. Song Kuo wrote it in Meng Xi? "Yi Wen Zhi" records: "Printed books were not popular in the Tang Dynasty. Since Wang Fengying printed the Five Classics, all the classics have been printed on wooden boards. In Li Qing (1042-1048), there is Bi Sheng in Bree, which is also a trap. Its method: engraving with mud, as thin as money lips, and printing every word, fire will make it firm. First, an iron plate is erected, on which resin wax and paper ash are exposed. If you want to print, put an iron fan on the iron plate and print it out densely. Full of iron fans for the board, holding the fire, the medicine is slightly melted, and then the surface is pressed with a flat plate, and the words are as flat as a rock. It is not easy to stop printing three or two books; If you print100000 copies, the speed will be extremely fast? -? -When you rise to death, your seal will be given to the group from the income, which is still a treasure. " Although the physical objects of the above-mentioned clay-block prints have not been found so far, we can know from the information disclosed in Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan" that the clay-block printing technology created by Bi Sheng more than 950 years ago has already possessed the basic principles of later movable type typesetting printing from the processes of word formation, typesetting, printing and word storage. Shen Kuo, a scientist from Hangzhou, personally witnessed and recorded the clay movable type printing technology of Bitan, Meng Xi. Bi Sheng's movable type and typesetting equipment were also obtained by Shen Kuo's sons and nephews. Some scholars speculate that Bi Sheng is a native of Hangzhou. Although there is no documentary evidence, it also shows the origin of Hangzhou and movable type printing.

Second, after the Song Dynasty crossed to the south, the engraving and printing industry in Hangzhou tended to be extremely prosperous.

The eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138) lasted 140 years, from gaozong's "driving Lin 'an" to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Since Emperor Gaozong moved the capital to Lin 'an, with the central government moving southward, the fiscal revenue has increased, the population of the capital has soared, the commercial market has flourished, and government offices have been built one after another. Hangzhou has become the political, economic and cultural center of the country. As the saying goes, "the hub is in a hurry, the clothes are crowded, and the people are rich, especially compared with the past." During the Southern Song Dynasty, the handicraft industry developed to a higher level, and Zhejiang was also the national papermaking center. The quality and output of printing materials, especially paper and ink, have surpassed those of the previous generation, laying a rich material foundation for the engraving printing industry in Hangzhou. After the death of the Northern Song Dynasty, a part of the engraving and printing industry in the Capital of Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, becoming the most developed place in China at that time.

The economic prosperity, rapid cultural progress, numerous writers and prosperous imperial examination system in the Southern Song Dynasty further promoted the book engraving industry in Hangzhou, and both public and private book engraving flourished. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the engraving and printing industry was flourishing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, from the fifth year of Avenue (1 169) to the fourth year of Xianchun (1268) 100, Zhengzhi was compiled and published for three times, which is called Three Records of Lin 'an. In the third year of Jiatai (1203), 37,000 scholars came to Hangzhou to take the exam. Students from all walks of life who come to Beijing to take the exam, as well as all kinds of students and official schools in Beijing, naturally have a great demand for books, which has promoted the prosperity of the three major engraving industries: official, private and workshop.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, besides imperial academy and the Secretary Province, there are also Deshoutang, Zuolangsi, Xiuneisi, Taiyi Bureau, Lin 'an House, Lin 'an House School and Zhejiang Caosi. The contents of seal cutting include classics, history, books, collections and other books. There are Buddhist scriptures carved in Hangzhou Temple, including Nanshan Yin Hui Lecture Hall, Beiguan Reception Miaoxing Courtyard, West Lake Jingci Temple, Bodhi Education Courtyard and Jingjie Courtyard. According to Zhang Xiumin's Printing History of China, Hangzhou Bookstore can be tested as follows: Chenzhai Bookstore in Lin 'an North Square, Chenzhai Bookstore in Hongqiao Nanhe of Lin 'an House, Chenzhai Bookstore in Nanhe of Lin 'an Ancient Bridge, Yinjia Bookstore in front of Lin 'an Ancestral Temple, Dongkaijing Bookstore in Zhongnan Street of Lin 'an House, Wangbalang Classic Store in Xiuwen Square of Lin 'an, Guozhaijing Store in Cheqiao South Street of Qiantangmen House and Dongkaijing Bookstore in Zhongnan Street of Lin 'an House. For example, Wang Niansan opened a paper horse shop in Langjia, Nanqianfang, Hangzhou Street, Shenerlang Fang Jing, Lin 'an Zhaozhai Bookstore, Lin 'an Lishu Bookstore, Hangzhou Maoerqiao East Bank, Zhongjia, Lin 'an Zhongwa South Street Dongkaiyin Jingzhuan History Bookstore, and some of them moved from Bianjing.

At that time, there were Yu River, shed bridge and long street in Lin 'an city, which were divided into south shed, middle shed and shed north street. Books carved by bookstores in this area have been cherished by bibliophiles since the Song Dynasty, and they are called "bookshelves". Among many bookstores in Hangzhou, Chen Qi and his son's bookstore in Lin 'an is particularly commendable. In 1960s, The Catalogue of China Edition Engraving Edition compiled by Beijing Library included 189 kinds of Song Edition books in public collection units all over the country, including 75 kinds of Zhejiang Edition and 45 kinds of Hangzhou Edition, most of which are square editions. The book "Girls in the Tang Dynasty Talk in Poetry" collected by the National Library was finally engraved with "Seal of Chenzhai Library in Lin 'an Prefecture, Beifu", which was treasured by collectors in past dynasties and printed with numerous seals, that is, seal of Chenzhai Library in Lin 'an Prefecture in Song Dynasty.

(also known as Chen and Chen Daoren), the word Zongzhi and Yunju, are famous publishers and book editors. According to relevant scholars' research, Chen Qi was born in the 14th year of Xichun (1 187), and lived through four dynasties: filial piety, Guangzong, Ningzong and Li Zong. Chen Qi has a library called "Yunju Building", which loves reading and has "Yunju B Draft". It can be seen from this sentence that people were born to look back on the past. Scholars only knew each other's friends, good poets borrowed books, and every famous scholar had to drink, and even was praised as a "bosom friend" by scholars, which shows that it was quite influential in the literary world at that time. Fang Hui, Liu Kezhuang, Wu Wenying and many other famous writers have made friends with him and sang songs. The carved books have academic and market vision that ordinary booksellers can't reach, and proofreading and revision are valued by the world. Chen Qi carved many books in his life. According to statistics, there are more than 50 collections of Tang poetry, including Wang, Yang Jiong, Lu, Ji, Tang Girl Yu and Tang Guanxiu. As many works as11were edited and engraved by Jianghu poets in Song Dynasty. Sikuquanshu contains Jianghu Xiaoji and Jianghu Postscript, the former contains 62 works and the latter contains 49 works. Other books compiled by, according to "Sikuquanshu" and "Notes to the Concise Catalogue of Newly Edited Sikuquanshu", include Ming Jie in Han Dynasty, Painting Sui in Song Dynasty, Portrait of Guo in Song Dynasty and Bing Tuilu in Song and Zhao Dynasties. Chen Jieyuan, the son of Chen Qi, is famous for his continuous success. He is called Xie Yuan and seems to be a learned man. After Chen Qi died, he inherited his father's business. Judging from the existing bookshelves, he carved even more books than his father. For example, Wang Guowei said in Textual Research on Zhejiang Ancient Periodicals: "For example, Chen Qi and his son edited and published Tang and Song poems by Lin 'an Bookstore in Song Dynasty, which made great contributions to the collation of ancient books. "

Thirdly, the style and characteristics of Hangzhou prints in Song Dynasty.

From the formation and development of official, private and private book engraving industry in Song Dynasty, it is not difficult to see that the book engraving industry in Hangzhou was very popular with the attention of the government and the promotion of local officials. In addition, engraving and printing books are profitable, that is, the so-called "little people also turn to each other for food and clothing", and bookstores have been opened one after another. As for private temples, there are moments. In the golden age of woodcut printing, woodcut printing in Hangzhou in Song Dynasty had both the common characteristics of the times and its own uniqueness.

(A) the transition from writing to the era of "incarnating hundreds of millions"

Throughout the ages, people praised the Song Dynasty. From the names of library buildings such as "Hundred Song Yi" and "Song Song Building", it can be seen that since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, book collectors have regarded the collected Song books as arched walls, even as "Song Song". Aside from the fact that the economic value of the song dynasty's printed edition is getting more and more expensive, the main reason is that the classics are based on Shu's Classic, and most of the other ancient books are directly engraved according to the manuscripts of the Tang Dynasty or before, completely retaining the original appearance of ancient books and ancient notes. In the case that the ancient manuscripts are on the verge of extinction, the materials recorded in the Song version are also the most reliable, which not only become the first-hand materials to study the ancient history and culture of China, but also become the most important school-based school that made mistakes due to lettering after the compilation of Ming Dynasty. During the Song Dynasty, the wide application of block printing in Hangzhou enabled hundreds of millions of ancient manuscripts to incarnate and avoid extinction, which made an important contribution to the spread of ancient culture. For example, Chen Qi carved the anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties in Muqin Square. In the twenty-first year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1895), Yuan and Jiang Biao published 50 copies of A Collection of Tang People, which were reprinted as block editions.

(2) Most official and private copies have been sorted out and carefully checked.

The Song government attached great importance to the collation of ancient documents, both official and folk, and most of them were collated and carefully examined. During the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a central organization specialized in collecting, sorting and compiling books. For example, Chongwen Academy (including Zhao Wen Museum, History Museum and Jixian Academy) has compiled many books. The official engravings of the Song Dynasty must be carefully collated before engraving. According to the fact garden, once a book is sorted out, it will be sent to the re-survey officer, then to the chief judge and cabinet officials, and then corrected. After three procedures, lettering can be done. The quality of official engravings, represented by imperial academy, is self-evident, because the engraved books are all used as folk models, even in folk bookstores run by many people of insight. For example, Chen Qi and Chen Xuyun, the owners of Hangzhou Bookstore in the Southern Song Dynasty, were writers themselves and were good at poetry and literature. In the process of compiling and engraving books, Chen Qi was loyal to the original work and did not delete it at will. Ye Dehui is studying annals in the border garden? The Collection of Poems said: "The Seven Revised Manuscripts of Minglangying said that when Taoist Chen carved poems, he mostly used missing words to fill in the meaning. Looking at this collection now, many people are missing but they don't make up. " Yang Qingshoujing's Japanese Book Fair? "Pisha Collection" said: "Gaichen published the most books in Lin 'an, and he was also good at it. Read this book today, elegant and clean, the book is perfect, and the letter is worth it. "As you can see, the book edited by Chen Qi is realistic and properly collated, which is praised by the world.

(3) Good paper and ink, good writing and seal cutting.

The Song Dynasty has developed culture and rich material resources. The official engraving and the supervisory engraving are huge, the paper is as white as jade, the words are as big as money, and the ink is as black as paint; And elegant decoration and exquisite craftsmanship are praised by later generations. The engraving rate in the Song Dynasty was written by people who were good at calligraphy, and most of the fonts inherited the styles of Europe, Liu, Chu and Yan in the Tang Dynasty. They are elegant and dignified and pleasing to the eye. Gao Minglian's Notes on Yan Xianqing's Appreciation says: "Song Shu, the paper is hard and soft, the calligraphy and painting are like writing, the style is unilateral, the words are often taboo and the ink is thin. Although the water is wet and dry, it is a kind of book and has an odor. " In the Qing Dynasty, Sun Congtian wrote in the Book Collection: "If you engrave the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, the paper ribs are different, and the calligraphy and painting are engraved, which is quaint. The ink is light and fragrant, the paper is light and moist, and the exhibition is strange. " It can be seen that most of the Song Dynasty woodcuts are beautifully printed, which are works of art in themselves and have high appreciation value. Its layout characteristics have also become a model of block printing in Ming and Qing dynasties, providing rich typological materials for later generations.

Hangzhou is not only exquisite in writing and engraving, but also numerous in quantity, as evidenced by Wang Guowei's textual research on two ancient Zhejiang periodicals. In Song Dynasty, Ye Mengde's Misty Rain in Shilin said: "Today, Hangzhou is a good place to print books, followed by Shu and Min. Shi Jing started printing wooden boards at the age of 20. At first, the paper was not good. Shudi and Fujian are mostly carved with cork, which is easy to make and sells quickly, so it is not acceptable. Fujian has been in the world for several times, all because it is easy to succeed. " From this passage, we can know that the seal cutting quality of the four major seal cutting centers in the Song Dynasty (Kaifeng), Hangzhou, Sichuan and Fujian is incomparable to Hangzhou. As far as the number of engraved books is concerned, after entering the Yuan Dynasty, among the well-known academies in China, Hangzhou West Lake Academy is the most famous. The reason is that West Lake Academy is the former site of imperial academy in the Song Dynasty, with more than 200,000 original books of Tibetan Classics, History, Zi and Ji, almost the collection of Zhejiang edition. From this aspect, we can see the unprecedented grand occasion of engraving and printing industry in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty.

refer to

Zhang xiumin History of printing in China. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006.

Cao zhi Compilation history of ancient books in China. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 1999.

Chen Xianxing. Open the doors of the golden house and the stone house. Rare books of ancient books. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 2003.

Dai Nanhai. Introduction to edition science. Chengdu: Bashu Bookstore Press, 1989.