Architectural layout of Buddhist temples

1. Common sense of Buddhist temple layout

Common sense of Buddhist temple layout 1. Layout form of Buddhist temples

Buddhism was introduced into China, and the first temple, Baima Temple, was built according to the pattern of the government in the Han Dynasty. Later, many bureaucrats and wealthy families donated ready-made luxury houses and private houses as Buddhist temples. Therefore, in the development process of nearly two thousand years, the Buddhist temples in the Han area of China basically inherited the architectural tradition of China, and took the form of quadrangles as the layout of Buddhist temples, that is, the large and small quadrangles were connected in series.

Another feature of Buddhist temples in Han Dynasty is that they have a north-south central axis. The main building is built on the central axis, and the ancillary buildings are on the east and west sides of the central axis.

From south to north, the buildings on the central axis are Shanmen, Tianwang Hall, Daxiong Hall, Dharma Hall and Tibetan Classics Pavilion. In front of the King's Hall are the Bell Tower and Drum Tower. On the left and right in front of Daxiong Hall are the Temple of Heaven and the Ancestral Temple. There are fasting halls and meditation halls in front of the Dharma Hall. Behind the Buddhist temple or around the sutra depository is the abbot's room. In addition, warehouses, kitchens, guest rooms and bathrooms are distributed around. There is a famous temple and another 500 arhat halls. Some famous temples set up altars at the left or right back of the temple, forming their own pattern, and the other is hospitals. There is also a tower yard (also known as Tallinn).

The Buddha statues enshrined in each temple are generally:

Shanmen (main entrance): Most of them are three parallel doors, with large middle and small sides, so it is also called "three halls". There are statues of King Kong on both sides of the door.

Tianwang Hall: The first of the three main halls. Maitreya Buddha is enshrined in the center of the temple, and Wei Tuo Bodhisattva is enshrined on the back, facing north. There are four statues of heavenly kings on each side.

Daxiong Hall: It is the main hall and main hall in the temple. Due to different sects, the Buddha statues enshrined in the main hall are also different.

More commonly:

One Buddha and two disciples: Sakyamuni, Ananda and Ye Jia.

One Buddha and Two Bodhisattvas: Sakyamuni Buddha, Manjusri Bodhisattva, Pu Xian.

Four disciples of one Buddha: Sakyamuni, Manjusri, Pu Xian, Ananda and Ye Jia.

Constant III Buddha: Pharmacist Buddha (East), Sakyamuni Buddha (Middle) and Amitabha Buddha (West).

Vertical three buddhas: burning Buddha (past Buddha, east), Sakyamuni Buddha (present Buddha, middle), Maitreya Buddha (future Buddha, west).

Three-body Buddha: Rushena Buddha (left), Piluzena Buddha (when the sun comes, in the middle) and Sakyamuni Buddha (right).

Five Dhyani Buddhas: Acheng Buddha (East), Baosheng Buddha (South), Tathagata Buddha (Middle), Amitabha Buddha (West) and Bukong Achievement Buddha (North).

Seven buddha in the past: Kaye Buddha, Detained Sun Buddha, Discarded Body Buddha, Pipo Body Buddha, Pishe Floating Buddha, Jainahan Muny Buddha and Sakyamuni Buddha (from east to west).

Pure Land Sect Monastery also worships Amitabha (sitting statue) or receives Buddha (standing statue) in the main hall.

Behind the Buddha statue in Daxiong Hall, there are three bodhisattvas, Manjusri, Pu Xian and Guanyin, or Island Guanyin.

Eighteen arhats are dedicated on both sides of the main hall, and some temples are dedicated for 20 days.

Guanyin Hall: Also known as Tongyuan Hall and Great Compassion Hall, it is dominated by Guanyin Bodhisattva.

Tibetan sutra pavilion: generally placed at the last entrance of the central axis, it is a two-story main hall and a place to collect Tibetan sutras. The upper and lower parts are dedicated to Tathagata and Buddha III respectively.

Galapagos Temple: Located in the east of the main hall, it is used to guard the land of Galand. "Galand" is the abbreviation of "Sangjialan", which means "many gardens" and "monasteries", namely monasteries. In the middle of this hall is the king of Persia, on the left are many princes, and on the right are lonely elders. The Persian king was originally the Swasti king, and later converted to Buddhism, making great contributions to the cause of Buddhism. The latter two first built a garden house for the Buddha and his disciples to live in.

Zutang: In the center of the hall is Dharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism who came to China. On the left is Huineng, his fifth disciple, and on the right is Huineng's third disciple, who established the Baizhang Huaihai of the jungle system. Some were left to Mazu Yi Dao, who created the Zen forest.

Ji Xiang Kitchen: Kitchen. Put more statues of King Kinnaro and pray for his protection.

The layout of the temples mentioned above and the worship of Buddha statues are all adopted by ordinary regular temples, but they are also slightly different. As for small temples, they can vary from place to place and have their own styles.

2. What is the layout of Buddhist temples?

The first gate of a temple is called Sanmen, usually three gates stand side by side, with a big gate in the middle and a small gate on both sides to symbolize "three liberation gates", namely, empty gate, Tianmen and Tianmen, and some of them are written as "mountain gate".

There is a bell and drum tower around the front of the temple, which rings in the morning and drums at night. This is the "morning bell and evening drum", in order to alert the ignorant people all over the world. Behind the mountain gate is Tianwang Temple, where Maitreya is enshrined. The hatchbacks of the main hall are the four heavenly kings, which are called "Four donkey kong" by the people.

On the back of Maitreya is the protector Wei Tuo. He faced the Tathagata with a diamond pestle in his hand.

After the Heavenly King Hall, there is a bronze tripod in the middle, and then there is the Hall of Ursa Major. The word "Daxiong" in Daxiong Hall means praising Sakyamuni's supremacy in virtue.

Kaye Buddha, Tathagata Buddha and Miller Buddha are enshrined in the temple, representing the past, present and future generations, also known as "III Buddha". Some temples offer Amitabha Buddha, Tathagata Buddha and pharmacist Buddha, also known as "III Buddha".

Amitabha Buddha is the leader of the "Elysium" in the west, and the pharmacist Buddha is the leader of the "Glass World" in the east. In front of the Tathagata stood two disciples-Ananda and Ye Jia, and around them were eighteen arhats. There are seven Buddha halls behind the Mahayana Temple, and "seven buddha" is the general name of all the buddhas of the 6th generation before the Tathagata.

Buddhism was consecrated to seven buddha to show its long history. In addition, there is the Bodhisattva Hall, which contains four Bodhisattvas: Guanyin, Manjusri, Pu Xian and Dizang.

Some temples also have 500 Han and Tang dynasties. Finally, the temple is a pavilion for storing scriptures.

In some sutra depository, there is also a "wheel storage". There is a grid for storing scriptures on the wheel, which can be rotated.

There is a "Falun" in the temple. The Falun is engraved with the six-character mantra of Buddhism, and a circle represents a chanting. In order to show their piety, monks and believers read more books and turn the "Falun", which symbolizes the meaning of "Falun always turns and never stops".

3. What is the overall layout of Buddhist temples in China?

The layout of Buddhist temples is generally divided into two parts: the abbot area and the living area.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, as a rule, Buddhist temples were required to have "Seven Galand Temples", that is, seven buildings with different uses. Buddhism has different interpretations of it, which are generally considered as: mountain gate, Buddhist temple, lecture hall, abbot, canteen, bathroom and toilet.

If subdivided, the temple area can be divided into two categories: First, the Hall of the Great Hero, the Hall of Maitreya Buddha, the Hall of Pharmacists, the Hall of Guanyin, the Hall of the King of the Earth, the Hall of the Heavenly King, the Hall of Galantan, the Hall of Luohan, the Hall of the Patriarch, and the stupa. , used to place statues of buddhas, bodhisattvas and ancestors; Second, Dharma Hall, Yi, He Zen Hall give lectures and cultivate monasteries > Buddhist chanting hall, sutra depository, Yunshui Hall, Bell and Drum Tower, etc. The buildings in the living area include Wuguantang, Ji Xiang kitchen, warehouse, guest room, bedroom, tea hall, Yanshoutang and Liao Fang.

The main hall of China Han Buddhism Temple is generally built on the north-south axis of the temple, and the ancillary facilities are placed on the east and west sides, thus forming a complete architectural system. Usually, the main halls set up from south to north on the north-south central axis are Shanmen, Tianwang Hall, Daxiong Hall, Dharma Hall, and Tibetan Scripture Hall. And the rest, such as Zhaitang, Zen Hall, Jialan Temple, Zushi Hall, guanyin temple, Yakushido, etc. Generally, they are built on both sides of the main hall as affiliated halls, and some Pilu Hall, Guanyin Hall and Pharmacist Hall are built on the central axis.

The basic part of modern Han Buddhism temples is two groups of buildings: the Shanmen and Tianwangtang are a group, collectively called Qian Dian; Daxiong Hall is a group and the main building. As Buddhist temples, only these two can be called "temples" or jungles.

In addition, some monasteries are restricted by conditions, and often combine the mountain gate with the Tianwang Hall, without the bell tower and drum tower. The jungle should be ready.

Other buildings are based on the different conditions of temples.

Who can talk about the layout of the temple?

The above picture shows the gate of doorplate temple. Generally, three gates stand side by side, with a gate in the middle and a small gate on both sides. Therefore, there are many courtyards in the ancient temple called Sanmen Temple, among which the houses are called Tang or Liao. Since the second year of Song Chongning (1 103), Confucius Temple has been regarded as Dacheng Hall, so the building courtyard of Buddhist temple is called Tang Liao, and its main part is also called XXX Hall.

In the three doors of the Buddhist temple, two statues of donkey kong are carved on both sides of the doors, which are the hag gods who guard the Buddha with a pestle (the most powerful weapon in ancient India), also called "Holding King Kong". Legend has it that the Buddha often has 500 guards with King Kong, whose main name is' Secret King Kong'.

Tianwang Temple This is the first of the three halls, with Maitreya in the middle. Maitreya is like Wei Tuotian, facing north.

There are four statues of heavenly kings on each side. The most standard temples with Ming and Qing architectural styles can refer to Tongyi Puming Temple in southern Liaoning.

5. What is the typical layout of Buddhist temples?

Legend has it that Baima Temple, located in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first Buddhist temple building in China.

According to legend, in the seventh year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (64 years), Emperor Hanming sent envoys to the western regions to seek the Dharma. When the eminent monks from the western regions returned to Chang 'an with Buddhist scriptures, they were first arranged to live in Crack Temple, and the next year they built another residence, namely Baima Temple. Since then, the "temple" originally called Guan Ya has gradually become the name of Buddhist temples.

When Buddhism was first introduced, the number of specialized temples was still very small. Therefore, some officials and wealthy businessmen donated their homes to monasteries.

In this quadrangle building, the front hall is used to worship Buddha statues, and the back hall is used as a hall to study Buddhist scriptures. The auxiliary rooms such as wing rooms have become the residence of monks. Buddhist activities have been skillfully integrated into Chinese quadrangle buildings, which has also become the basic form of Buddhist temples.

With the development of Buddhism, the content of Buddhist activities is increasing day by day, and the scale of Buddhist temples is getting bigger and bigger, and the pattern is becoming more and more mature. But none of them have broken through the quadrangle-style development model. The typical layout is still based on the axis. The central axis of Baima Temple enters the temple from the gate. The first building is the Heavenly King's Hall dedicated to the Heavenly King, followed by the Ursa Mahayana Hall dedicated to the Buddha statue, which is the core of the temple, followed by the Dharma Hall and the classroom for chanting.

Generally, in the courtyard in front of Tianwang Temple, there are bell tower, drum tower and some stone tablets that record the development and repair history of the temple. Later, the courtyard was mostly arranged as a living room for meeting guests, storing things and monks living, and sometimes temples such as Guanyin Hall and Gulu Hall were built on both sides of the central axis.

Early temples were preserved in Zhengding longxing temple, Hebei Province, Dule Temple in Jixian County, Tianjin, Bukkoji in Wutai Mountain, and Guobao Temple in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. From these examples of temples, we can all see similar layout patterns.

6. Briefly describe the basic pattern of Buddhist temple architecture.

On the pattern of Buddhist temples in China during the Han Dynasty: China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the eastern world, and the Chinese civilization has a long history and is brilliant, among which the ancient architecture culture is also a major feature.

The ancient architecture in China has a long history, and there have been many excellent architectural systems in the world, but some of them have been interrupted or not widely circulated, such as those in ancient Egypt and India. Only China's ancient architecture, together with European architecture and * * * architecture, continues to this day, and is called the three major architectural systems in the world.

In particular, China ancient architecture and European ancient architecture have the longest duration, the widest spread and more brilliant achievements. From the structural point of view, the characteristics of ancient architecture in China can be summarized into seven items: ① Using wood as the main building material, creating a unique wooden structure can not only meet the actual functional requirements, but also create beautiful architectural forms and corresponding architectural styles.

(2) Maintain the framework principle. Columns and vertical and horizontal beams are combined into various forms of beam frames, so that the load on the upper part of the building is transferred to the foundation through the beam frames and columns.

The wall only plays the role of enclosure and separation, and does not bear the load. (3) Create a bucket structure.

Bucket made of vertically and horizontally stacked short timber and bucket-shaped square timber is a transitional component between columns and beams, and gradually develops into an integral structural layer between upper and lower column grids or between column grids and roof beams, which is an ingenious form of wood structure in ancient China. ④ Standardization of single building.

China ancient palaces, temples, houses, etc. It usually consists of several separate buildings. Regardless of the scale of a single building, its outline is composed of three parts: the step foundation, the main body of the house and the roof. Below is the step foundation made of masonry, which supports the whole house. Standing on the step foundation is a house with wooden columns as the skeleton and doors and windows partitions installed inside; Above it is a wooden roof truss, which makes a soft and elegant curve and extends around the house, and is covered with blue-gray tiles or glazed tiles.

The plane of a single building is usually rectangular, and it can also be square, octagonal and round in special use. Ornamental buildings in gardens can adopt fan-shaped, zigzag and circular planes. Roof forms include Yunnan, Xie, Ding, Hanging, Hard, Pyramid and so on. Each form can be divided into single eaves and double eaves, and then can be combined into more forms.

⑤ Pay attention to the plane layout of buildings. Its principle is introversion, multi-level and striving for balance and symmetry.

Except for some buildings, such as towers, bell and drum towers, etc. Single buildings rarely show all the outlines. Each complex has at least one courtyard, and at most several or dozens of courtyards. The combination is diverse and the levels are rich, which makes up for the shortage of single building stereotypes.

The plane layout adopts the principle of left-right symmetry, with houses around and courtyards in the middle. The combination forms are all developed according to the central axis.

Only the plane layout of the garden adopts the principle of free change. ⑥ Flexible arrangement of space layout.

Indoor partitions are movable structures, such as fans, doors, covers, screens, etc. , easy to install and disassemble, can be arbitrarily divided and replaced at any time. Courtyard is a unity of mutual utilization with indoor space, which also provides conditions for building to create a small natural environment. You can plant trees and flowers, stack mountain pools, set up arbor flower stands, and some have cloisters as a transition between indoor and outdoor spaces to increase the interest of life.

⑦ Use the means of color decoration. The beam-column frame of wood structure building needs to be painted on the wood surface and other anti-corrosion measures, which has developed into a unique architectural oil decoration and color painting in China.

Mineral pigments such as cyan, green and vermilion are often used to draw colorful patterns to increase the aesthetic feeling of buildings. Wooden decorative components, with colorful embossed decorative flat chess decals and various rhombic lattices made of wooden strips, are practical and decorative masterpieces.

After the Northern Wei Dynasty, colorful glazed tile roofs, arches and zhaobi made the building brilliant. From the perspective of traditional culture, the characteristics of ancient architecture in China can be summarized into five aspects: ① There are few real architectural theories.

The emergence of architecture as a discipline is a modern thing. What guides the development of architecture is abstract philosophical theory, established moral norms and concrete political system.

② The traditional Confucian etiquette thought is the main idea guiding architectural creation, supplemented by Feng Shui theory. (3) Full of China people's realistic attitude towards life.

The concrete performance is not to seek the long-term existence of the building, but to meet the practical functional needs as the starting point. The standardization and generalization of architectural forms, the use of a structural type of building can meet the needs of multiple functions.

④ Standardized architectural individuals should express their individuality through the combination of architectural spaces. The arrangement of architectural groups is the essence of traditional architectural art, which embodies the rational thinking mode of combining time and space and the affinity between man and nature everywhere. ⑤ Represent a specific theme by symbolic means.

It expresses artistic conception in gardens, world outlook in religious buildings and political system in palace buildings. Some decorative components and sketches, even single buildings, have become a symbol with fixed significance.

Among many architectural types, the Buddhist architecture in China is a great treasure. Buddhism rose in the 5th-6th century BC, originated in Nepal today, and was founded by Sakyamuni.

It probably began to spread in China around A.D., so-called Buddhism spread to the east, and white horses came from the west. The earliest existing Buddhist temple is Baima Temple in Luoyang.

In addition, there are four famous Buddhist mountains-Jinwutai, Yinputuo, Copper Emei and Tiejiuhua, which are the Dojo of Manjusri Bodhisattva, Guanyin Bodhisattva, Samantabhadra Bodhisattva and Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva respectively, all of which have a large number of Buddhist buildings. Of course, there is the Zhongyue Shaolin Temple, which is also very famous.

The introduction of Buddhism had a great influence on the traditional culture of China. As far as architecture is concerned, it only brought the concept of "tower" at first.

It was also called pagoda at that time. It is often said that "saving a life is better than building a seven-level pagoda", which is to compare the merits and demerits of his people with the seven-level tower. But the "tower" at that time was actually the tomb of Buddhists, and their ashes were often buried.

Because the Buddhist relics cremated by the Buddha were worker bees in the Eight Pagodas, King Ashoka later took them out and divided them into many parts in order to promote Buddhism, and sent messengers to build pagodas everywhere for worship. Therefore, the tower has become a sacred building for believers to worship.

Influenced by Indian Buddhist architecture, the original Buddhist temple in China also placed the tower in the center. It is said to be in the middle of the White Horse Temple.

7. Layout of Buddhist temples

Buddhism was introduced into China, and the first temple, Baima Temple, was built according to the pattern of the government in the Han Dynasty. Later, many bureaucrats and wealthy families donated ready-made luxury houses and private houses as Buddhist temples.

Therefore, in the development process of nearly two thousand years, the Buddhist temples in the Han area of China basically inherited the architectural tradition of China, and took the form of quadrangles as the layout of Buddhist temples, that is, the large and small quadrangles were connected in series. Another feature of Buddhist temples in Han Dynasty is that they have a north-south central axis.

The main building is built on the central axis, and the ancillary buildings are on the east and west sides of the central axis. From south to north, the buildings on the central axis are Shanmen, Tianwang Hall, Daxiong Hall, Dharma Hall and Tibetan Classics Pavilion.

In front of the King's Hall are the Bell Tower and Drum Tower. On the left and right in front of Daxiong Hall are the Temple of Heaven and the Ancestral Temple.

There are fasting halls and meditation halls in front of the Dharma Hall. Behind the Buddhist temple or around the sutra depository is the abbot's room.

In addition, warehouses, kitchens, guest rooms and bathrooms are distributed around. There is a famous temple and another 500 arhat halls.

Some famous temples set up altars at the left or right back of the temple, forming their own pattern, and the other is hospitals. There is also a tower yard (also known as Tallinn).

The Buddha statues enshrined in each temple are generally: the mountain gate (main entrance): mostly three doors are juxtaposed, with a large middle and small sides, so it is also called the "three-door hall". There are statues of King Kong on both sides of the door.

Tianwang Hall: The first of the three main halls. Maitreya Buddha is enshrined in the center of the temple, and Wei Tuo Bodhisattva is enshrined on the back, facing north.

There are four statues of heavenly kings on each side. Daxiong Hall: It is the main hall and main hall in the temple.

Due to different sects, the Buddha statues enshrined in the main hall are also different. More common are: one Buddha and two disciples: Sakyamuni Buddha, Ananda and Ye Jia.

One Buddha and Two Bodhisattvas: Sakyamuni Buddha, Manjusri Bodhisattva, Pu Xian. Four disciples of one Buddha: Sakyamuni, Manjusri, Pu Xian, Ananda and Ye Jia.

Constant III Buddha: Pharmacist Buddha (East), Sakyamuni Buddha (Middle) and Amitabha Buddha (West). Vertical three buddhas: burning Buddha (past Buddha, east), Sakyamuni Buddha (present Buddha, middle), Maitreya Buddha (future Buddha, west).

Three-body Buddha: Rushena Buddha (left), Piluzena Buddha (when the sun comes, in the middle) and Sakyamuni Buddha (right). Five Dhyani Buddhas: Acheng Buddha (East), Baosheng Buddha (South), Tathagata Buddha (Middle), Amitabha Buddha (West) and Bukong Achievement Buddha (North).

Seven buddha in the past: Kaye Buddha, Detained Sun Buddha, Discarded Body Buddha, Pipo Body Buddha, Pishe Floating Buddha, Jainahan Muny Buddha and Sakyamuni Buddha (from east to west). Pure Land Sect Monastery also worships Amitabha (sitting statue) or receives Buddha (standing statue) in the main hall.

Behind the Buddha statue in Daxiong Hall, there are three bodhisattvas, Manjusri, Pu Xian and Guanyin, or Island Guanyin. Eighteen arhats are dedicated on both sides of the main hall, and some temples are dedicated for 20 days.

Guanyin Hall: Also known as Tongyuan Hall and Great Compassion Hall, it is dominated by Guanyin Bodhisattva. Tibetan sutra pavilion: generally placed at the last entrance of the central axis, it is a two-story main hall and a place to collect Tibetan sutras.

The upper and lower parts are dedicated to Tathagata and Buddha III respectively. Galapagos Temple: Located in the east of the main hall, it is used to guard the land of Galand.

"Galand" is the abbreviation of "Sangjialan", which means "many gardens" and "monasteries", namely monasteries. In the middle of this hall is the king of Persia, on the left are many princes, and on the right are lonely elders.

The Persian king was originally the Swasti king, and later converted to Buddhism, making great contributions to the cause of Buddhism. The latter two first built a garden house for the Buddha and his disciples to live in.

Zutang: In the center of the hall is Dharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism who came to China. On the left is Huineng, his fifth disciple, and on the right is Huineng's third disciple, who established the Baizhang Huaihai of the jungle system. Some were left to Mazu Yi Dao, who created the Zen forest.

Ji Xiang Kitchen: Kitchen. Put more statues of King Kinnaro and pray for his protection.

The layout of the temples mentioned above and the worship of Buddha statues are all adopted by ordinary regular temples, but they are also slightly different. As for small temples, they can vary from place to place and have their own styles.

8. Layout of Buddhist temples

The most numerous and widely distributed "Jing She" temples in China. The following mainly introduces its layout, structure and function.

The early "Jingshe" Buddhist temple in China was initially influenced by Indian, with the tower as the center and temples and monasteries built around it. This pagoda is dedicated to relics and Buddha statues. After the Jin and Tang Dynasties, the temple gradually became the main building, and the stupa moved outside the temple or built another stupa. Form a Buddhist temple structure centered on Daxiong Hall. It is mainly composed of temple buildings, stupas and gardens.