Glorious deeds of Wang Shouren in Ming Dynasty

Wang Shouren (1472- 1529), Han nationality, is from Yuyao, Zhejiang. The word Boan, nicknamed Yangming Zi, is called Mr. Yangming, so it is also called Wang Yangming. China was the most famous thinker, philosopher, writer and strategist in Ming Dynasty. As a master of Wang Lu's psychology, he is not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also can command an army to fight. He is a rare all-round Confucian in the history of China. He was named "the first Confucian" and was enshrined in the 58th place at the eastern end of Confucius Temple.

Wang Shouren (1472,10,31-1529,10,9), a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang, whose real name is Boan and Yangming. Because he once built a house in Yangming Cave in Yuyao, he was named Yangming Zi, so scholars called him Mr. Yangming. Later generations generally call him Wang Yangming now, and his theory is called "Yangming Studies" internationally. Wang Yangming was born in the middle of Ming Dynasty. At this time, political corruption, social unrest, academic decline, trying to turn the tide and save people's hearts. He invented "the study of body and mind", advocated the teaching of conscience and cultivated the benevolence of all things. Yang was not only a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, but also made great achievements in his life, and was called "the true three immortals". His academic thoughts have an important and far-reaching influence in China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asian countries and even the whole world.

biography

Overview of life

Ming Xianzong Chenghua was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. His father Wang Hua and Wang Hua won the first prize in the 17 years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (148 1), and Wang Shouren moved to Peiping (Beijing) with his father. According to Ming history, Wang Shouren was born as Wang Yun, but he could not speak when he was five years old. A monk told Wang Hua to change his son's name to Wang Shouren. Wang did, but didn't speak. Wang Hua is very strict with his son's family education. When Wang Shouren was a teenager, he studied martial arts and worked very hard, but he liked playing chess very much, which often delayed his lessons. Although his father scolded him repeatedly, he never changed his mind. In a rage, he threw chess into the river. Wang Shouren's heart shook, and he suddenly realized it. He immediately wrote a poem to express his ambition: chess is fun all day long, and once he is kissed severely, he loses. The soldiers fell into the river without rescue, and the generals drowned together. A horse travels thousands of miles with the waves, like swimming in the Three Rivers. There was an earthquake with a cannon, and Wolong immediately became worried. Wang Shouren was smart and studious since childhood, but he was not limited to the Four Books and Five Classics. He also liked other books. His ideas are also strange, and many private school teachers have been unable to understand him. He has a doggerel, which can explain his thoughts very well: the moon is far from the mountain, but it is small, and the sidewalk is bigger than the moon. If people's eyes are as big as the sky, they should see that the mountains are higher and the moon is wider. According to research, the author Wang Shouren was twelve years old. This poem is called "Covering the Moon", which is the first poem in Wang Shouren that has been passed down through the ages.

He calls himself Zhuge Liang and is determined to achieve something. After that, I studied hard and made great progress in my study. Riding, shooting and the art of war have become more and more skilled. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1499), he was admitted to the imperial examination and was awarded the post of the Ministry of War. At that time, the imperial court knew that he was a learned man, but Zhong Zhang, the eunuch of the prefect's military affairs, thought that Wang Shouren had taught the scribes of the Ministry of War, so he looked down on Shou Ren. Once he forced Shouren to shoot an arrow in public, trying to make a fool of himself. Shouren refused again and again, but Zhong Zhang refused. Shouren had to raise his bow and arrow, bend his bow and brush three arrows, which made Zhong Zhang very embarrassed. Wang Shouren served as the Minister of War for three years. Zheng Deyuannian (1506) was sentenced to forty and demoted to Longchang (xiuwen county) in Guizhou for opposing eunuch Liu Jin. On the way to the Dragon Field, I experienced twists and turns, successfully escaped the pursuit of the Royal Guards, and finally realized the way of the Dragon Field. After Liu Jin was punished, he was appointed as the magistrate of Luling County and was promoted to Shao Qing of Nantaipu Temple. At that time, Wang Qiong was appointed minister of the Ministry of War. He thought that Shouren had unparalleled talent and recommended it to the court. In the eleventh year of Zheng De (15 16), he took the right suggestion and succeeded the governor of Gannan. He got on the horse to run the army, got off the horse to run the people, and the civilian was in charge of the military code, combining civil and military, doing things in Zhi Min and using troops quickly. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and put down the "Chen Hao rebellion", he worshipped the Nanjing Ministry of War and sealed "Xinjian Bo". Later, because of his high performance, he resigned and went back to his hometown to give lectures. He founded academies in Shaoxing and Yuyao to promote "Wang Xue". In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he was sent back to the Guangdong and Guangxi armies. Later, due to lung disease, he went to Shanghai to beg for refuge. 1529 (1529)1/kloc-0 died of pneumonia in Nan 'an, Jiangxi Province in the middle of the week.

childhood

Wang Yangming was born on September 30th of the eighth year of Chenghua in Ming Xianzong (1472). His ancestors were Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His father, Wang Hua, was the champion in Chenghua seventeen years (148 1), and later became an official in Nanjing. According to the chronicle, on the eve of his birth, his grandmother dreamed that someone had sent a son from the clouds. When I woke up, Wang Yangming was just born, so my grandfather named him Wang Yun, and the villagers also called his birthplace Ruiyun Building. However, he didn't speak until he was five years old. One day, a monk passed by and touched his head and said, "Good boy, it's a pity to tell the truth", meaning that his name "Yun" revealed the secret of his birth. His grandfather suddenly woke up and changed his name to Shouren. After that, he began to speak. This story is a bit of a myth, but it can be seen from this story that he did not show intelligence when he was young. When he was ten years old, his father was the top student in high school, and Wang Yangming went to Beijing with his father. When passing through Jinshan Temple, my father and friends got together. At the banquet, someone suggested making a poem about Jinshan Temple. Everyone is still thinking hard. Wang Yangming has already finished: "Jinshan is as big as a fist, breaking the underwater sky." I was drunk on the wonderful platform last month, and Xiao Yu blew through the hole and fell asleep. " The fourth floor was shocked, and he was asked to write poems to build a moon house. Wang Yangming casually intoned, "The mountain is near the moon, and the sidewalk is bigger than the moon. If people have eyes as big as the sky, the mountains and the moon can see wider. " Show extraordinary imagination and profound cultural accomplishment. When he was studying in Beijing at the age of eleven or twelve, he asked his teacher, "What's the first thing?" The teacher said that "only reading can get the first place in the imperial examination". At that time, he said, "The first thing is not to study, but to learn to be a saint." Despite this, he has been unruly since he was a child, and all records say that he is not so "heroic". For example, after the death of 13-year-old mother, his stepmother was very bad to him. He bribed a witch to play tricks on his stepmother so that she could be nice to him from now on. He doesn't study very hard and often leads his companions to play military games. When he was young, he traveled the border, practiced riding and archery, and showed the secrets of Sun Tzu's art of war. He often takes the method of arranging stones as a game when meeting guests.

Enlightenment from Longchang, Guizhou

In five cases of Zheng Deyuan in Ming Dynasty (1506), Wang Yangming was sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment by the court for opposing eunuch Liu Jin, and was demoted to Longchang, Guizhou (seventy miles northwest of Guiyang, xiuwen county) as a secretariat. He came to the southwest mountainous area of China, where the mountains are thin and Miao and Liao live together, which gave him a new understanding of the central idea of the university. Wang Shouren believes that the heart is the root of everything, and everything in the world is the product of the heart. I realized that "the sage's way is self-sufficient, and seeking truth from facts is also a mistake." History calls Longchang Enlightenment. In this quiet and hard environment of Longchang, Wang Yangming reflected day and night with his own experience over the years. One night, it suddenly dawned on him. This is the famous "Dragon Field Enlightenment". During this period, he wrote "Training all the students in the Dragon Field". Many of his disciples were puzzled by his theory of "unreasonable outside the heart, nothing outside the heart" and asked him: What is the relationship between the flower trees in Nanshan and my heart? He replied, "When I didn't see this flower, it died with my heart." When I came to see this flower, I understood its color for a while. I know this flower is not outside your heart. Seven years later, he described the enlightenment of this legend himself, saying, "In his early years, he kept his benevolence and indulged in the study of poems, which was not only a little knowledge of orthodox learning, but also a disturbance of various opinions, so that he could not enter." I am glad to have the opportunity to let go of the past, thinking that the learning of saints is here! "But because of the teachings of Confucius, there are differences between the two, and the measures used in daily life are often lacking. Going back and forth in violation of regulations, trusting and suspicious. Later, he was demoted to a dragon farm, trapped in a foreign country and forbearing. He seems to have realized and experienced exploration, but he is even more cold and hot, proving the five classics and four gentlemen, and setting the river will release the sea. Then sigh the sage's way, magnanimous as Tao.

Jiangxi pingding

In the 12th year of Zhengde (15 17), there was a rebellion in the south of Jiangxi and the mountainous areas bordering Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Mountain people rely on caves to build villages and form their own army in Fiona Fang, nearly a thousand miles away. The local officials were helpless, so they told the imperial court. The Ministry of War advised Jiangxi, the governor Wang Shouren, who was the right capital of the empire at that time, to suppress the rebellion. In the 13th year of Zheng De's reign (15 18), in the first month, Wang Shouren pacified Chi Zhongrong (Chidabian), and invited him to establish Heping County and County School. In March, Shouren arrived in Jiangxi to take up his post. Quickly mobilize troops from the three provinces to suppress the uprisings in Xinfeng and other places. In July, Wang Shouren read that the war caused great losses. Last week, he asked the court to allow him to woo himself. The Ming court entrusted the local military and political power and allowed it to be humble. 10, Wang Shouren led his troops to attack Lantianfeng and Xiezhishan Barracks in Zuoxi, Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, and joined forces with them in Zuoxi. Wang Shouren surrendered himself. In November, Wang Shouren sent a special envoy to woo, and broke the blue sky phoenix department. It was in these two years of war that he mastered a mysterious tool-the unity of knowledge and action.

Take King Ning alive.

Putting down the rebellion of Ning Wang Zhu in Nanchang was the greatest military achievement in his life. When he was going to Fujian to wipe out bandits (there were not many troops), his troops had just marched to Fengcheng, and Ning Wang Zhu suddenly rebelled. Therefore, Wang Shouren actively prepared for war, allocated rations, repaired equipment, and then issued a denunciation of thieves and robbers, published an indictment against Wang Ning, and asked all localities to arise and be diligent. At that time, I was most worried about the invasion and occupation of Nanjing by Zhu Dong, the king of Ning. If Nanjing falls, Ning Wang will have the capital to claim the title of emperor, and at the same time occupy the geographical position, which is hard to destroy. Wang Shouren bluffing, using false propaganda and false information, disturbed Wang Ning's sight in the city, forcing him to make a wrong judgment, thinking that various armies had formed a trend of encirclement. At the same time, he used counter-measures and ordered people to sneak into Nanchang with wax pills, which made Wang Ning doubt his subordinates' strategy of attacking Nanjing. Ning Wang was really taken in. He hesitated for half a month and was at a loss. He dare not send troops to attack Nanjing. Wang Shouren took advantage of this opportunity to prepare to defend Nanjing, making it impossible for Wang Ning to attack Nanjing. In July, King Ning led 60,000 men, captured Jiujiang and Nankang, and crossed the river to attack Anqing. At this time, Wang Shouren has mobilized 80,000 troops (mainly local militia and farmers), claiming to be 300,000. Wang Shouren summoned his soldiers to ask how to retreat from the enemy. It was pointed out that Anqing should be given first aid. Wang Shouren said, "Jiujiang and Nankang have been occupied by the enemy. If we cross Nanchang to save Anqing, we will be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Now Nanchang is empty, and our army is full of momentum, which can be broken in one fell swoop. When the enemy heard of the fall of Nanchang, they would certainly return to the division to save it. At this time, when we meet him in Poyang Lake, we will definitely win. " Due to a lot of propaganda work in the early stage, it was lied that a large number of troops attacked the city, but Nanchang has actually fallen apart. Two days later, Wang Shouren sent generals to meet Wang Ning's army in five ways. Four divisions marched in and ambushed all the way. After the war, Wang Ning's army was quickly attacked between Scylla and Charybdis and was divided into several parts. Later, he was ambushed and defeated, and fled to the eight-character brain area. Seeing a genial smile, King Ning quickly dispatched the elite troops from Jiujiang and Nankang to attack, and sent several troops to meet and win Nankang. This battle is quite fierce and it is a key battle. Once the loyalist retreated, Wang Shouren immediately beheaded the evacuee and ordered the army to fight to the death. Finally, the enemy was defeated. The enemy surrendered to the woodshed area and arranged the ships in a square. King Ning took out gold and silver jewelry to reward the soldiers and rewarded them with thousands of dollars, asking them to fight well. But Wang Shouren saw the defects of Wang Ning's phalanx, and he decided to follow Battle of Red Cliffs's example and set the ship on fire. The next day, King Ning held a "morning meeting" on the boat. Wang Shouren's army came, put grass on the boat and set fire to Wang Ning's auxiliary boat. The imperial secretary and officials of Loufei's family dived in succession. Wang Ning's flagship ran aground, unable to move, and rushed to the ship to escape, and was caught by Wang Yangming's subordinate Wang Mian, and other ministers of civil and military affairs in Wang Ning also became prisoners. Soon, Nankang and Jiujiang were also captured by loyalists, and Wang Ning's rebellion was completely quelled, only for 35 days. Therefore, Wang Shouren is called "the God of Daming Army". Later, Ming Wuzong went to war under the pseudonym of "Zhu Shou, Commander-in-Chief of the Governor's Military Affairs", and Jiang Bin was up to no good, inciting Wu Zong to fight against Wang Ning and personally arrested him. Wang Yangming showed kindness to eunuch Zhang Yong, indicating that doing so would kill more people. Finally, the result of coordination is: let Ming Wuzong go to Nanjing, and then let Wang Ning be captured by the emperor, and everyone is happy.

governor of Guangdong and Guangxi

1527 (the sixth year of jiajing of emperor shizong of Ming dynasty), Wang Shouren, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, defeated the local armed forces of Yao and Dong. Because of his work, he was named Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Xinjian, hereditary, with an age of 1000 stone, but neither iron coupons nor Lu age were issued.

Go home after illness

After the war between Guangdong and Guangxi, Yangming's lung disease worsened and he begged for help. 1529 1 9/month (the seventh year of Jiajing 1 1 29/month), Wang Shouren died in Nan 'an, in the middle of Jiangxi province. On his deathbed, the students around him asked him what his last words were, and he said, "This heart is bright, what can I say!" " . After his death, he was named Wencheng and later named Xinjian Hou. The twelfth year of Wanli was dedicated to the Confucius Temple.

political propaganda

keep strictly the rules for reward and punishment

He advocated clear "reward and punishment" to improve the effectiveness of the rule, and advocated practicing ethics to prevent "crime". He believes that rewards and punishments are "great gifts of the country" and should be paid full attention to and used correctly. At that time, there were more and more "thieves" because of the excessive use of "Zhao Fu", because of the lack of troops, and because of the lack of good implementation of rewards and punishments, so that "death is effective and there is no suggestion and reward; Retreat and flee, there is no sum of slaughter. " Such laws are not clear, and rewards and punishments are not believed, even if there are millions of troops, it is useless. He also advocated that "the reward should not exceed the time, and the punishment should not exceed the time". He believed that the outdated reward was equal to no reward, and the outdated punishment was equal to no punishment, which did not play the role of persuading good and punishing evil. The purpose of these propositions is to improve the efficiency of governance in order to "break the thief in the mountain". He also advocated moral education to alleviate class contradictions and reduce the number of crimes and rebellions. He said, "If people are poor, there will always be thieves." He thought that the people were already very poor, and if they continued to accept it, they would be driven to be thieves. Therefore, it is necessary to "stop paying redundant employees' wages, damage the rewards that are not urgent, stop paying anonymous levy, and strictly save expenses", and implement "relief" and "rent-free" for the victims, so that they "will not give up on themselves and become thieves". Therefore, he opposed "legislation belittles morality" and advocated "establishing factions to change customs" immediately after suppressing the people's uprising in order to achieve long-term stability. He taught junior officials that even barbarians could be affected if they tried their best to "love the people" and implemented the policy of "nurturing education". Even the place where "thieves make strong beams" can become "the crown of ceremonial ceremonies". He stressed that the purpose of this aspect is to focus on one thing, that is, to "break the thief" with soft hands. But there is a limit to this soft hand. He emphasized that punishment is the guarantee of "moral education". "If there are stubborn and tough people who refuse to obey the government", they must "immediately arrest them and govern them by military law, and no thieves are allowed to be stubborn".

Methods of measuring emotions

Emphasize that law enforcement should be "emotional and legal", treat him differently, and oppose "greedy and indiscriminate killing, regardless of jade." For example, when dealing with the rebels in the "Chen Hao Rebellion", they advocated that only the principal offender should be sentenced to death. As for those who "disobey", they think that "the original situation will be fulfilled, the loss will be light, and the penalty will be like injury". It is better to "obey the will of the people" and sentence them to exile the army forever, so that "the feelings and laws can be exhausted" and "the crime is too light". In another "notice", he even announced that those who were coerced into "insurrection" would be exempted from investigation. "For the first time, everyone was allowed to vote to avoid death and give them a chance to return to work." Doing so not only makes the police know, but also shows the "kindness" of the court. This is the concrete application of his "soft-hearted hooligan" strategy in law. In addition, he also advocated that the application of the law should be combined with the specific local conditions at that time, especially in remote areas where the land is far away and the politics and religion are inferior, and when the people are ignorant of the law, all matters such as "learning money and food" can be handled conveniently from the local reality at that time: "At the request of the applicant, promote the reformers and protect the people." Under the principle of "action by force", he noticed the flexibility of applying the law.

Maoji

We should pay attention to "discipline", purge law enforcement personnel and put an end to "extra-legal punishment". We should vigorously clean up the illegal acts of the children of dignitaries stealing official positions, such as meanness, "harassing the road, making meritorious deeds by taking advantage of the situation, getting something for nothing, relaxing the morale of the soldiers, and encouraging resentment in border defense", especially for law enforcement officers who "fight violence with violence." However, he pointed out that in the judicial trial, "it is difficult to punish Cao Dian for prison proceedings" and things are "complicated and difficult". They are often suppressed and restrained by powerful people, so that if they break the prison according to law, "it is not out of mouth, but humiliation has been imposed on them;" Things are not solved in reverse, but the machine has been sent into a trap. " In this case, it is very difficult to make them "not obsessed with the law, not suffering from disaster." In this regard, it is especially necessary to remove obstacles to the implementation of the law by cleaning up bureaucracy and strict rewards and punishments. He also urged to strengthen prison management and put an end to "extra-judicial punishment", pointing out that the "prison-lifting hall" in the capital is an important place where "all prisons in the world exist", and officials responsible for lifting prisons must take it seriously, especially "shackles, key opening and closing, prevention of cold and hot weather, special support for hunger and thirst diseases". This can not only prevent "accidents", but also prevent prisoners from being "lightly abandoned to death". He also stressed that the "crimes" committed by prisoners in prison are not all "forbidden secrets", and there are also reasons why improper supervision has prompted them to commit crimes again. Therefore, only if the order in the prison is "not harsh and dense" and the prisoners are not subject to "extra-legal punishment" can we avoid "more harm than good".