The difference between gold and silver fortune-telling _ the difference between gold and silver

How to distinguish true and false gold and silver?

Good luck. People like gold, especially gold jewelry. But if you are not careful, you will buy fakes or inferior goods with insufficient gold content. Therefore, it is necessary to master basic common sense. There are five steps to distinguish gold: one is to distinguish color. Look at the appearance color of gold, commonly known as "seven green, eight yellow, nine five red". Pure gold will shine brightly in strong light, which is not available in other metals (including copper). Both gold and silver have beautiful luster, soft texture and easy processing, so they have become the favorite processing materials for craftsmen. At the same time, they all have the characteristics of resistance to atmospheric oxidation and corrosion, and they can still shine as before after thousands of years. Therefore, many gold and silver products have been handed down from generation to generation, and they have become handed down from generation to generation. Especially gold, this feature is better, it will not rust, and it will not lose its luster easily. Compared with gold, this property of silver is slightly worse. Wet ozone will oxidize the surface of silver, which is what we see. When silver products are used or put on hold for a long time, their color will change from white to gray or black. In addition, silver is not as resistant to sulfide corrosion as gold. The content of silver, copper and iron in ancient gold was high and the purity was low. I. Identification of ancient gold and silver vessels The identification of authenticity of gold and silver vessels mainly includes two aspects: (1) the identification of its material texture; (2) is the identification of its manufacturing age. 1. Identification method of materials and textures of gold and silver wares: (1) The current scientific and technological means: the identification of materials and textures of gold and silver wares has been able to make a more accurate judgment. For example, the determination of the fineness of gold and silver content in vessels, the determination of the composition and content of other metals contained in gold and silver vessels, and even the determination of gold and silver content in different parts of a gold and silver vessel can be carried out separately. Traditional simple method: gold and silver have small hardness, soft texture and strong ductility. If a metal object is lightly scratched on a gold and silver product, it is usually the genuine product that leaves a dent and the fake product that leaves a scratch. (2) The density of gold and silver is high. Generally speaking, the same volume of metal products, gold products are much heavier, and products that are too light must be fakes. (3) Gold and silver have low hardness, soft texture and strong ductility. If a metal object is lightly scratched on a gold and silver product, it will generally leave a sunken genuine product and a scratched fake product. (4) The chemical properties of gold and silver are relatively stable, especially gold, which is not easy to oxidize in the air, while copper and iron products are easy to oxidize and rust. In acidic liquid (such as dilute hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, etc. ), the color of gold remains the same, while copper products will lose their luster only when they come into contact with nitric acid. If it is gold-plated, the gold-plated surface is easy to fall off, not only the falling part is easy to rust, but also the gold-plated surface is easy to be covered by copper. (5) Some ancient gold and silver wares were covered with bronze rust, especially silverware. This is because gold and silver vessels have come into contact with other corrosive copper. For example, when they are put together with bronze vessels, they are contaminated by copper rust. Another reason is that the texture of most ancient silverware is made of copper alloy with specific composition. When copper is oxidized and corroded, a layer of patina will form on silverware. However, in this case, most of the objects can be restored by rust removal. (6) Besides, the authenticity of gold and silver wares can be distinguished by sound, taste, color and feel. It is difficult to determine the manufacturing age of gold and silver wares. Modern scientific and technological means have reached a relatively accurate level in identifying the texture of utensils, but there is still nothing to do with the age identification of utensils. Mainly based on the accumulation of experience, and a set of more effective scientific methods formed on this basis. (1) Inscription: Generally speaking, the identification of the age of gold and silver vessels is inseparable from the study of the inscriptions on the vessels and the analysis and research of the shapes, patterns and manufacturing techniques of the vessels. In contrast, the study of inscriptions on artifacts is the most direct and important foundation. If there are no inscriptions or inscriptions on gold and silver vessels, it is extremely difficult to determine their manufacturing age. Judging from the development of China's gold and silver wares, the inscriptions on the gold and silver wares before the Tang Dynasty are rare. After the Tang Dynasty, especially after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the number of gold and silver with inscriptions increased significantly. Although there are no inscriptions on some gold and silver vessels, they can be estimated indirectly by the inscriptions on other similar gold and silver vessels accompanying the same place. (2) Shape: The shape, ornamentation, manufacturing technology and inscription of objects should be said to be the most widely used method to determine the age of objects at present. Because the artifacts of each era inevitably bear the brand of that era and have the unique style characteristics of that era. Generally speaking, the shape, texture, manufacturing technology and processing technology of an article should be harmonious and unified, and should be compatible with the cultural characteristics and scientific and technological development level of that era. It is on this basis that a set of universally applicable and scientific analysis and research methods have been formed in archaeological culture to determine the age of artifacts, that is, using the coexistence relationship of similar artifacts in archaeology, after careful comparative study, we can find out the standard artifacts of a certain period or era, which basically have the common characteristics of similar artifacts of the same period or contemporary, and then compare the characteristics of other similar artifacts unearthed with established standard artifacts or known similar artifacts. It is the study of ancient pottery and bronze that has done the most effective work in this respect, and can distinguish cultural relics of the same era and different periods, and discharge the pedigree of cultural relics. But up to now, the systematic research on gold and silver vessels is not mature, mainly because the total amount of gold and silver vessels unearthed in each era is small, and the excavation is scattered and not concentrated, which makes the systematic research on gold and silver vessels more difficult. At present, the study of gold and silver vessels is the most detailed and fruitful, especially the study of gold and silver vessels in Tang Dynasty. These research results undoubtedly laid a solid foundation for the chronology of gold and silver wares in the Tang Dynasty, and also made a good start for the systematic study of gold and silver wares in China in the future. (3) Different from the forgery of ancient bronzes, jades and other utensils, the most common forgery of gold and silver utensils is the forgery of materials and textures, mostly for the purpose of seeking high profits. There are few forgers in chronology, which also leads to the lack of systematic research and experience summary on the dating of gold and silver vessels in theory and practice. Although experienced people can skillfully distinguish the authenticity according to the texture, sound, taste and color of objects, or infer the age according to the age characteristics of shape, decoration, inscription and molding and processing technology, scientific research, determination of known achievements and experience and systematic summary still need a lot of detailed work and in-depth research. Second, the identification of modern gold and silver wares 1, the fineness of gold wares: (1) The contents of silver, copper and iron in ancient gold were too high. The more silver, the lighter the yellow; Copper-bearing ones are pale yellow and slightly green, and will be chestnut yellow after being buried for a long time; The iron in gold is generally rose red. Nowadays, antique dealers mostly identify the fineness of ancient gold wares according to the formula of "seven greens, eight yellows and nine five reds". (2) The fineness of gold wares can also be identified by the following methods: the density of gold is higher than that of ordinary metals, and it feels heavy in the palm of your hand; Stupid and light gold wares are fake. When two gold bars collide, most of the gold with a gold content of more than 99.9 is silent; Silver mixes sound with silence; There will be a long sound if there is more copper. Gold with high fineness is softer, and gold with low fineness is harder. Gold-coated silver is harder, and gold-coated copper is harder. 2. The fineness of silverware: (1) Look at the color (also known as looking at the face file) Inspection: The higher the purity, the whiter the silver, and the face file is delicate, uniform, shiny and polished. If lead is contained, the tidal flowers emitted by the noodle stand are blue-gray; If it contains copper, the surface file will be rough and rotten and feel dry. Although silver oxide has "black rust" on its surface, its color is black and bright, while lead, tin and copper are dull and dull. (2) Look at the color of stubble: cut out the silver ornaments and look at the color of stubble. If the stubble is white and cotton-like, the surface of jewelry is smooth and delicate, and the surface color is dark and bright after oxidation, it can be concluded that its color is about 98%. If the stubble is soft and reddish, the color is about 95%; Stubble is white gray, and if the color is slightly red, it is about 90%; It is difficult to bend by hand, and the stubble is reddish or light gray, and its color is about 80%; Silver with a fineness of about 70% has a white dry surface and red and yellow stubble, which is not easy to bend; If the stubble is red, black and yellow, its color is below 60%. 3. Identification of silverware: (1) Weight: The density of silver is slightly higher than that of ordinary metal. Generally speaking, "aluminum is light, silver is heavy, and copper is not light or heavy." So we can preliminarily judge whether it is silver by weighing. If the jewelry is large and light, it can be preliminarily judged that the jewelry belongs to other metals. (2) Check the hardness: the hardness of silver is lower than that of copper, but higher than that of lead and tin, so use a pin to slightly scratch the surface of the object for testing. If the needle slips and it is difficult to leave traces on the surface, it can be judged as a copper ornament; If it is lead-tin texture, the trace is obvious; If the object has traces but is not obvious, it can be preliminarily judged as silver jewelry. Pure white silver jewelry, pulled by hand, will be deformed when folded. (3) Listening and rhyming: If the jewelry is high-quality silver, it has no rhyme and elasticity when hitting the floor, and the sound is "bam bam". The lower the color, the lower the sound, and the higher the rhymed sharp sound; If it is made of copper, its sound is higher and sharper, and its rhyme is short and short; If it is made of lead and tin, the sound of falling to the ground is dull, short and inelastic. (4) Characteristics of forged silver: Forged silver is generally made of copper, brass, white copper, lead, tin, aluminum, etc. Its characteristics are as follows: ① copper: purple in appearance, deep red in stubble and embroidered green. (2) Brass: yellow in appearance, green in stubble and green in embroidery. (3) White copper: the appearance is gray, the stubble brick is gray, and it is green embroidered. (4) Lead: grayish blue, soft, and can be marked with nails. ⑤ Tin: silvery white, soft, and can be scraped with nails. ⑥ Aluminum: white gray, soft and light.