Who can specifically introduce the Zhangmatun-Daxinzhuang site in Jinan?

Daxinzhuang site in the middle and late Shang Dynasty. Located about 4 kilometers northeast of Jinan City, Shandong Province. The area is about 654.38+10,000 square meters. Since 1955, Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Office and other units have conducted many investigations and trial excavations. The site has a long history and is of great significance to explore the development of Shandong's commercial culture. The accumulation of Shang culture in the site is generally about 1 m thick, with a maximum thickness of 4 meters. No remains of residents were found in the trial excavation. Relics include pottery, stone tools, bones and bronzes. The shapes of pottery are Wei, □, bean, reed, pot, basin and so on. There are fragments of hard pottery, primitive porcelain and white pottery. Stone tools include axe, spear, knife and sickle. Bones include bones and arrows. In addition, Oracle bones and Jabu were also found. Oracle bones were drilled and burned without chisel, and no inscriptions were found. Only small objects such as arrows, needles and saws were found in bronzes. 1970 found a batch of bronzes, including □, Zhang, □ and two bronzes, which may be buried with tombs, dating back to the early Yin Ruins. From 2 1 century BC to16th century BC, when the Xia people established their ruling scope with western Henan as the center, Dongyi people who were far away from Shandong still maintained their own indigenous culture-"Yue culture". In the 6th century BC/KLOC-0, merchants continued to expand eastward, gradually assimilating and replacing the "Yue culture" in Shandong, and finally completed the territory of "one country, thousands of miles". How did this history happen? In the early investigation, excavation and research of Daxinzhuang site by archaeologists, the gap to the ancient meaning gradually opened. ...

Found-

The archaeological site of Daxinzhuang in "Just Visiting, Leading to Ancient Times" was opened, and the two-month field excavation ended, and the excavated archaeological site began to be backfilled. Despite wearing a sun hat, Fang Hui, the leader of the archaeological team and professor of the Department of Archaeology of Shanda University, and his archaeological team members are all tanned.

"This time, large-scale and grouped tombs were excavated at Daxinzhuang site, and 23 tombs from early to late Shang Dynasty were cleared. Almost every tomb has weapons, which should be family or military tombs, and one tomb has martyrdom. More than 200 pits and ash pits were found, including 8 divinatory symbols and more than 30 bronzes, including dragon, tripod, Jue and other ritual vessels and weapons such as Ge and Jian. Most of the production tools found are stone axes, stone sickles, bone needles, bone cones, clam shovels, etc. " Fang Hui, standing on the beam of the exploration party, told the reporter.

In the past 70 years, Daxinzhuang site has long been a "baby reappearance".

1935, farmers in Daxinzhuang, the eastern suburb of Jinan, accidentally got a batch of bronzes while digging in Xiezigou, the east of the village. Lin Yangshan, a British teacher in cheeloo university, rushed to the scene the following winter to investigate and happened to see the grave dug by the ditch. After cleaning up the pottery and bronzes in the tomb, Lin Yangshan also bought the top of a broken copper belt. Five years later, he dramatically got the second half of the bronze ribbon from his friend.

1960, Liu Dunyuan, a history teacher of Shandong University, and Cai Fengshu, who just joined the work, walked to Daxinzhuang for investigation. Cai Fengshu saw at a glance that a complete taupe pottery basin hanging on the wall of scorpion ditch was an artifact of Shang Dynasty, and they were very excited. The existing pottery basin in Shanda Museum is the first complete artifact collected by the school in Daxinzhuang.

In addition to numerous investigations, from 1955 to 1984 after the founding of the People's Republic of China, archaeologists carried out trial excavation and excavation of Daxinzhuang site, and the largest trial excavation area was 1984. Ji Xu, a professor at Shandong University who was then the leader of the archaeological team, said: "At that time, six houses, more than 200 ash pits and about 400 Oracle Bone Inscriptions were discovered, and more than 100 pieces of complete pottery were restored, a merchant cemetery was discovered, and 15 tombs were cleared. Among them, a full set of ritual vessels (ding, palm, Jue, etc. ) Unearthed in Tomb No.5, it found the source for bronzes discovered many times before. " Reveal secrets-

The archetypal archaeology of splicing history from fragments is not a simple "treasure-digging", but its real value lies in interpreting unknown ancient times from ancient ruins and splicing historical prototypes from fragments of civilization.

At the beginning of the discovery of Daxinzhuang site, scholars doubted whether Shang culture was the local culture or foreign culture of Daxinzhuang. If it is the latter, when did Shang culture get involved in Daxinzhuang?

In 1973, Cai Fengshu collected all the investigation materials from Daxinzhuang 1955 to 1963, and put forward for the first time "including things from the early Shang Dynasty to the late Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty". Through the archaeological excavation in 1984, Ji Xu came to the conclusion that the Shang culture of Daxinzhuang existed from the early Shang Dynasty to the late Shang Dynasty, and the earliest time was about 3,500 years ago. The excavation of Daxinzhuang site just ended in 2003 once again proved that the discovery time of Shang culture was not earlier than this time period.

"According to the chronicles of bamboo books, Ding Zhenglan Yi (Dongyi tribe) was the king of Shang Dynasty, and the foreign culture of Daxinzhuang may be related to this matter. As for some things in Daxinzhuang, it seems that it was earlier than the period of Zhong Ding's conquest of Lanyi, or it may have started in the period of Taiwu, the Shang king. The literature records the' Taiwu Renaissance', and its power may reach Daxinzhuang when he is in power. " Ji Xu said.

The "invasion" and assimilation of one culture to another requires a process, which is proved by the excavation of Daxinzhuang site. For example, in the pottery found in Daxinzhuang, in addition to gray pottery, plain red-brown pottery accounts for a large proportion. Experts believe that the typical Shang dynasty remains of the gray pottery Wei are generally popular in the Shang culture of the Central Plains, while the plain reddish-brown pottery is the typical remains of the Yi indigenous culture.

1984 When excavated, a small bone dagger was unearthed in Daxinzhuang, with the word "five" engraved on it, and the font looked like Wuding period. From March 18 to 24 this year, several tortoise shells were found in Daxinzhuang site, 8 of which were written. According to Fang Hui, there are 25 words that can be recognized, plus those handwriting that is seriously corroded or has only residual pens, a total of 34 words. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a "patent" of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province for more than 100 years.

"The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty in Daxinzhuang is a milestone," said Li Xueqin, chief scientist of the China Zhou Dating Project. He believes that only when divination reaches its peak will there be oracles engraved on the oracles, and the divination of princes and nobles will be recorded. Therefore, the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions proves that Daxinzhuang site is not an ordinary area of Shang Dynasty, but a central settlement in the east of Shang Dynasty, which was built as a square city. It is worth mentioning that in the archaeological excavation report form of 1984, Ji Xu once inferred that there might be a square country closely related to Shang culture in Daxinzhuang.

"In addition to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the clan emblem was first discovered on the bronze jue unearthed in Daxinzhuang. Although there is no corresponding font in modern Chinese characters, its discovery is an important material and evidence for studying the merchant tribe in Daxinzhuang. " Fang Hui revealed.

Cai Fengshu said that there are currently more than 300 Shang Dynasty sites or sites with Shang Dynasty cultural remains in Shandong Province, but only about 10 sites have been officially excavated. In addition to Daxinzhuang in Jinan, there are former Zhangda in Tengzhou, Tianqi Temple in surabaya county and Pan Temple in Jining. Most of these Shang cultural sites are in western Shandong. This shows that at the end of Shang Dynasty, Jinan area was not only included in the territory of Shang Empire, but also culturally integrated into the Central Plains, and the unique culture of Dongyi people basically disappeared. Thinking-

How many mysteries remain in Daxinzhuang? While solving one mystery after another, the thinking brought to scholars by Daxinzhuang site also follows.

A thought: What is the content of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, is it possible to find it again?

Fang Hui said that it can be preliminarily judged that its content is a sacrifice to a "mother". That is, whether to sacrifice "mother" and, if necessary, in what way.

Some scholars also object to this, thinking that the word "mother" in Oracle bone inscriptions is connected with "woman", and its content is whether to use women as sacrifices.

"According to the truth, now that someone has started to use Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions should still be hidden under such a big site. However, the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions is only 40 cm away from the surface, so many shallow layers were destroyed when borrowing soil in the Han Dynasty. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were also deep-digging farming activities in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, it is still a mystery whether Oracle Bone Inscriptions can be unearthed again in future excavations. " Fang Hui said.

Thinking 2: If Daxinzhuang was the square country of Shang Dynasty, why didn't it find a "city"?

Academics generally regard cities, bronzes and characters as the three major elements for human beings to enter a civilized society. After the discovery of bronzes and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the concealment of the "city" of Daxinzhuang site naturally aroused people's doubts. If Daxinzhuang was indeed the kingdom of Shang Dynasty, why didn't it find the "city site"?

In the later period of this archaeological excavation, the explorers T 040 1 and T 0402 of Daxinzhuang site discovered a mysterious rammed soil layer, and at that time, archaeologists suspected that this was the site of Daxinzhuang Guofang City Wall. However, from the anatomical results, the width of this rammed soil layer is only five or six meters, which is also a certain gap from the wall width standard of more than ten meters at that time. Fang Hui finally decided that it might be a large building base at that time.

1984 and this year, the excavated area of Daxinzhuang site is more than 800 square meters and 600 square meters respectively, which is only 1/200 of the total area of Daxinzhuang site of more than 300,000 square meters. Therefore, in future archaeological excavations, the possibility of finding a "city" is still great.

Thinking 3: Do the place names "Le" and "Long" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions refer to Daxinzhuang? In recent years, when studying the source of Jinan, a famous historical and cultural city, some scholars pointed out that "Le" and "Dragon" that appeared many times in Oracle Bone Inscriptions refer to Jinan, and the specific location is near Baotu Spring, the source of Longshui. In this regard, Fang Hui, two persons in charge of the excavation of Daxinzhuang site, further pointed out that "music" and "dragon" probably refer to Daxinzhuang.

Fang Hui said, "Dragon" is a place name mentioned many times in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. I think its position in Jinan in a broad sense should be the place where the king was stationed, and it is also the place where businessmen often passed when fighting against foreigners. This place has a certain scale in a certain area. Daxinzhuang is only 3 kilometers north of Luohe (Xiaoqing River), and its special geographical location indicates that it may be the central area of Luohe.

Ji Xu pointed out that Baotuquan area is low-lying and not suitable for the establishment of large-scale settlements in Shang Dynasty. Outlook-

Burden or resources, where does Daxinzhuang go? Rodin, the master of art, said: "It is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery." For archaeological work, it is not the lack of evidence, but the lack of discovery.

Following 1984, the joint archaeological team composed of Shandong University, Provincial Archaeological Institute and Jinan Archaeological Institute determined that the Shang Dynasty site of Daxinzhuang covers an area of 300,000 square meters. This year, the joint archaeological team conducted an investigation around Daxinzhuang, which was another surprise. During a large-scale exploration in an area about 40 square kilometers east of Daxinzhuang, archaeologists discovered more than 50 sites from Li Wenhua to Han Dynasty around 8,000 years ago, including seven or eight sites of Shang Dynasty, which were small in scale but rich in content.

Talking about the protection and archaeology of Daxinzhuang site and its surrounding sites, Fang Hui believes that the work has a long way to go and it is urgent. Hongjialou, DianLiu Zhuang and Gejiazhuang also had Neolithic sites in 1950s and 1960s, which are now covered by buildings. With the approach of urbanization, how to protect Daxinzhuang, a precious ancient cultural site, will soon become a serious problem. In this regard, Fang Hui put forward his own idea that urban development and cultural relics protection are not completely in conflict, and cultural relics can be used as a cultural resource. Good use is protection, otherwise it will make the place feel that the venue is a burden. Daxinzhuang site can completely build a theme park of commercial and cultural sites, which can not only provide leisure places, but also play a role in cultural education.

"Daxinzhuang is the earliest, largest, richest, most important and most distinctive Shang Dynasty site unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions." This is Ji Xu's latest "six wonders" summary of Daxinzhuang site. He said that compared with the commercial culture in the Central Plains, the types of Daxinzhuang have distinct "personalities", such as more red pottery and rare daily-use pottery, such as pots, scorpions and Jue. Digging corner wells on the adjacent side, generally setting waist pits in tombs, offering sacrifices to dogs, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions not chiseling, all of which are rare in the Shang culture of the Central Plains. As a metropolis, Jinan's history can be traced back to the early and late Shang Dynasty about 3,500 years ago. As the Daxinzhuang site that witnessed this period of history, it is of great significance to establish a site museum.

It is reported that in addition to Shang Dynasty sites, Daxinzhuang also discovered the accumulation of Longshan culture, Western Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Han Dynasty. Such an important site can be called a "data treasure house" containing ancient culture in Jinan and even Shandong. Let's pay attention to its future together!