Brief introduction of Liu Da, a teacher in Qing Dynasty. What is the style of Liu Da's prose?

Liu Da was born in tanggou, Zongyang County, Anhui Province. His parents were both scholars, teachers and farmers. Da Zeng said to himself, "My home is on the edge of the Wanjiang River, with more than ten acres of thin land." When I was young, I learned from my father. (Liu Dawei's eldest son, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, is a descendant of Wang Qi Liu Fei, and Chen Zhou's second son, Liu Shibo, is the 18th grandson, belonging to the first generation. ) representative of Tongcheng School.

Overhaul dry beard, generous personality, longitudinal reading ancient poetry, sonorous rhyme, like drinking, good at writing poetry. Educated by fellow villager Wu Zhi.

In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Liu Dachu went to Beijing, rich and glorious. After getting the article, people often say, "It's not enough to be like Fang!" Son of Yi, Guo Shi! "(preface to Mr. Yao Nai's eightieth birthday) and praised him as a first-class figure of Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, who was famous in Beijing for a while, and the scholar-officials preferred to be friends with him. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729) and the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732), I only got the second place in Gong Sheng twice.

After six years (174 1), he recommended Yingbo Hongci, which was suppressed by Zhang, a great scholar. Zhang Hou deeply regrets learning that Datong is a city. After fifteen years of Qianlong, Zhang specially invited him to participate in Confucian classics, but he was not admitted. After the age of 60, he became the Oracle of Yixian. A few years later, he returned to his hometown, stopped traveling along the Zongyang River, taught literature as a student, and eventually became unknown. After his death, he was buried in Liujiaji, Xiangrong Village, Jinshe Township. The tomb is a provincial-level protected cultural relic.

Literature advocates Liu Da's summary and development of Tongcheng School's prose theory. Emphasize the unity of spirit, syllable and sentence, and attach importance to the artistic appearance of prose. The Biography of National History Wen Yuan in the Qing Dynasty said: "Although we went to the door of Fang Bao, our literary attainments were different. Cover meaning from classics, and Xin gets meaning from writers; The big and elegant syllables of the ancients include Zhuang, Sao, Zuo, Shi, Han, Liu, Ou and Su. Its arrogance, its talent, its grandeur. " "Essay Notes" not only affirms the importance of content, but also pays attention to statutes and skills. He inherited Gui Youguang's creative technique of applying novel and drama description to prose creation. Compared with empty talk, emphasizing the beauty of words and syllables, style and artistic conception is a great progress. Fang once said: "Learn from Bo (Liu Da) to emphasize algae, and assistant minister (Fang Bao) to emphasize literature." Fang Bao is deeper than Confucian classics. He advocates righteousness and law in his articles, and his pen is rigorous, concise and accurate. It attaches great importance to the charm of ancient Chinese prose and absorbs the strengths of Zhuang, Sao, Zuo, Shi, Han, Liu, Europe and the Soviet Union. It is magnificent. Form a style of "beautiful spring, abnormal situation". Not only that, but also has a great influence on the formation of the "Yanghu School".

Liu Da inherited the simple materialistic thoughts of Xun Qing, Wang Chong, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan, and thought that "the sky is ignorant" and "the poor people lead to longevity", and family disasters have nothing to do with the sky. His exposition of "the concept of reason and desire" is similar to Dai Zhen's, and he advocates that "one's own feelings can be the sum of the world" and recognizes people's reasonable desires, so that "all people in the world can live in peace and their income is inherent in heaven." He thinks that the relationship between monarch and minister is just "concerted efforts" and points out that marriage should be "harmonious", so Liu, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, said that Tongcheng writers "only care about the sea and think more".

Frustrated, Master Liu devoted his life to teaching his disciples. His disciples are Yao Nai and Wang Zhuo from Tongcheng, Wu Ding from Shexian, Cheng Jinfang and Qian Rusi from Changzhou. Among Liu Da's disciples, Yao Nai studied under Zongfang and Liu, and joined Zuo's family and followed the King of Europe. His prose is elegant and honest, which is the official history of Tongcheng ancient prose. During the Qianlong period, Qian Liu (also known as Punishment) and Zhang began to give up the study of parallel prose and specialize in Tongcheng School ancient prose. Yun's prose is cheap and tough, while his prose is elegant. There are dozens of his disciples, such as Yang Jitun, Dong Weicheng, Dong Shucheng, Wujin Dong, Zhang Qi, Xie Shiyuan, Tang Chunfan, Wuxi Qin Xiaoxian, Yang Shaowen and Qiantang Dai. And they have their own system and the lineage of "Yanghu School". It is a branch of the early Tongcheng school, which preaches the doctrine of the mean and the Liu family law.

Liu Da's main works are Collected Works of Mr. Haifeng 10, Poems of Mr. Haifeng (6 volumes), Notes on Essays 1 volume, Selected Ancient Poems (48 volumes), Selected Poems of Past Dynasties (93 volumes) and Shexian Annals (20 volumes). There are also more representative chapters, such as "A Letter to Wu" and "My Essay".

According to historical records, Zhao Erxun and others' Draft of Qing Dynasty (Volume 485, Biography 272, Liu Dachuan and Liu Da) was from Tongcheng. Great-grandfather Ding, an official in Shexian at the end of the Ming Dynasty, respected his integrity in the village. From generation to generation, Dayi is famous. At the beginning of twenty years, I entered the capital and looked at the sea. Later, those who praised the article paid less attention to it, and he was rewarded for it. Yongzheng, two deputy list, didn't get it. In the first year of Qianlong, Baojian was recommended to the Ci Department, and the scholar Zhang abandoned it and regretted it. Fifteen years, recommended by Confucian classics, no longer recorded. After a long time, I chose Yixian's letters, and I will come back after a few years. He lived in Zongyang River and didn't come back. He was 83 years old.

Overhaul the dry moustache, and you can lead the fist to the entrance. Reading ancient poems and listening to their syllables will make God understand. Tongcheng Zifang Newspaper studies China's ancient literature, along with Dai Mingshi and Hu Zongxu. The world is in trouble, and Zongxu is knowledgeable, and his name is not very obvious. Although I swam to Baomen and passed on its meaning, I brought up Haifeng Poems. Yao Nai followed closely, and his theory prevailed in the times, especially convincing. The world then called it "Fang Liuyao".

Master Liu's historical position is yes, and it has been recognized by others. He was also a teacher of Yao Nai, and played a key role in the development history of Tongcheng School, so he was honored as one of the "three ancestors of Tongcheng".

Appreciation of works and poems

Western Hills

After the rain in Xishan, Lan Chao was dyed, and Baiqing Lake was in Pinggang, thousands of feet.

Birds sing the trees several times, and ten screens write Jiangnan.

essay

Mule theory

The riders are cheap mules and expensive horses. If a husband is good, he will be happy with the situation, while if he is forced to make it happen by force, he will do it as a last resort. The so-called lowly person in the world is also. Warm with kindness, let nature take its course, and persecute with strength, but the more frustrated and brave. People who have a heart and can't pull it out are the so-called expensive people in the world, but horses are cheap and mules are expensive. Although today's husband is not good at anecdotes, Chu can become a good man because of his prestige. Isn't it inhuman? Are people not as good as mules? However, the mule is willful, and he thinks he has been unyielding for a long time. Oh! Why is this mule inferior to that horse? (Please refer to the title link for translation)

My paper notes (excerpt, please refer to the title link for the full text)

The writing is based on God, supplemented by Qi. Written by Cao Zihuan and Perilla, it is easy to give priority to qi. But qi turns with God, and when God is muddy, he dies. When god is far away, it is suffocating; When god is great, it is suffocating; When god changes, it is suffocating; Therefore, God is the master of Qi. It's not wonderful to put reason first. If you don't study hard, your words will be empty and sparse. If a person has no economy, his words are too tired to be used. Therefore, those rational, bookish, economical and writing realities, if writing is another matter. For example, great craftsmen work hard and have no civil materials. Even if there is a common practice, where are the facilities? But there are many people who have civil materials and are not good at facilities, and they can't become great craftsmen in the end. Therefore, a scholar is a great craftsman. Those who have the spirit of syllables are also craftsmen's abilities, righteousness, books and classics, and craftsmen's materials.

Cave trip (excerpt, please refer to the title link for the full text)

The middle room is like a hall, the room on the right is like a kitchen, and the room on the left is like a hall. One of the stones, milk and drooping, buckle it, and its sound is like a bell. On the other hand, the pebbles in the left outdoor stand at attention and buckle like a chin. The ground is mixed with mud, and hitting it will make a drum-like sound. There is a stone on the back, such as a bed, which you can sit down and give to two or three sons. In the meantime, the sound is crashing, such as bells. Overlooking the deep stream, the underwater sound of Ling Ran came from underground. Beyond the stream, there are thousands of miles of green walls and paths under them. Those who are paid to sing are even more endless.