Mystery of Yan Di Mausoleum: Why are there two real Yan Di Mausoleums?

There are two mausoleums of Emperor Yan, one in Baoji, Shaanxi, and the other in Yanling County, Hunan. Emperor Yan is the ancestor of the Chinese nation. He has made great contributions to the progress of the Chinese nation. Is it because people in both places want to commemorate him? Some people think that Yandiling in Baoji is the first generation mausoleum, and Yandiling in Yanling is the eighth generation mausoleum. What is the basis of this statement?

Yan Di, like the Yellow Emperor, is the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Last name is Jiang, father Shao and mother Deng. The legendary Emperor Yan was the leader of an advanced clan tribe in ancient China about 5,000 years ago, and the founder of farming culture in China. According to legend, he began to teach people to cultivate crops, so he was called Shennong. The king is ruled by fire, so it is also called Yandi. It is generally believed that Emperor Yan was born in Suizhou, Hubei Province, grew up in Jiang Shui, swam in Baoji, Shaanxi Province, then went down the Weihe River to the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and then went to Jianghan Plain and Hunan in the south. According to historical records, he began to teach people to farm; Taste a hundred herbs and invent medicine; Use hemp as cloth to make clothes; Open the market for the first time and exchange the needed goods; Cut tung into a piano, string silk into a string, and make a banjo; Cutting wood is an arc, cutting wood is an arrow, and the advantage of an arrow is to dominate the world. He initiated primitive agriculture in Neolithic Age, and was the pioneer of farming culture in China, which made people move from hunting to agriculture and from ignorance to civilization. He and another advanced clan leader, Huangdi Xuanyuan, successively created the ancient civilizations in the Yangtze River valley and the Yellow River valley, laid the foundation stone of the 5,000-year-old civilization building of the Chinese nation, and were honored as the ancestor of Chinese humanities by the descendants of the Yellow Emperor at home and abroad.

Yandiling is called "the first mausoleum in China", and there are two places that have been handed down to this day, one in Baoji, Shaanxi Province and the other in Yanling County, Hunan Province.

The Yandi Mausoleum in Baoji is in Tiantai Mountain, and there are still relics and legends of Shennong. On Tiantai Mountain, the sleeping hall on the bone platform where the body of Emperor Yan was originally parked has disappeared, and the foundation of columns and walls can still be seen. The "bone bed" of white marble is still embedded in the center of the Sleeping Hall site. According to local legend, Shennong once went to Tiantai Mountain to taste the medicinal properties of herbs. It's a pity that he ate the money grass by mistake. Because the antidote was not found in time, the liver and intestine ruptured and died, and he was buried in Lianhua Terrace on the spot. According to historical records, Baoji people's activities of offering sacrifices to Emperor Yan began in the Spring and Autumn Period and flourished in the Han and Tang Dynasties. Every year on the seventh day of July, a sacrificial ceremony is held. In the early 1990s, in view of the fact that most of the ancient buildings involving Emperor Yan were destroyed, Baoji built two memorial sites for Emperor Yan: the Temple of Emperor Yan and the Mausoleum of Emperor Yan.

Another Yan Di Mausoleum is in Hunan. Huangfu Mi's "Emperor Century" and other historical records in the Western Jin Dynasty recorded that Emperor Yan came to Hunan to collect medicines for the people and was constantly poisoned by 70 kinds of medicines every day. Finally, because I accidentally tasted Lysimachia christinae, some people thought it was Luyuanpi, Luyuan Town, Yanling County, and was buried at the end of Changsha Tea House. Since the Han Dynasty, people have offered sacrifices to Emperor Yan here and built the Yan Di Temple, and the Tang Dynasty followed suit. In 967 AD, the Song Dynasty ordered the construction of a mausoleum in Luyuanpi and an ancestral temple dedicated to Emperor Yan. In the Song Dynasty, Yan Di Mausoleum was built in imitation of the palace style, with meridian gate, temple and dragon. Since then, emperors have regarded this place as a sacred place and sent officials to worship and hold sacrificial ceremonies. People burn incense and sacrifice here, and there is an endless stream all year round. Over the past 1000 years, Yan Di Mausoleum has been burned and restored many times. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Yandiling was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit in Hunan Province, and later as a national key cultural relics protection unit. 1986, the state decided to rebuild Yan Di mausoleum, and the project was completed in 1988. The restored Yan Di Mausoleum is slightly larger than before, with an area of 65,438+0,000 square meters. The mausoleum complex with red walls and yellow tiles is magnificent. The main hall is divided into four entrances: one is the meridian gate. The meridian gate is divided into halberd gate and gate. The second entrance is the salute pavilion, which is a place for offering sacrifices and incense sticks. Sanjin is the main hall, a large-scale sacrificial ceremony place, and there is a golden statue of Emperor Yan in the middle of the hall. The four entrances are tombstone pavilion and grave.

Some scholars pointed out that Mandarin said that the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di were brothers, but Sima Qian denied it when he wrote Historical Records. Yan Di and Huangdi are not brothers of one parent at all. They are leaders of two different times and different nationalities. It is generally believed that Yan Di grew up in Jiang Shui and Huangdi grew up in Jishui, and both of them lived in the Weihe River Basin, which is actually impossible. Yan Di and Huangdi nationalities are mutually exclusive in living habits and production forms, so it is impossible to adapt to one environment at the same time, let alone realize their own development in the same environment. Although the two nations once became enemies because of the competition for survival, as time went on, they became one because of intermarriage and assimilation. Where is the first territory developed by Emperor Yan? Yan Di's territory is in the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River in southern Hunan, west of Luo Xiao Mountains and north of Nanling Mountains, including the thunder, xiangshui and xiaoshui basins in southern Hengyang, until the upper reaches of Shui Yuan and Zishui, and then gradually develops eastward, southward, westward and northward, especially after passing through Hubei. Annals of Bamboo Books is the first book that says that Emperor Yan was buried in Changsha, a tea town, and there was a ceremony to worship Emperor Yan in the Tang Dynasty. Today, after Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin ascended the throne, the location of Yanling was re-designated. Since then, the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties have held many sacrificial ceremonies. In addition to various local chronicles, there are 53 sacrificial inscriptions in the cemetery from the fourth year of Hongwu in the Qing Dynasty to the first year of Guangxu. Those buried in Yanling are not necessarily the ancestors of the Yan nationality, but heroes who made great achievements for the nation before the Yan nationality's forces went north. He is the symbol and flag of the Yan family. Yanling can not be isolated, but should be closely linked with the activities of Emperor Yan before his death. The place where Yanling is located is the place where Emperor Yan lived and the birthplace of Emperor Yan.

The two mausoleums of Yan Di have brought a lot of confusion to future generations. Why is this happening? Are people from both places competing to commemorate him? Are these two mausoleums called cenotaph by later generations, and they are just memorial places for people? Moreover, is it credible to say that Emperor Yan, who has been active in the Yellow River basin for a long time, was finally buried in Yanling County, Hunan Province? For a long time, people have failed to solve these problems well, so there has always been a situation that Baoji and Yanling each have a Yandiling. Since ancient times, people in these two areas have used their own ways to commemorate the ancestor of the Chinese nation.

In academic circles, some scholars try to solve this problem and explain the reasons for the appearance of two Yan Di mausoleums. In recent years, relatively novel and representative viewpoints are mainly found in some articles of Mr. Yang, which are enough to solve the above problems and arouse people's deep thinking.

The paternal clan of Yandi Shennong is Xiong and the matriarchal clan is F, both of which are ancient clans centered on Zheng and Luo in ancient Central Plains. By the time of Emperor Yan, the matriarchal clan had been in a prosperous stage, and the social economy and culture had developed greatly. Therefore, a lot of development and creation are concentrated on Yandi, and Yandi's descendants are widely distributed in Weishui, Fenshui, the Yellow River Basin and Jiangnan, so there are many legends and relics of Yandi Shennong in the north and south of the Yangtze River. There are "Jiushengquan" and Shennong Temple near Nanjiangcheng in Baoji, mainly to commemorate Emperor Yan's contribution to mankind at that time.

In the History of the Road, the poet of the Song Dynasty said: "Zhu, Shen Nong Zi also." "In order to colonize, the area is full of valleys, not sparse, P is deeply cultivated, and the sacred works are revived. Every year is equally rich, so Shennong has achieved a wide range of achievements and the world is wide. Let's be open and not material, let's be legal and not count ... Also called Lieshanjia, it has been Xiaomi since the Five Emperors. " According to some historical records, this column of Lieshan family is a very capable leader. Maybe it's because of brothers, or maybe it's because of sages. From then on, Baoji in southern Shaanxi led some ethnic groups along what was later called Wuguan Road, passing through the southwest of Henan Province and entering Suizhou, Hubei Province. Lieshan is the son of Emperor Yan of Shennong, and is naturally called Emperor Yan. "Justice in Historical Records" quoted "Expanding Records" as saying that Lishan "is in the north of Suixian County, Suizhou, and there are caves in Shandong. Yesterday, Shennong was born in Shanshi Lie. The Lieshan family brought the Shennong ruins of Baoji here, so there are also Jiujing and Shennong Society here.

During the farming season in Lieshan, the son of the Lieshan Lord, the clan and tribe grew stronger, and some people moved south into southern Hunan, bringing with them the remains of Emperor Yan Shennong and the Lieshan Lord. Today, Qitianling in the south of Yizhang County, Hunan Province is also like the place name of "Shennong planting valley is in the sun of Qitian" in the north.

* * * Gong is also a descendant of Shen Nong's son and Yan Ju's son, but he did not inherit the surname. * * * The Gong family is about the sixth generation grandson of the branch. He led some ethnic groups to move eastward from Weishui, first living in Chen and then moving to * * *. * * * When Gong's family arrived and was strangled, there were twelve tribes in the tribe, and their strength was getting stronger. The eighth generation grandson, who inherited the name of Emperor Yan, is the descendant of another son of Emperor Yan. He also took most ethnic groups from Weishui to the east along the south bank of the Yellow River, first moved to Chen and then moved to Shandong, and lived in the old town in public. Gong Yu, known as Yandi Shennong, had a good relationship with the Shao Hao tribe in the east at that time, and once closed Mount Tai for meditation. Later, due to the war, most people in the Yu tribe merged with the Huangdi tribe to form the Huaxia tribe. However, Wang Di, unwilling to be restricted by the Yellow Emperor, led some ethnic minorities to flee to Jianghan area in the south, and then moved to Lixiang, where farmers in Lieshan lived. Because it is difficult to accommodate two Yandi in one place, Yu Wang moved south with the people and was welcomed by the local indigenous people and Yandi ethnic groups. The emperor of the 20th century said that Emperor Yan treated the people in his later years, collected herbs in Hunan, and the Chaling God pesticide kiosk should all refer to Emperor Yu Wang.

Many historical books in later generations believe that Emperor Yan was buried at the end of Changsha Tea Town after his death, and later people called it Chaling, which is today's Yanling. Emperor Yan here refers to Yu Wang, not Emperor Yan Shennong himself. "History of Taoism" says that there are more than 300 tombs near Yanling Mountain, all of which are the tombs of the empresses and relatives of Shennong, and should be the public tombs of the descendants of Lishan Shizhu and Yandi, Li and their descendants.

After studying some records of ancient history in detail, Mr. Yang thinks that there are three descendants of Emperor Yan: Zi Linkui's lineage has been passed down for six generations; Zizhu lineage only knows agriculture, and the following is lost; Purple Yanju has been handed down for six generations. And the emperor Ting Anne, who seems to be in Lin Kui's blood. Therefore, the Yandi Mausoleum in the south of Baoji, Shaanxi Province can be inferred as the first generation mausoleum. Suizhou, Hubei Province, should have the mausoleum of Emperor Zhu Di and his son Nong, but there is no trace today. Yanling Mountain Mausoleum in Luyuan, Yanling County, Hunan Province should be the eighth generation mausoleum. After Yan Di Yugong moved to Hunan, he was revered by the local Shennong tribe, so he built a tomb here after his death. Yugong also followed the name of Yan Di Shennong. "Emperor Century" said: "Mi was buried in Nanjun, Chaling and Yunyang." These tombs are memorial tombs built by later generations, some are cenotaph tombs, some are relics or tombs built according to legends, which cannot be confirmed by excavation.