Who is the fortune teller of Dongguan Chencheng _ Dongguan Chencheng?

Chen Cheng, a Ming Dynasty diplomat of Oriental Society, communicated with the western regions and brought all ethnic groups to Korea.

When it comes to the great cause of "Silk Road" and "Connecting the Western Regions" spanning Eurasia for thousands of years, people first think of Zhang Jian in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Ding, a pioneer in the Western Han Dynasty. During the "great geographical discovery" of the Chinese nation, they went to Wan Li one by one, experienced rain, snow and wind and frost, faced with thousands of difficulties and dangers, faced with swords and swords, but persevered and did not disgrace their mission. Finally, they had good communication with western countries, declared China's state power to the outside world, and started the Silk Road which lasted for thousands of years. Their heroic achievements have gone through thousands of years, and now they have made great achievements. My heart yearns for it.

The 22-year reign of Yongle Emperor Judy can also be called another "geographical discovery" period of the Chinese nation. During this period, more than 80 countries exchanged visits with Daming, even as far away as Central Africa to pay tribute. At that time, Zheng He, a Sambo eunuch who made seven voyages to the Western Seas and got through the Sea of Wan Li, was famous for a while, but Chen Cheng, another outstanding diplomat related to it, reopened the Silk Road in Wan Li in 1996, but not many historians touched it. In fact, this envoy of the Ming Dynasty, who was buried by the glory of the "Three Treasures Eunuchs", made five voyages to the Western Ocean from Yangguan with tenacious determination and fearless fighting spirit, and shared with Zheng He the magnificent sight of "all nations coming to Korea".

Chen Cheng, whose real name is Lutz, was born in Jishui, Jiangxi in the 25th year of Yuan Dynasty. According to the records of local Jishui people, since childhood, he "wrote many quotations, such as writing a blog, enhancing his ambition, understanding Tibet, returning to Mongolia, etc." In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, Chen Jiali hired Liang Yin, a great scholar in the early Ming Dynasty, as his teacher. After a day and a night together, Liang Yin praised Chen Cheng's father: "Your son is very clever. Although it is difficult to have the talent of a team, he can build a distant future and hope. "

Although the Four Books and Five Classics are highly respected and carefully studied, they are not Chen Cheng's strong points, but after several years' efforts, they are still unsatisfactory. In the twenty-sixth year of Wu, he was a scholar. In the second year, Gong and the imperial court took the top three exams and finally "became the first", but compared with each other, many talents were listed as "A" and "B". Chen Cheng? As a "judge" of the Imperial Academy, he is a small official with seven grades, which are lower than the "A" and "B" of that year. Nevertheless, Chen Cheng didn't waste his breath because of his humble official position. However, the internal and external policies of the imperial court were wrong and courageous. In the 28th year of Hongwu, Zhu, the king of Qin, decided to rebel in Lintao, Gansu, and "destroy ten thousand Tubo people". When the good news came, ministers congratulated them one after another, but Chen Cheng thought that the move was "premature and might be unfair". The above table implies that the imperial court sent envoys very quickly. A year later, the turning point of Chen Cheng's life finally came. Zhu Yuanzhang promoted Chen Cheng as the "driving minister" of the Ministry of War and sent him to the Western Regions? Sha Li is afraid of Uighurs. Since then, he has walked thousands of miles.

The reason for carrying out this task is that in the twenty-four years of Hongwu, the "East Chagatai Khanate" was established in today's Xinjiang. The "East Chagatai Khanate" was separated from the original "Chagatai Khanate" of the Mongolian Empire, and its territory includes today's Ili in Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia. In A.D. 139 1 year, Hei Khan, son of Khan in East Chagatai, sent envoys to Nanjing to meet Zhu Yuanzhang, and formally established a vassal-vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty. However, Zhu Yuanzhang paid attention to the description of Timur Empire, a neighboring country in the west of East Chagatai Khanate.

When it comes to the Timur Empire, which was active in Central Asia at that time, there are few historical records in China. However, this empire, which started as the "Western Chagatai Khanate" and fought in Central Asia, was praised by western historians as "another great conqueror of Mongolia after Genghis Khan" and gradually became another threat to the western Ming Dynasty at this time. As early as three years in Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde to the Western Regions. Even when Gansu, Qinghai and Dongjiang defeated the Yuan Army, Timur overthrew the former ruler of the Chagatai khanate. Since then, he defeated the Ottoman Turkish Empire in southern operations, attacked and plundered India many times in the west and south, and expanded numerous places. Even the king of Spain in Europe called him "adoptive father". Timur's attitude towards the Ming Dynasty in the East has always been deferential. In the 21st year of Wu Hong, the Ming Dynasty won a great victory in fishing. Timur sent envoys to Nanjing to commemorate the Ming Dynasty as a "must-visit country". However, according to the French historian Brios in his book The Empire of Timur, "his lifelong dream is to release China's submission."

When the East Chagatai khanate paid tribute to China, Timur invaded the border of the East Chagatai khanate continuously, and both sides won and lost. The report of East Chagatai Khanate and the detention of two envoys sent by Zhu Yuanzhang to Timur Empire made Zhu Yuanzhang realize the ambition of Timur Empire. Therefore, Hou Songsheng, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was transferred to Liangzhou first, and then envoys were sent to Zhenxi, with the intention of strengthening the northwest defense. The fledgling Chen Cheng took over the task.

Chen Cheng lived up to his mission. In the winter of the 29th year of Hongwu, Chen Cheng came to the Qaidam Basin to recruit local tribes. Some people suggested that the Ming Dynasty "make every effort to emigrate to the real border", but Chen Cheng firmly refused, thinking that this move would "harm the world". Later, Chen Cheng appointed local tribal leaders as officials, established three important military regions in Qaidam Basin: Anjingwei, Quxianwei and Antonie Wei, and asked the imperial court to send "officials who are familiar with agriculture" to promote the advanced agricultural production technology in the Central Plains and develop local production.

This made the local nomadic tribes turn to settle down, making the tribes "drift with the flow". A year later, Annan invaded the Daming border, and Chen Cheng was sent to Annan again. According to Vietnamese history books, Annan's "modest, steady and profitable words showed the great power of the Ming Dynasty", which finally frightened Annan's rulers and officials and sent him to Nanjing to apologize. Four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chen Cheng was transferred to guangzhou fu as a "housekeeper" to mediate disputes between Semu people and local villagers, respect the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, and preside over the restoration of local mosques. Since then, all the local ethnic groups have lived in harmony. How many/much? Chen Cheng, who is good at handling foreign affairs, has also made outstanding achievements in Daming politics.

In the second year of Yongle, Timur held a meeting of Central Asian Mongolians in Samarkand, claiming to "overthrow the Ming Dynasty and recover lost territory". Since then, he invested 200,000 troops in China and launched a "crusade" against the Ming Dynasty. After the news came, Judy ordered Song Sheng, the left magistrate of Liangzhou, to organize troops to prepare for the war, and the "three defenses" set by Chen Cheng in the Qaidam Basin also organized troops to prepare for the war day and night. However, in winter, Timur died in March, and the large-scale "expedition" was in vain.

After Timur's death, his country fell into civil strife. His grandson Harry, who was appointed as the heir before his death, fought fiercely for the throne with his fourth son Shaharu, and the great cause of "Anti-Ming Restoration" ran aground. At this time, the Ming Dynasty also acted frequently in the northwest. In the fourth year of Yongle, Judy established Hami Wei and other military bases in Hami, Xinjiang, and stationed heavy troops to formally exercise sovereignty over today's "vassal state" in Xinjiang. Under the internal and external troubles, the Timur Empire began to repair its relationship with the Ming Dynasty. A year later, Hai Rui, the first to inherit the throne of Timur Empire, released Fu 'an and Yang, the envoys of the Ming Dynasty who were detained by Timur in his early years, and entrusted them with the wish of reconciliation between Timur Empire and Daming. On June 22, the fifth year of Yongle, the mission that had been missing for decades finally returned to Beijing. At that time, "the court was loyal." At this time, Chen Cheng, who was transferred to Wen Yuan Pavilion, learned that Timur Empire was seizing the throne in the civil war and immediately advised Judy. In the sixth year of Yongle, Judy sent messengers to lead the Ji Guo delegation of Timur Empire and brought Judy's calligraphy. The dispute between Harry and Shaharu, the two major factions in the Civil War, was mediated locally in the Timur Empire. Shaharu, who won the throne, finally released Harry from prison and turned Ithaca into his black fief. The three-year civil war in Timur Empire was finally reconciled. The following year, Shaharu, who officially became King Timur, sent a delegation to Nanjing to meet Judy and presented gifts such as leopards and lions. The two sides resumed the "suzerain" relationship in the era of Zhu Yuanzhang and have been friendly ever since.

Chen Cheng, who first proposed the "emissary", was not appointed, because at this time he had become the "Administrative Officer of Wen Yuan Pavilion" and was assisting Jie Jin in compiling the greatest imperial masterpiece "Yongle Dadian" in China history. At the same time, he collected a lot of historical materials, sorted out all the details of China's diplomatic missions abroad and the faces of countries around China. Today, we can learn about the heroic gestures of many "diplomats" in ancient China and the history of friendly exchanges between ancient China and other countries. Chen Cheng has made great contributions to this.

In September of the 11th year of Yongle, Chen Cheng, who was already a member of the seal inspection department of the official department, finally ushered in his second trip to the western regions. Eight envoys of Timur Empire were appointed as the "provost" of Daming. For this task, Chen Cheng made a careful plan and asked Judy to choose "adherents of the late Yuan Dynasty" to go with him. The delegation started from Beijing and entered the western region through Yumenguan. After more than a year's long journey, I finally arrived in Herat, the capital of Timur Empire, in October of the following year. Chen Cheng was sent to the Central Asian countries around Timur, and was successively appointed as Dashkan King, Lost King, Seran King, Shahruhaig King and Daming Ambassador. 14 14 10 in October, King Shaharu of Timur held a grand ceremony in Hera to welcome Chen Cheng and his party. During the meeting, Chen Cheng won Shaharu's respect as an envoy of great powers. Of course, there are also "discordant" episodes. Ahahei was the general of Charouk of the "Qiuhua School" and was once an important minister of the Yuan Dynasty. He made an attack on the spot, accusing the Ming Dynasty of driving out the Yuan Dynasty and always being an enemy of Mongolia. Chen Cheng is even more tit for tat. Frankly speaking, "the country's fortune lies only in Germany, not in Wei." . Then list the facts that officials of all ethnic groups before the Yuan Dynasty were given preferential treatment in the Ming Dynasty. Sadumu, a Hui official with a mission, "appeared" at the scene. Tell Timur's officials that the good communication between Ming Dynasty and Timur is "protecting the people with morality", and if the argument continues, it will only "bring disaster to the country and the people". Timur's monarch and officials were deeply impressed by Ahahei's courtesy, and Ahahei was imprisoned by Shaha on the spot. The "Qiuhua School", which once occupied an important position in the Timur Empire and always advocated anti-Ming, completely lost power. Later, Shaharu hosted a banquet for Chen Cheng and his party in the Inner Palace, and invited his successor Ug to visit Chen Cheng.

During his stay in Timur, Chen Cheng also visited famous local clans and chambers of commerce, and organized ambassadors from various countries in Timur to refute the distorted description of the Ming Dynasty by the envoys who fled to the local area one by one, "refuting the generosity theory", while the exquisite gifts such as porcelain and silk brought by the China delegation caused a sensation in the local area. Vladimirtsov, a Soviet historian, spoke highly of this: "This is a diplomatic event that has far-reaching influence on both the Timur Empire and foreign countries. The wise China envoy not only won Shaharu's respect with his eloquence and noble demeanor, but also showed the world China's vast culture and strong national strength, as well as its sincerity in being good-neighborly and friendly to the Timur people. Since then, no matter how the current situation changes, the friendly policy toward the East has become their unanimous choice. " In October of the 13th year of Yongle, Chen Cheng and his party returned to Nanjing and presented Judy with The Journey to the West and The Records of Countries in the Western Regions, which recorded the customs of Central Asian countries in detail. These two monographs not only occupy an important position in China's historical materials, but also attract the attention of western scholars. In modern times, many western historians made a special trip to China to buy this book. This return was accompanied by missions sent to Central Asia and even West Asia, and even envoys of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt, with as many as 300 people. "All countries come to North Korea." The "tribute relationship" between Daming and countries in Central and Western Asia was consolidated.

Secondly, after Chen Cheng went to the Western Regions, he advised Zhu Di to accept other countries' demands and open bilateral trade with western countries, insisting that this would not only "alleviate the pain of transit" but also "keep pace with the times and benefit for a hundred years". Judy adopted Chen Cheng's suggestion and established "mutual aid markets" in Hami, Xinjiang, Liangzhou and Gansu. Caravans from western countries are allowed to trade here. The "chain reaction" of this policy is that the Timur Empire also rebuilt the ancient post road abandoned by the war in western Iran and extended it to Turkey and even Egypt. At this point, the Silk Road abandoned since the end of Yuan Dynasty reappeared the prosperity of business travel. China's silk was exported to West Asia and East Africa, and the goods and cultural classics from the Middle East and even Europe were gradually imported into China. It is worth mentioning that China's famous mathematical achievement "The Method of Solving Higher-order Equations" was lost at the end of Yuan Dynasty and returned to China by Arab mathematicians. Since then, although the national policy of the Ming Dynasty has changed, this trade route has never been interrupted. Until the Chongzhen period in the late Ming Dynasty, Xi in Shaanxi and Liangzhou in Gansu were still "international cities" where western business travelers gathered.

In April of the 14th year of Yongle, Chen Cheng led a delegation to the Western Regions. The main task this time is to reach an agreement with western countries on the number of caravans exchanged each year and reach a trade agreement. Chen Cheng intends to let Judy "choose those who are good at business". It is worth mentioning that Yang Shan is one of them. He persuaded Wala with eloquence and forced Wala to return to Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty after the Cultural Revolution. These people played an important role in Chen Cheng's trade negotiations with western countries. In August of the same year, Chen Cheng arrived in Timur Empire again and reached a commercial agreement with Timur Empire happily. At the same time, he also gave Shahe Road a gift carefully prepared by the court painter of the Ming Dynasty, with a picture of "Running Horse" given by Shahe Road to the BMW of Yongle Emperor. Charouk was deeply moved. He not only warmly received Chen Cheng and his party, but also personally wrote a letter to Judy. Judy also replied to an equally enthusiastic letter. Frankly speaking, although the two countries are far away from Qian Shan, they are soul mates, and they hope that the two peoples will share peace and happiness from now on. At that time, the correspondence between the two most powerful emperors in the East and the West was an eternal topic about "world peace".

Chen Cheng, the matchmaker of Long Mei Tan, made his fourth mission to the Western Regions in the 16th year of Yongle. Prior to this, Chen Cheng's mother Roche died of illness. According to the custom, Jiang will stay at home for three years, but? Sandy thought that "it's not that he can't take this responsibility" and ordered him to "see the situation clearly and see the situation clearly" On the second day of October of the same year, Chen Cheng and his party arrived in Herat, the capital of Timur. This time, he brought two ancient books, Qi Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Water Mirror Book of Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Chen Cheng took the initiative to contact Timur's officials in charge of agriculture to explain the difficulties in the book. Even at the suggestion of Chen Cheng, Shaharu opened a "testing ground" in his palace. Since then, China's advanced agricultural irrigation technology has been widely spread in Central Asia. When Chen Cheng returned to China, Shahru actually "missed more than a hundred miles, and I can't say how to give up." This touching scene has been recorded in many historical materials in Central Asia and the West, but neither side of the farewell thought it was a farewell.

In November of the 18th year of Yongle, Chen Cheng returned to Beijing with 500 delegations from Central Asian countries, and met Judy who planned to conquer northern Mongolia. Judy specially sent 6000 elite cavalry to escort all the way from Suzhou. At this time, Beijing was surrounded by heavy troops and flags were flying. Judy Timur's envoys are allowed to "visit freely" in the local area, and all armies are not allowed to "stay". He also selected elite soldiers from the "3,000 Battalion", "5 Battalion" and "Magic Battalion" of the Ming Army to perform "military subjects" such as riding and shooting, infantry assault and firearms training for the envoys.

When Shi timur, the special envoy, first came, he refused to bow down to Emperor Chu on the grounds that "there is no such custom in our country". However, after half a year's "visit", we met again before returning home, but we were lined up and kowtowed to the ground. Althusser, head of Timur Mission, even told Judy frankly that the "famous horse" given by Timur this time was the "royal mount" of Timur, Shaharu's father, when he fought in the south and north. It has always been Timur's "national treasure", and this time it was presented to Judy "to show the greatest respect". These words made Judy look great and ordered a generous gift. After the special envoy Timur returned to China, he recorded the details of this mission in detail, which is the basis for most western modern historians to study the military strength of the Ming Dynasty. This task has undoubtedly received the effect of "defeating the enemy without fighting". Chen Cheng also rose from the theory of Guangdong and Guangxi to the right to participate in and discuss state affairs. At this time, Annan rebelled and a large number of "Vietnamese refugees" flooded into Guangdong by sea. Guangdong ordered Kyle to advise refugees not to enter Guangdong, and offenders would be shot. Chen Cheng tried to stop the "thieves" who plundered the people among the refugees, and set up tents in Tuen Mun, Humen and Dongguan, Guangdong Province, where the refugees were concentrated, and distributed food and daily necessities to "help the foreign countries" again. In the first month of the 22nd year of Yongle, Chen Cheng, who made outstanding achievements in Guangdong, was once again transferred to Beijing to plan his fifth trip to the western regions? The delegation set out on April 4 and arrived in Gansu in May. Suddenly, the news of Judy's death came. After Zhu Gaochi ascended the throne, Emperor Renzong of Ming Dynasty ordered to stop this mission. Chen Cheng appeased Hami and Qaidam minority tribes and returned to Beijing in June 1 1. At this time, Emperor Renzong "didn't do anything far", so the large-scale missionary work was suspended, and the stage of Chen Cheng's ownership ended. The following year, Chen Cheng resigned and returned to his hometown. He read his talent of "preaching and teaching", and Ming Xuanzong issued an imperial edict asking him to "return to his hometown and give him twice his salary every year." In the third year of Xuande, Timur sent envoys to Daming again, and warmly invited Daming to send envoys to pay a return visit. Among them, King Shaharu of Timur admitted that he was worried about Chen Cheng and hoped that Daming would send envoys to Chen Cheng again, which was declined by Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty. At this point, after Chen Cheng returned home, he built a "Naiyuan" in Linchuan, and? Many good friends recite poems every day and live an idyllic life. Five years after Xuande, he began to write the last diplomatic work of his life, The Story of an Official. In addition to recording the whole process of his five missions to the Western Regions, he expounded in more detail all kinds of knowledge about bilateral negotiations, inviting foreigners, respecting the customs of ethnic minorities and trade. Li Dongyang, Yang Tinghe and Wang Chonggu, famous ministers in Ming Dynasty, praised this book, and Li Hongzhang, a pioneer of Westernization Movement in modern times, also benefited a lot from it. Another book, Distinguishing the Autumn Temperature Boundary with Annan, recorded the demarcation of Sino-Vietnamese border and confirmed the traditional border between China and Vietnam for hundreds of years, which was still an important reference for Sino-Vietnamese border negotiations until the 20th century. Thirty-three years later, Chen Cheng came out of the mountain again and was appointed as Zheng Erpin of Guanglu Temple by Ming Yingzong. Tianshun died in the official residence the following year at the age of 93. This famous diplomat who visited the Western Regions five times, made many friends and declared the national prestige of the Ming Dynasty was an important figure in the diplomatic history of China in the Middle Ages. In Central Asia and even the West, Chen Cheng also claimed to be widely circulated. Today, many relics of Chen Cheng's diplomatic missions are preserved in Kazakstan and other places. Vladimirtsov, a Soviet historian, gave him a fair evaluation: "This outstanding China diplomat solved the contradiction between the two most powerful empires in the world with a sincere attitude and never give up, and brought peace and tranquility to all ethnic groups around the Pamirs. He is the most outstanding messenger of peace in 15 century. "