What is the relationship between gypsies and Israelis?

Gypsies are also called Gypsies, and Roma are called Roms.

Black Caucasians, who originally lived in northern India, are now spread all over the world, especially in Europe. Most gypsies speak Roma, a language closely related to modern Indo-European language in northern India; They also speak the main language of the country where they live. It is generally believed that Gypsies left India after repeated migration, and arrived in Persia in the 1 1 century, southeast Europe in the early14th century, and western Europe in the15th century. In the second half of the 20th century, Gypsies have spread all over North and South America and arrived in Australia. Gypsies call themselves Roma (meaning "men"), while non-Gypsies call themselves Gajie (meaning "outsiders").

Gypsies don't care about farming and mulberry, and generally don't raise food animals, but rely on urban and rural residents to make a living. Traditionally, gypsies have been around towns and rural residential areas, seeking a livelihood suitable for their wandering life. Men are engaged in selling livestock, training animals, mending pots (black and white blacksmiths) and acting as musicians. Women are engaged in divination, selling medicine, begging and performing. Before veterinarians appeared, many farmers relied on gypsy livestock traders to guide the maintenance and management of herds. Although modern gypsies are still wandering around, their lives also reflect the progress of the outside world. They travel in covered cars, trucks and trailers and sell old cars and trailers instead of livestock. The large-scale production of stainless steel cookware eliminated the pot-mending industry, and some urban gypsies became car mechanics. Mobile circuses and entertainment places provide modern gypsies with job opportunities, such as animal trainers, snack vendors and fortune tellers.

A typical gypsy family consists of a couple, children, at least one married son, his wife and children. After marriage, the husband and wife live with the man's parents, and the bride should learn the rules of her husband's family. Ideally, when the elder brother is ready to separate, the younger brother is ready to get married and will live with the bride at his parents' house. It is the main feature of gypsy marriage that the parents of the man pay the bride price to the parents of the woman. The leadership of the vitsa (clan) of gypsies should be held by adult men who can best embody the ideals of gypsies. Such people are good at arranging marriage and resolving disputes with wisdom and strength, can negotiate a satisfactory dowry for their daughters, can skillfully do business with gypsies and Gajie people, and earnestly abide by the traditions of gypsies. The widely circulated story-telling concept of "Gypsy King" undoubtedly comes from the leader image of Vitisa. The leadership of Vitesa is not necessarily hereditary, indecisive or failed leaders will be replaced by more capable people, or several families in a Vitesa will abandon their original leaders and join another clan with more prestige.

In some cities in Europe and North America, there are settled gypsies. They abide by many gypsy customs, engage in traditional gypsy occupations and speak gypsy, but they are greatly influenced by the local language. Roma call these settled gypsies "Sint" and think that they have given up the real gypsy life. The "real" gypsies are divided into several resident groups according to the order of formation in the fixed mobile areas of Europe. In the Balkans and Central Europe, it is called the crater, accounting for the majority of all gypsies in Europe and North America; Gitano people who flow through Iberian Peninsula, North Africa and southern France, and Manus people); They live in France, Alsace and Germany; Each category of people is further differentiated according to their place of residence. Due to the way of life of Gypsies (evading official population registration and census is a common feature) and long-term social and political discrimination, it is quite difficult to accurately estimate their number. There are about 200 gypsies in the world. 6? Most of them still lived in Europe in the late 20th century, especially in the central and southern regions.

The word "gypsy" originated from the misunderstanding of the origin of Roma in Europe. At that time, Europeans mistakenly thought that Roma were from Egypt, so they called them "Egyptians", and "Gypsy" was the phonetic change of "Egypt". [Edit this paragraph] The national origin of the Roma is a wandering nation, which originated in northern India and scattered all over the world. Roma and Sinti, who are closely related to them, are also called Gypsies or Gypsies. However, most Roma people think that the name "Gypsy" is discriminatory, so it is not used. There are also many countries in Europe that call Roma Zgang people.

Roma are famous for their mysterious images. Historically, they have been engaged in divination, singing and dancing. However, Roma have also suffered discrimination and persecution in history. Nazi Germany once put Roma in concentration camps and slaughtered them like Jews. Up to now, many people still have a very negative impression of Roma, thinking that Roma are beggars, thieves or traffickers. [Edit this paragraph] The migrating Romans left India around A.D. 1000 and arrived in Europe via Afghanistan, Persia, Armenia and Turkey. (There are still Roma scattered in Iran and other places. )/kloc-In the 4th century, the Romans had arrived in the Balkans./kloc-In the 6th century, they had spread all over Europe, including Scotland and Sweden. Another Roma arrived in North Africa via Syria and then crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Spain. At the same time, ethnic minorities similar to the Roma still live in northern India.

The reason for the long-distance migration of Roma is still a historical mystery. Some scholars say that the ancestors of the Roma are low-caste Hindus. After being recruited as mercenaries, they were promoted to the Khshatriya caste and sent to the west to resist the expansion of Islamic countries. Another scholar said that after the Muslims conquered northern India, their captives became slaves, developed their own unique culture and became the predecessors of the Roma. However, it is a mystery why the Romans did not return to India after arriving in the Middle East, but moved on and entered Europe.

Roma also immigrated to the United States in large numbers. [Edit this paragraph] Population distribution There are about 5 million to10 million Roma in the world, and most of them live in Europe. Roma mainly live in the Balkans, Central Europe, the United States and the former Soviet Republic. Roma also live in Western Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and the United States have a Roma population of over 500,000. The Roma in Slovakia account for about 5%-6% of the total population, ranking first in the world. [Edit this paragraph] Lifestyle Because the lifestyle of the Roma is incompatible with other ethnic groups in the country, non-Roma generally have a bad impression of the Roma and think that the Roma cannot integrate into the mainstream of society and are beggars, thieves or traffickers. During World War II, the persecution of Roma reached its climax. At that time, Nazi Germany put Roma in concentration camps like Jews for genocide, and about 400 thousand Roma were killed.

Today, some Roma try to keep their traditional way of life and have no fixed residence. However, in many parts of Eastern Europe, Roma live in shanty towns with extremely poor living conditions, and there are still conflicts with residents of other ethnic groups. But in other areas, the Roma have succeeded in getting rich by relying on their own traditional culture (such as the traditional coppersmith craft of Romanian Roma). [Edit this paragraph] Roma and Tarot Roma make a living by divination, and Tarot is one of their divination methods. In the most powerful period of the Vatican, it was the protection of Roma that made the Tarot card spread to this day. For a long time, only Roma can understand tarot cards, and many tarot cards are based on Roma interpretation. At the same time, the Romans also developed the divination method of tarot cards, which seems to provide important evidence that tarot cards originated from the Romans. At the same time, some scholars have pointed out that the Roma are a nomadic people who wander around and are unlikely to develop a very systematic philosophy of tarot cards. Their knowledge of tarot cards was learned from other civilizations. [Editor's paragraph] During the socialist period in Eastern Europe, due to the planned economy in Eastern European countries, there were fewer obstacles for Roma to find employment. However, after the transition to market economy in Eastern Europe, the unemployment problem of Roma became more and more serious. At present, a large number of Roma in some countries live on social welfare, but this has deepened the discrimination against Roma and created social hidden dangers. For example, when social welfare reform was carried out in Slovakia, there were riots in Roma settlements.

In June 2004, Hungary elected the first Roma member of the European Parliament, Ms. Lívia Járóka. At the same time, seven countries in Eastern Europe launched the Decade of Roma Inclusion in 2005, aiming at improving the lives of Roma.

Roma get married very early, and many women get married before they are 20.

Roman music pays attention to the use of high notes and the long-span sliding between notes. Singing is famous for its emotional richness, and Rome is also one of the main sources of the popular flamenco dance in Spain. [Edit this paragraph] Summarize that Gypsies, as a natural wandering nation, have a strong national character in their hearts. They reject other cultures and changes, and retain some romantic yearning and natural characteristics about vagrancy in their hearts. They use vagrancy to describe the history of generations, starting with birth and ending with death. Many of them live under the curse and lead a life that only their own nation can understand. This special national temperament has created music with unique characteristics. Guitar is not played and sung by one person; Bass is not jazz used to interpret the sunshine in southern Europe; The accordion is not to tell the loneliness of the snowfield; Singing will not express more helplessness and pain; What you hear is always the music played as a whole, without any part. Everyone is expressing their spirit with their enthusiasm and madness, a special temperament belonging to the gypsy nation.

Supplement:

There are about120,000 gypsies in the world, of which about10,000 are distributed in Europe. Gypsies have a unique tradition. They don't intermarry (the age of marriage is 12 ~ 13). Different countries have different gypsy "tribes". Although gypsies have a large population, like Jews in history, they live in scattered places and suffer a lot. During World War II, Hitler sent 500,000 Gypsies to concentration camps to be executed. 1979, the United Nations officially recognized the Roma as a nation. After the end of the Cold War, Gypsies in Central and Eastern Europe were severely excluded, their identity was not recognized and their survival was threatened.

Gypsies are not recognized largely because of their status. Anthropologists and linguists are debating whether Gypsies are a single nation, and it is getting worse. Ensuring that Gypsies are a single ethnic group, not a mixture of many ethnic groups, will help to ensure their legal rights. Recently, scientists from Edith Cowan University in Australia conducted a study. They selected 275 people from 14 different gypsy "tribes" as the research objects. These people have nothing to do with each other The researchers examined their Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA (mitochondria can only be inherited from their mothers, so it can effectively judge the correlation between the ancestors of the population). They contain mutant types called haplogroups. As a result, scientists found that all samples in the 14 region contained haplogroup VI-68 on the Y chromosome, accounting for 44.8% of all samples. A similar finding was found in mitochondrial DNA: 26.5% of men carried haplotype M. These people have little difference in haplotypes.

This conclusion shows that Gypsies are still a single nation, although they have different tribes. In addition, haplogroup VI-68 and haplogroup M are unique to Asians, which supports linguistic evidence. Scientists published the research results in February 20001year in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

Researchers at Edith Cowan University said that they will continue to study the singularity of Gypsies, which will prompt some countries to face up to the fact that Gypsies are a single nation. At the same time, because Gypsies are very single (they don't marry foreigners), scientists can determine the pathogenesis of some diseases by studying the genes of this "closed" nation-Gypsies are not ominous symbols, but very precious samples.

Israeli

Ancient Hebrews

Generally speaking, it refers to Jews, that is, descendants of Jacob. Jacob fought with angels at Jabbok Ferry all night, and later he changed his name to Israel (see Genesis 32: 28). In early Jewish history, the Israelites refer to 12 tribes in Israel. In 930 BC, Palestine had two independent Jewish kingdoms. The kingdom of Israel is composed of 10 tribes in the north, and its people are called Israelis, while the kingdom of Judah is called the kingdom of two tribes in the south. In 72 1 BC, the northern kingdom was destroyed by Assyria, and its people were gradually assimilated by other nationalities. Since then, Israel refers to the Jews who still maintain their national characteristics, that is, the descendants of the Kingdom of Judah. The term "modern Israelis" refers to citizens of the State of Israel and has no religious or racial meaning.

The origin of the word Israel can be found in Genesis 32: 29. Jacob, the ancestor of the Jews, led his wife and children back to their hometown after he made his fortune in a foreign land. On the way, a man suddenly wrestled with him. Jacob won. The man was indeed an angel of God, so he blessed Jacob and said, "Your name will no longer be Jacob, but Israel, because you have won the war with God and man." This is how the word Israel comes from, which means "wrestling with God". From then on, Jacob's 12 sons and their descendants were called "Israelites" or "descendants of Israel". In 936 BC, the ancient Jewish state was divided into two kingdoms, the northern kingdom was called the Kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom was called the Kingdom of Judah. In 722 BC, the northern kingdom was destroyed by Assyrians, and most of the residents of this country were exiled to distant places and finally disappeared. The southern kingdom of Judah was not conquered by the Babylonians until 586 BC. From then on, the history of Jews is actually the history of Jewish residents. So the ancient "Israelites" mainly refer to the ancient Jews from Moses to the last days of Judah.

In English, Israelis in biblical times and residents of modern Israel are two different words. Ancient Israelis used "Israel" and modern Israelis used "Israel", but they were all "Israelis" after being translated into Chinese.

Jacob's 11th son, Yue Se, was sold to Egypt as a slave by his ten jealous brothers, but later became the prime minister of Egypt. Later, due to the great famine in Canaan where Jacob and his sons lived, Yue Se moved his father and all his brothers to Egypt, and Jacob's family took root in Egypt. Hundreds of years later, the Egyptians enslaved and abused the Israelites, so the Lord called Moses to take the Israelites out of Egypt and promised to return Canaan, where their ancestors lived. Joshua, Moses' successor, conquered Canaan and distributed it to the twelve tribes of Israel. The names of the twelve tribes are as follows:

Reuben: Jacob's eldest son was born to Leah.

Simeon: Jacob's second son to Leah.

Levi: Jacob's third son was born to Leah. The uniqueness of this tribe is that it is a priest chosen by the Lord and supported by other tribes, so it does not participate in the distribution of land. Moses, who led the Israelites out of Egypt, and his brother Aaron, the high priest, belong to this school.

Judas: The fourth son of Jacob was born to Leah. According to the genealogy, Jesus came from this tribe.

Dan: The fifth son of Jacob was born to Bilhah.

Naphtali: The sixth son of Jacob was born to Bilhah.

Gad: The seventh son of Jacob was born to Zilpah.

Asher was the eighth son of Jacob, and he was born to Zilpah.

Issachar: The ninth son of Jacob, born to Leah.

Zebulun: Jacob's tenth son was born to Leah.

Yue Se: Eleven sons born to Rachel by Jacob. Although Yue Se itself is a faction, because Jacob laid his hands on Yue Se's two sons and blessed them, according to the custom at that time, Jacob adopted these two sons; Therefore, in the Old Testament, all references to Yue Se were divided into two and a half tribes of his two sons. These two and a half tribes also participated in land distribution equally with the tribes of Jacob's other ten sons (except Levi).

-Half tribe of Ephraim: the second son of Yue Se. Although he is the second son, he is usually mentioned first because Jacob put his right hand on his head, making him older than his brother Manasseh.

-Half the tribe of Manasseh: the eldest son of Yue Se.

Benjamin: The twelfth son of Jacob was born to Rachel. The apostle Paul came from this tribe.

After the demise of the northern country Israel, ten northern tribes were assimilated by foreigners and lost their identity as Israelis. Today's Jews generally refer to the descendants of the three tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi as priests of the southern kingdom of Judah.