Several problems about Chinese civilization

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Zhu Xi Zhu Xi directory [hidden]

Zhu Xizhu (1 130— 1202) was a famous philosopher, thinker, philosopher, poet, educator and writer in the Southern Song Dynasty. Han nationality, dark personality, later changed to Zhonghui, named Huian. Alias Ziyang, ancestral home in Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi), living in Jianyang (now Fujian) Chong 'an. His father Zhu Song and Song Xuanhe served as county commandant in Zhenghe County, Fujian Province, and an overseas Chinese lived in Jianyang, Chong 'an (now Fujian), and then moved to Kaoting. His father, Zhu Song, was a scholar and worked as a writer and an official. He knew Raozhou because he opposed Qin Gui's compromise, but he died before he arrived. At this time, Zhu was 14 years old. He was instructed by his father, studied under Liu Zi and others, and settled in Wulifu, Chong 'an (now Wuyishan City, Fujian Province) with his mother. 19 years old [in the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148)] took the provincial examination and Gongkao with Jianyang nationality. Chinese scholar list. During the four dynasties of Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Xiaozong, Emperor Guangzong and Emperor Ningzong, he served as the director of Nankang, the prefect of Jiangxi prison affairs, and the editor of secret cabinet. Later, recommended by Zhao Ruyu, he was promoted to waiter and lecturer of Huan. In the third year of Qingyuan (1 197), Han Tuozhou usurped power and refused Zhao Ruyu. Zhu was also dismissed and went home. Qingyuan six years, died of illness. In the second year of Jiading (1209), he wrote a letter of goodwill, wrote an obituary, found a Chinese medicine practitioner, and awarded him a bachelor's degree in Mo Bao Pavilion. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing's reign (1227), he gave it to a surname, chased lord protector, and changed his emblem to lord protector. He is the main representative of Cheng Zhu School, and his poems include Reading, Spring Day and Boating.

Zhu was a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. He inherited the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the objective idealism system. It is believed that reason is the essence of the world, "reason comes first, and qi comes later", and it is proposed that "justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed". Zhu is knowledgeable and has studied Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. His lyrics are beautiful in language and handsome in style, and there is no disease of heavy color or allusion. It can be seen that the language of many works is well thought out and more particular. However, the artistic conception of his ci is a little more rational than emotional, which is because he pays attention to the philosophical thought of Neo-Confucianism.

Zhu studied hard since childhood and determined to become a saint. Dong Li once praised him: "Being wise in the Ming Dynasty, awesome in practicing, difficult in learning, brilliant in training, naturally fleeting, profound in thinking about the entity and profound in learning". He also said that Zhu "is very diligent in learning, happy but afraid of righteousness, which is rare for our party." (Chronology (Volume 1). How difficult the official career is, he is honest and has a bright future as an official. Zhu Yisheng engaged in the study of Neo-Confucianism and strongly advocated governing the country by Neo-Confucianism, but it was not understood by those in power. Zhu is not only a famous thinker in the history of China, but also a famous educator. He devoted his life to education, tirelessly taught and lectured, and made great achievements in educational thought and practice.

[Edit this paragraph] Life story

Zhu went in and out of Buddhism and Taoism in his early years. At the age of 3 1, Dong Li, a disciple of Cheng Yi's three biographies, officially started his career and joined Confucianism, becoming an important figure in Confucianism after Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. In the second year (1 175), Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan met at the Ehu Temple in Qianshan, Shangrao, Jiangxi Province. This was a famous meeting of the Ehu Lake, and the differences between Zhu and Lu were more obvious. On the basis of "Bailudong Sinology", Zhu established Bailudong Academy, formulated "learning rules", lectured and taught. The main purpose of restoring Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) is to gain knowledge from poor management, oppose worship and practice, and respect. He inherited Cheng Zhu and developed independently, forming his own system, which was later called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. During his tenure as a local official, Zhu advocated resisting gold, loving the people and saving taxes, saving labor, limiting land merger and exploitation at high interest, and implemented some reform measures, and also participated in activities to suppress peasant uprisings. During his education, Zhu dabbled in or wrote about Confucian classics, history, literature, Buddhism, Taoism and natural science, and his works were extensive and rich.

Zhu was born in the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), a native of Youxi. Shortly after his death, his father was promoted to provincial secretary of the imperial court, but he was expelled from the imperial court for opposing peace in Qin Gui. Zhu Song returned to his hometown in Jianyang, Fujian. Zhu spent his childhood with his father in Jianyang.

According to legend, Zhu Song once asked someone to tell a fortune. The fortune teller said, "Richness is also expensive. Giving birth to a child is Confucius. " This is a fact, and I am afraid that future generations will attach importance to it. Zhu has become a great scholar. There is Nanjian House near Jianyang, which is the original spreading center of Taoism in the south. Zhu Song is very keen on Taoism and has close contacts with local Taoists. This environment had a profound impact on Zhu's life. Jianyang is the hometown of the famous "seven sages", such as Zhu, Cai,,,, You Jiuyan and Ye Weiwei. Zhu is a famous thinker, great philosopher and educator in China. He settled in Kaoting to give lectures in his later years. Students from all over the world come to study, study Neo-Confucianism and write books. Together with Cai, they founded the remarkable "Kaoting School" in academic history, which made Kaoting known as "the finch in southern Fujian" and Jianyang as "the hometown of Neo-Confucianism". Nowadays, every year around Tomb-Sweeping Day, overseas descendants of Zhu from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan will come to pay homage. His Neo-Confucianism founded in the Southern Song Dynasty is still admired by the United States, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and other countries.

Zhu was taught by his father since childhood and was brilliant. At the age of four, my father pointed to the sky and said, "This is the sky." Zhu asked, "What's in the sky?" His father was frightened. He is diligent in thinking and learning. At the age of eight, he could read the book of filial piety. He wrote an inscription in the book: "If you don't suffer like this, you won't be an adult." Zhu's father died when he was ten years old. His father's friends Liu Zi, Liu Mianzi and Hu Xian were all Taoist priests. At that time, some Taoists rejected Buddhism and some were obsessed with learning Buddhism. They all belong to the latter. Therefore, Zhu is not only keen on Taoism, but also interested in Buddhism. In the seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1 147), 18-year-old Zhu took part in rural tribute. It is said that he was admitted with the theory of Buddhism and Zen. Examiner Cai Zi also said to people: "In my next life, all three strategies want to handle important matters for the court, and the future is very special."

In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), Zhu Kao was a scholar for three years, and he was appointed as the director of Tongan County, from which he began his official career. On the way to the station, he met Dong Li, a disciple of the famous Taoist Cheng Yi. After thirty years in Shaoxing (1 160), Zhu, at the age of thirty, was determined to learn from him. To show his sincerity, he walked hundreds of miles from Chong 'an to Yanping. Dong Li admired the student very much and named him Hui Yuan. Since then, Zhu began to establish his own set of objective idealism thoughts-Neo-Confucianism.

Zhu believes that there is a standard above surrealism and super-society, which is the standard of all people's behavior, and this is "justice". Truth, goodness and beauty can only be achieved by discovering (ignorance of things) and following the laws of nature. What destroys this truth, goodness and beauty is "human desire" Therefore, he put forward "being rational and destroying human desires". This is the core of Zhu's objective idealism. In three years (1 176), Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, a famous scholar at that time, met and exchanged ideas at Ehu Temple in Shangrao, Jiangxi. However, Lu belongs to subjective idealism. He believes that truth, goodness and beauty are inherent in people's hearts, and advocates "inventing the original heart", that is, asking people to discover their inner truth, goodness and beauty and realize self-improvement. This is different from Zhu's objective idealism. Therefore, the two quarreled as a bee, taunted each other and broke up in discord. This is the famous "Goose Lake Meeting" in China's ideological history. Since then, there have been two major factions: "Neo-Confucianism" and "Mind Learning".

In the autumn of the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), the relationship between Song and Jin was tense, and Yan Liang, the gold owner, divided his forces and went south on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Song Gaozong had intended to escape from Hainan, but he gave up because of his right-hand man Chen's dissuasion. Soon, the nomads from the army were defeated, and the news reached Yanping, where Zhu was studying. Zhu was ecstatic about the country's victory and wrote a poem to express his uncontrollable joy. At the same time, I wrote to the minister in charge of military affairs, pointing out that it is unwise to attack with victory and sit back and watch the Central Plains not advance. Shortly after Emperor Gaozong abdicated, Xiao Zong succeeded to the throne. Under the pressure of military and civilian demands, Zhang Jun, an anti-Japanese faction, was used to rehabilitate Yue Fei and demote Qin Gui and party member. Zhu then played filial piety and made three suggestions:

(1) Emphasize the intellectualization of knowledge;

(2) dismissal and negotiation;

(3) appointing talents. In the memorial, he clearly expressed his opposition and proposition.

This memorial hall makes Zhu lucky to be called. He hurried to Hangzhou, just as Song Jun was defeated, and the court sent someone to make peace. Zhu still strongly opposed it, and even said a few words when Xiao Zong met him. Xiaozong felt Zhu's loyalty and ordered him to be the record. This position is not his strong suit, which is a bit ironic. Zhu took the opportunity of meeting with Zhang Jun and put forward the concrete idea of northern expedition to the Central Plains. However, Zhang Jun soon left for other places and died on the road. Zhu made a special trip to (now Nanchang) to cry and lament the frustration in resisting gold. At this time, the lords and factions in the imperial court were rampant, and nomadic people crossed the Huaihe River. Zhu was worried, but there was nothing he could do. In the first year of Longxing (1 163), Zhu returned to Chong 'an, Fujian. Before he left, he wrote in a letter to his friends: "Those who are in trouble (hinder) the restoration of the country will make peace; Those who are prepared for the routine of bad boundaries are said to be making peace; The idea of making peace attracted the loyalty of our people, at the same time rejected the hope of the old countries for the Soviet Union and sharply attacked those who made peace and surrendered.

After 1 164, he became a nephew, and the relationship was temporarily eased, so Zhu plunged into Neo-Confucianism. He built a "cold spring building" in his hometown and lived here for more than ten years, compiling a large number of Taoist books and giving lectures, which were full of students. During this period, he failed to respond to the court many times.

1 178, Zhu made a comeback and became "Zhi Nan Kang Jun". Although he has re-entered the official position, he has not forgotten his academic status. In Lushan Mountain, the former site of Li Bo's seclusion in Tang Dynasty, Bailudong Academy was established to give lectures, and a set of learning rules was formulated. Namely:

"Father and son are related, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, young and old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy".

The "learning order" of Bailudong Academy is "erudition, doubt, thinking, knowledge and faith".

"The key to self-cultivation" is "keep your word, respect your deeds, punish and complain, and change your mind".

The "importance of doing things" of "the political power does not seek its benefits, and it is not its merit to know its way".

"Don't do to others what you don't want, and don't do to others what you don't want."

This "Bailudong Academy" later became the four famous academies in China.

When spring comes, the snow will spread all over the sky first.

Sitting on seven Fujian pines and bamboos, turning pearls into jade festivals.

The Central Plains is lush, with magnificent rivers and mountains.

The prime minister has made outstanding contributions for thousands of years, which reflects the Qingming of Liu Huang.

Xijiang month

Sleeping in the wind rustles, and I feel that I have come to the bright moon in Shan Ye.

Being physically and mentally tired for a long time makes you feel refreshed.

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