Dai language

Dai language

Dai language

It belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. In China, it is mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture and Gengma and Menglian Autonomous County. The user population is about 840,000. There are two dialects with a large population and concentrated distribution: Dehong dialect is mainly distributed in dehong autonomous prefecture and Gengma, Shuangjiang, Zhenkang, Cangyuan, Menglian, Lancang, Ximeng, Jinggu, Jingdong, Baoshan, Tengchong and Changning counties; Xishuangbanna dialect is distributed in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture. Foreign countries are mainly distributed in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Dai people have pinyin characters, but they are different from place to place. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), some reforms were carried out.

Phonetics ① There are fewer initials and more finals. ② Xishuangbanna dialect (represented by Yunjinghong dialect, the same below) has 2/kloc-0 initials: P, ph, B, M, F, V, T, th, D, N, L, Yi, S, J, K, kw, Yi, xw, Yi. Dehong dialect (represented by mangshi dialect, the same below) has only 16 initials. Xishuangbanna dialect B merged into M in Dehong dialect (some dialects merged into V), D and N merged into L in Dehong dialect (some dialects are still in opposition), and kw and xw merged into K and X respectively in Dehong dialect. (3) The initials X and S of these two dialects can be freely pronounced as kh and "H" respectively; In the inland areas where the Han nationality or other nationalities live together, kh is contrary to X, H and S; ④ Xishuangbanna dialect has 9 1 vowel, and Dehong dialect has 84 vowels. Both dialects have nine basic vowels, A, I, E, ε, U, O, Ф, ш, а, all of which have a vowel ending, so there are actually 10 vowels. In some places, vowels ε and Wan have been merged into e and o respectively. ⑤ Both dialects have -i, -u, -m, -n, -Mi, -p, -t and -K, but Xishuangbanna dialect has an extra rhyme, and Dehong dialect has an extra rhyme. In addition to the above two dialects, some dialects have incomplete consonants and some dialects have only one or two nasal vowels left. ⑥ Generally, there are 6 relaxing sounds and 3 to 4 uplifting sounds. The initials of Xishuangbanna dialect are pronounced as P, T, K, Xie, B, D, Ge and J, and most parts of Dehong dialect are merged into Yang. In Mengding dialect of Dehong dialect, the tone is undifferentiated, and the tone and yangqu are merged, so there are only five kinds of Shu tones.

Grammatical word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. The word order is: the subject comes before the predicate and the object comes after the verb predicate. For example, Xishuangbanna dialect: to55xa 13 (I) tεm 13 (writing) to55 (word) tai 14 (Dai language) "I write Dai language". ② Attribute is located after the head language. For example, Xishuangbanna dialect: Mi (pot) T÷ 41(copper) "copper pot", ho4 1 (cow) hau4 1 (we) "our cow", Nam1. ③ When adverbs are used as adverbials, the positions are before and after, and negative adverbs are always before. Such as Xishuangbanna dialect: bau35 (non-) va∶n55 (sweet) "not sweet", bau35 (non-) het33 (do) "not do". There are degree adverbs and time adverbs before and after. For example, di55 (good) ti55 (good) "good", ki33 (slow) pai55 (walk) "walk slowly", su55tsau 13 (you) pai55 (walk) n55 (first) Xau55 (them) Pè da: I55. (4) Abundant auxiliary words. Such as a33 (M), a4 1 (Ya), aū(Ba), nū4 1(Ah), ja35 (Li), lε 13 (Le) and so on. They are usually located at the end of a sentence, indicating the mood of the sentence.

Vocabulary ① Most of them are monosyllabic words and disyllabic compound words, and monosyllabic simple words are rare. Most words with more than three syllables are foreign words. (2) The main construction methods of compound words are (taking Xishuangbanna dialect as an example): combination, na 13 (face) ta55 (eye) "face"; Modifiers, such as nam 1 1 (water) ta55 (eyes) "tears"; Dominant, such as Mì n55 (cushion) ho55 (head) "pillow"; Subject-predicate type, such as na 13 (face) nai33 (melt) "smile"; Additional formulas, such as ta: mi 4 1kin55 (eating) and "eating". ③ Most verbs and adjectives can be followed by syllables, indicating the shortness, rapidity or weakening of actions, or making the meaning of adjectives clearer, more vivid and more detailed. For example, Dehong dialect: suk53 "wash" -suk53sa: K53 "wash casually", ph33k1"white"-ph33K 1 1 sa: k65438. ④ The four-tone structure is very rich. Rudong dialect: ku35 (each) hūn 55 (home) ku35 (each) je55 (barn) "every household", lam53 (water) Jalu 1 1 (big) hū55 (boat) Su ū Υ ⑵ ⑵ ⑵ ⑵ ⑵]Chinese. Loanwords in early Chinese were mostly monosyllabic, such as in Dehong dialect: va∶n 1 1 "bowl" and tse3 1 "paper". Modern Chinese loanwords are mostly disyllabic words, such as koη33sa∶ Ge 55 "Factory", S σ11XUI1/Tsu 55Ji11"Socialism". Among the loanwords, Xishuangbanna dialect and Dehong dialect, especially the former, borrowed many words from Pali and Sanskrit under the influence of Hinayana Buddhist scriptures. For example, "Xin" in A-A-A-A 55xa-A 55la-A 33 and "Classic and French" in tham4 1. This is not found in the Dai dialect and other languages of the same language family that do not believe in Hinayana Buddhism. ⑦ The basic vocabulary of the two dialects in border areas and inland areas is quite different. There is little lexical difference between dialects and dialects which are distributed in frontier areas, with a large population and concentrated residence, and cognates account for 65 ~ 75%; Those who live in the mainland and use fewer people are quite different from the dialects in the border areas, accounting for 50 ~ 60% of the same origin.

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Dai language

Dai language

It belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture and some counties in the southwest and south of China. The user population is about 840,000 (1982). In addition, it is also distributed in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Xishuangbanna dialect and Dehong dialect are spoken by more people. Xishuangbanna dialect has 2 1 initials and 9 1 finals; Dehong dialect has 16 initials; 84 vowels. Each of the two dialects has six soothing tones and three promoting tones. Each vowel has nine monosyllabic vowels: A, I, E, ε, U, O, Ba, Lu, Ba. There are 82 vowels with -i, -u, -m, -n, -e, -p, -t, -k and -da in Xishuangbanna dialect. Dehong dialect has no vowel with -da, but -lu. Word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. The word order of a sentence is subject, predicate and object. Noun modifiers follow the head word. When adverbs modify verbs or adjectives, their positions are before and after, which varies with adverbs. Modal auxiliary words are abundant and usually located at the end of sentences. Monosyllabic words and disyllabic compound words account for the majority, while polysyllabic simple words are few. There are many words with four-character lattice structure. There are quite a few Chinese loanwords. Early Chinese loanwords were mostly monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese loanwords were mostly disyllabic words. Among foreign language loanwords, Xishuangbanna dialect borrowed many Pali words because of the influence of Hinayana Buddhist scriptures, which are not found in other languages of the same language family.