Fortune Telling Collection - Fortune-telling birth date - Why build the Great Wall of Wan Li?
Why build the Great Wall of Wan Li?
Subsequently, the old Great Wall built in the Qin Dynasty was restored and extended from Lintao in the west to Yumenguan in the northwest. In the early years of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, sent general Xu Da to supervise the repair and expansion of the Great Wall in order to prevent the invasion of Mongols in the north. After several generations of construction in Qin, Han and Ming dynasties, it lasted for thousands of years and created the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.
The Great Wall was built in the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Youwang's bonfire drama The Prince is the earliest allusions to the Great Wall. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period in the 7th century BC, in order to resist foreign invasion, the State of Chu first built the "Chu Fangcheng", which started the construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li recorded in the history of China. During the Warring States Period, the Great Wall was also built in Qi, Wei, Zhao, Qin, Yan, Zhongshan and other countries. Among them, Qin, Zhao and Yan are adjacent to Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people in the north. While building the Great Wall to jointly defend the vassals, they also built the "Anti-Hu Great Wall" in the north. Since then, almost all kings have strengthened and built the Great Wall. After the reunification of Qin, the Great Wall separating countries was abandoned, and the Great Wall on the northern border of Qin, Zhao and Yan was connected, expanded and repaired. For the first time, the Great Wall stretching from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east was formed, and the Great Wall of Wan Li surfaced. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for one twentieth of the country's total population at that time. The Han Dynasty continued to build the Great Wall to resist the invasion of Xiongnu in the north. From Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty to Xuan Di, a Great Wall with a total length of nearly 10,000 kilometers was built, starting from Dawaner Shicheng in the west and reaching the north bank of Yalu River in the east. At that time, there was no machinery, all the labor was done by manpower, and the working environment was very difficult, with mountains and cliffs. The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with a history of more than 2,000 years. Today's Wan Li Great Wall refers to the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "interior wall" starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, enters Hebei at Yanmenguan and Xing Ping in the east, then goes to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan, and then reaches Huairou No.4 Pass from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, generally showing a north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are as many as 24 "heavy cities" around Yanmenguan.
According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. China, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers.
Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. During the Warring States Period, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China changed from a slave society to a feudal society, and the exchanges and integration with the cultures of Qin, Chu and Wu and Yue became increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia, mainly Huns, gradually became stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. There are Yiqu and Xiongnu in northern Qin; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. There is East Lake in the northern boundary of Yan State. Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the middle of the Warring States period, the fighting troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Nature can't stop the attack and plunder of Xiongnu and Donghu people. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.
Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.
Zhao Wuling began to reform the military system in the nineteenth year (the first 307 years) and was riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling traveled west to the lakeside and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin surrendered his horse before returning home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.
Yan State is the weakest of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but East Lake was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "
To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to prevent the Xiongnu, Donghu and other ethnic groups from looting and killing.
South Great Wall
The Great Wall of the South, represented by Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan countries, gradually faded out of our memory with the passage of time.
1. Chu Great Wall
30 years ago, the Great Wall of Chu was built in Chu Huaiwang, and it was called "Fangcheng" at that time. Its location should be Biyang, Henan, to Yexian in the north, and to Zhushan County, Hubei Province through the northeast of Neixiang, in order to defend against the attacks of neighboring countries.
2. Great Wall of Qi State
The Great Wall of Qi is extended by connecting mountains with dams. Located in the south of Qi, it starts from the northeast of Pingyin County, Shandong Province in the west and enters the sea in Dazhu Shandong, south of jiaozhou city. Its structure is mainly soil and stone.
3. Sun Yat-sen's Great Wall
The Great Wall of Zhongshan was built to resist the invasion of Zhao and Jin in southwest China. It was built in Zhao Chenghou for six years (369 BC). Its location is in the area where Hebei and Shanxi meet today.
4. Wei Changcheng
Wei has two Great Walls: one is the Northwest Great Wall against Qin and Rong (Hexi Great Wall), and the other is the South Great Wall (Henan Great Wall). When Wei Huiwang was in power, it started from Xiangyuan Cave at the northern foot of Huashan Mountain in hua county, Shaanxi Province in the west, and went to Guyang, Inner Mongolia in the south, expanding the Luoshui levee in the west and building the Great Wall in Hexi. In his later years, Wei Huiwang built the South Great Wall to protect the girders of the capital, passing through Yuanyang County, Henan Province, and turning to Xinmi City in the southeast and west.
5. The Great Wall of Korea
The Great Wall was originally built by Zheng, but was destroyed by North Korea, and continues to be built and used.
To sum up, Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan built the Great Wall in the south to resist the attacks of other vassal states.
In the early Han Dynasty, Huns crossed the Great Wall built by Qin and Meng Tian in the Central Plains War, and the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was the boundary with Han. Due to the disrepair of the Great Wall and the scarcity of defenders in the north, the powerful Xiongnu continued to plunder the Great Wall and went deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shang Jun and Beidi counties. Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi were forced to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. Marry a princess to be E Shi (queen) for Khan and give him a lot of wealth. However, even this dilapidated Great Wall has played a role in military defense to a certain extent. If it weren't for the Xiongnu army, it would be impossible to enter the Great Wall and plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even with the Xiongnu army, they can't enter the Great Wall. Like Li Guang, Cheng Wu is also a famous Great Wall Guardian. He was very strict in running the army and was always on guard against the Huns' surprise attack, which also showed that the Great Wall of the Warring States period played a certain role. Later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, GongSunHe, Gong and others attacked the Huns, all of which were based on Zhao and Qin Changcheng. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period was still playing a military defense role, although its defense ability was much worse than that in the Warring States period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei, restored the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall that the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was abandoned and the military defense function ended.
The Great Wall restored in Ming Dynasty was jointly built by Ming Great Wall and Zhang's subordinate Qi Jiguang. The Great Wall of Qin Dynasty was in ruins.
But the Great Wall built in Qi Jiguang includes Nanshanling Great Wall and Badaling Great Wall.
Construction (for the implementation of Zhang's "One Whip Method")
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty ordered that the Great Wall should never be built. Up to now, few emperors have built the Great Wall on a large scale.
The sidewall of the Great Wall Mudanjiang in Tang Dynasty was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.
In 2007, the State Council officially listed the third section of Mudanjiang side wall of China Great Wall Site as a part of China Great Wall Resources Survey Project, which means that Mudanjiang side wall, known as "Tang Great Wall", is the first project in Mudanjiang City and even Heilongjiang Province to be included in the World Cultural Heritage List.
Mudanjiang side wall is a defense system built to defend the northern blackwater in Bohai period, and it is a military defense project with the same nature as China Great Wall. After investigation, the side wall of Mudanjiang is about 100 km long and consists of three sections. A 50-kilometer-long section of the city wall near Mudanjiang is located in the first line of Sandaoguan. It starts from Jiangxi village, the main peak of Xigou Beishan in the east, winds to the northwest and ends at the north slope of Xidazi. The second section of Mudanjiang side wall is 30 kilometers long, located in the east section of Ning 'an River. It starts from the right bank of Mudanjiang at the turning point of Ning 'an Town, turns to the southeast and continues to develop, ending at the east side of Ning 'an Seed Farm. The third section of Mudanjiang side wall, with a total length of 20 kilometers, is located in Jingbo Lake, starting from the lake on the other side of the city wall, crossing the lakeside mountain, passing through the 20 1 national highway, and developing to the southeast on the southeast mountain of Jiangshan Jiao Forest Farm.
It is reported that Mudanjiang sidewall was approved and announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 2006. Since 2008, Mudanjiang Cultural Relics Management Station has organized a professional team of cultural relics protection to conduct a more in-depth investigation on the third section of Mudanjiang side wall to further understand the specific length of Mudanjiang side wall.
20 1 1 1 year1October 6th, the Mudanjiang side wall, which enjoys the reputation of "the Great Wall of the Tang Dynasty", like Qin Changcheng, was officially listed in the Great Wall of China. World culture is the oldest existing Great Wall in China and the world, with many passages or relics preserved, and the original length is over 1000 km.
Regarding the Great Wall of Qi, the earliest date is 555 BC (twenty-seven years). In Zuo Zhuan, it is recorded: "The marquis of Jin cut Qi, and ... the marquis of Qi ruled Pingyin and cut the door to keep it." This is a fortification built by Qi in Pingyin, and this defensive gate has always been an important pass of the Great Wall of Qi. "Historical Records of the Chu Family Justice" quoted Miracle as saying, "Qi Xuanwang climbed the Great Wall, stretching to the sea in the east and Jeju in the west for more than a thousand miles to prepare for Chu." The construction record is clearer. It probably began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and was completed in Qi Weiwang and beyond. The Great Wall of Qi starts from Changqing District of Jinan in the west and ends in Huangdao Economic Development Zone of Qingdao in the east, spanning Shandong Peninsula.
The Great Wall of Qi and the Great Wall of Chu built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest Great Walls in China and the world. Among them, the Great Wall has a history of more than 2,500 years. The Great Wall of Qi was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which lasted more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 50 million meters. The Great Wall of Wan Li that we refer to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Jiayuguan, Gansu, China in the west and reaching Yalu River, Liaoning in the northeast of China in the east, with a total length of 6.35 million meters.
According to Records of the Historian Biography of Xiongnu, Yan also built the Great Wall, from Yang to Xiangping. The Yan Great Wall in Liaoning passes through beipiao city, Fuxin and Zhangwu counties and reaches Faku County in Shenyang. In 2008, four beacon towers during the Warring States and Han Dynasties were discovered in Gaokan Town, Shenyang, which was the earliest discovered site of the Great Wall of Yan.
Early in Yumen City, 2400 meters of the early Great Wall wall and 4 beacon towers were found.
The Great Wall is a miracle created by working people in ancient China. Since Qin Shihuang, building the Great Wall has been a big project. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for 1/20 of the national population! At that time, there was no machinery, except for animals that could climb mountains, such as donkeys and goats. The working environment was steep mountains and steep cliffs. It is conceivable that this huge project could not be completed without a large number of people working hard.
According to a rough estimate, the number of the Great Wall in Wan Li only existed in the Ming Dynasty. If a wall with a thickness of 1 m and a height of 5 meters is made of masonry and earthwork, it can surround the earth for more than one week. If it is used to pave a road with a width of 5 meters and a thickness of 35 centimeters, it can circle the earth three or four times. If you count the total 10 Wan Li built in past dynasties, this long wall can go around the earth for more than ten times, and this road can go around the earth for thirty or forty times.
Construction reason
Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. During the Warring States Period, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China changed from a slave society to a feudal society, and the exchanges and integration with the cultures of Qin, Chu and Wu and Yue became increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the grasslands in northern Shaanxi, northwestern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia
The first Xiongguan in the world: the ethnic minorities in Juyongguan Great Wall, mainly Huns, have also become stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin, there are Yiqu and Xiongnu in the north; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. There is East Lake in the northern boundary of Yan State. Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the mid-Warring States period, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the Huns and Donghu people from attacking and plundering. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.
Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.
Zhao Wuling began to reform the military system in the nineteenth year (the first 307 years) and was riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling traveled west to the lakeside and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin surrendered his horse before returning home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.
Yan State is the weakest of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but East Lake was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "
To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to prevent the Xiongnu, Donghu and other ethnic groups from looting and killing.
Wan Li Great Wall-Nature Overview
The Great Wall is an ancient defense project with the longest construction time and the largest engineering quantity in China and even in the world. Since the 7th-8th century BC, it has been built continuously for more than 2,000 years, distributed on the vast land in the north and middle of China, with a total length of more than 50,000 kilometers, which is called "Wan Li with more than 2,000 years up and down, vertical and horizontal 10". Such a huge project is unique not only in China, but also in the world, so it was listed as one of the seven wonders of the Middle Ages with the Colosseum and the Leaning Tower of Pisa hundreds of years ago. The history of building the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty in the 9th century BC, in order to defend against the attack of nomadic people in the north. Once built a continuous arrangement of castles "Fierce City" as a defense. In the 7th and 8th centuries BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to compete for hegemony and defend each other, governors of various countries built the Great Wall on their own borders according to their own defense needs. In the 7th century BC, the Great Wall of Chu was first built, and then the vassal states of Qi, Han, Wei, Zhao, Yan, Qin and Zhongshan also built the Great Wall to protect themselves. At this time, the Great Wall is characterized by different directions in the east, south, west and north, and its length is short, ranging from several hundred kilometers to 1000 ~ 2000 kilometers. Historians call it "the Great Wall of Pre-Qin Dynasty" to distinguish it from the Great Wall of Wan Li built by Qin Shihuang later. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang destroyed the governors of six countries and unified the world, ending the disputes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and completing the great cause of the first feudal centralized and unified country in the history of China. In order to consolidate the security of the unified empire and the stability of production, and to resist the invasion of slave owners of the powerful Xiongnu nomadic people in the north, the Great Wall was overhauled. In addition to using the original foundation of the Northern Great Wall in Yan, Zhao and Qin Dynasties, it was built and expanded in many places, "Taoshui in the west and Liaodong in the east, winding for more than 10,000 miles", thus obtaining the title of Wan Li Great Wall. Since Qin Shihuang, almost all dynasties that ruled the Central Plains have built the Great Wall. There are more than ten dynasties such as Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, all of which built the Great Wall of different scales, among which the Great Wall of Han, Jin and Ming dynasties was the largest, reaching 5000 kilometers 10000. Their status is different. Judging from the ruling nationalities who built the Great Wall, besides the Han nationality, many dynasties in which ethnic minorities ruled China also built the Great Wall, and there were more than those ruled by the Han nationality. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, although the large-scale construction of the Great Wall was stopped, it was later built in some places. It can be said that the construction of the Great Wall has never stopped for more than two thousand years from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qing Dynasty. The defense engineering system of the Great Wall spans the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is not just a single city wall, but a complete defense engineering system composed of various fortifications, such as the city wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo and Zhencheng beacon tower. This national defense engineering system is commanded and controlled by military command systems at all levels. Taking the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty as an example, nine military jurisdictions, Liaodong, Yuji, Fu Xuan, Datong, Shaanxi, Yulin, Ningxia, Guyuan and Gansu, were set up on the defense line of the Great Wall in Wan Li to defend and repair the Great Wall with a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, which was called "Nine Borders Town". Each town has a company commander as the military chief of this section of the Great Wall, under the command of the Ministry of War. The defensive forces along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty were about 1 10,000 people. The company commanders are generally stationed in the town, while other officials at all levels are stationed in health centers, city camps, Guancheng and enemy towers and piers on the city walls. The defense engineering building of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than two thousand years. First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summed up the test of "blocking the road because of dangerous terrain". This principle has been followed for more than two thousand years and has become an important basis for military deployment. Based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", many structural methods have been created. There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also used, which is called "ingenuity". In today's Yumenguan, Yangguan, Xinjiang and other places in Gansu Province, this section of the Great Wall remains in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago.
city wall
The Great Wall is the main part of this defense project. It is built on steep mountains or plains, and it is built according to the needs of topography and defense function. Built in plains or passes, they are very high and strong, but they are relatively low and narrow in steep mountainous areas, in order to save manpower and cost. Even some of them can't be built in the steepest place, and the methods of "cliff" and "chopping gable" are conveniently adopted. The walls of Juyongguan, Badaling and the Great Wall in Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other areas have a building wall on the top of the wall, which is more than one meter high to prevent patrol soldiers from falling. Outside is the crib wall, about 2 meters high. The upper part of the stack wall is provided with a lookout, and the lower part is provided with a shooting hole and a rolling stone hole, which are used for observing the enemy situation and shooting rolling stones. On the top of some important city walls, there are also layers of barriers to resist the enemies who boarded the city walls, just in case. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, when the famous anti-Japanese star Qi Jiguang was transferred to Yuji Town as the company commander, the fortifications of the Great Wall were greatly improved, and enemy towers or platforms were set at the top of the wall to accommodate patrol soldiers and store weapons, food and socks, which greatly strengthened the defensive function of the Great Wall.
Guancheng
Guancheng is the most concentrated defensive stronghold on the defense line of Wan Li Great Wall. The position of Guancheng is very important, and it is chosen in a favorable defensive terrain, so that it can receive the effect of resisting powerful invaders with very few troops. The ancient name "one person is above ten thousand people" vividly illustrates the importance of managing the city. Guancheng along the Great Wall is large and small, with a large number. As far as the Guancheng of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty is concerned, there are nearly 1,000 Shanhaiguan, Huangyaguan, Juyongguan, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, Pingxingguan, Yanmenguan, Pianguan, Jiayuguan, Yangguan and Yumenguan in the Han Dynasty. There are many small passes near some Daguancheng. For example, there are more than a dozen Xiaoguancheng near Shanhaiguan, which together constitute the defense engineering architecture system of the Great Wall of Wan Li. Some important passes have several lines of defense, such as Juyongguan, Nanguan, Beiguan and Shangguan. Badaling, the north entrance, is the most important outpost of Juyongguan.
beacon tower
The beacon tower is one of the most important components of the Wan Li Great Wall defense project. Its function is to serve as a facility for transmitting military information. Beacon, a tool for transmitting information, has existed for a long time. After the completion of the Great Wall, it was well used and gradually improved, which became the best way to transmit military information in ancient times. The way to spread is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sun is very strong during the day and the fire is not easy to see, and it can be seen far away at night. This is a very scientific and fast way of information transmission. In order to report the number of invading enemy soldiers, the number of smoke and fire is used to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes and torches was also increased, so as to enhance the effect of alarm and make military information transmit thousands of miles in an instant. In the absence of telephone and radio communication in ancient times, this method of transmitting military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of the beacon tower is also very important. It is important to arrange it in a place where mountains are dangerous, or where peaks turn, and it must be that all three stations can see each other for easy viewing and transmission. Beacon Tower used to be called Pavilion, Pavilion Tunnel and Beacon Tower in Han Dynasty, and Yandun in Ming Dynasty. In addition to transmitting military information, it also protects the safety of diplomatic envoys, provides accommodation, supplies horses and other services. In some sections of the Great Wall, there are only beacon towers and pavilions without walls, which shows the importance of beacon towers in the Great Wall defense system.
Wan Li Great Wall-The Value of the Great Wall
Public value
Building the Great Wall is an important experience, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons or at the bend of the river. Or places that will pass by, in order to control the danger, save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building city walls, it is more important to make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan and Badaling Great Wall are built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the wall, but they are very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.
Historical and practical value
The Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period has important historical value. First of all, it shows that only by building the Great Wall and increasing a certain number of troops can we limit the rapid mobility of nomadic people and prevent the lightning attack of nomadic cavalry in the north. Without the Great Wall, even with a large number of infantry and cavalry, it is still impossible to defend. The historical facts of the Warring States period proved this point. Because the Great Wall was an effective military defense project, it was later adopted by Qin Shihuang. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty expelled Xiongnu to Mobei, he ordered the construction of a new Great Wall immediately.
Secondly, the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period is quite scientific. It was basically built by taking advantage of the dangerous situation of mountains and rivers. Build tall and thick walls in mountain passes and plains to cut off the entrance and exit of Xiongnu and East Lake cavalry. In addition to the Great Wall, beacon towers have been built at the commanding heights inside and outside, which are used to detect the enemy's situation, deliver news and prepare the defenders on the Great Wall. Barricades will be built at traffic intersections and valleys, and the garrison will strengthen the defense capability of the Great Wall. Within the Great Wall, large cities with garrisons will be built at regular intervals, and communication networks will be set up to deliver news quickly, and unified command and mutual support will be carried out. The Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms and its supporting buildings, such as beacon towers, barriers and city walls, constitute a complete military defense system. This military defense system is scientific and effective. It provides a model for later military defense projects. Although the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian is newly built, it is obvious that he designed it on the basis of referring to the Great Wall buildings of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period, and at the same time, he learned from each other's strong points. For example, he uses mountains and rivers to build cities and obstacles because they are dangerous. He built the Great Wall on a high mountain, making use of ridges and peaks as much as possible, making it impossible for tarquin to cross it. Try to use the river as a barrier, and try to build the Great Wall to the north of the river so that the enemy can't get water. On the hills and plains, people build tall city walls or use soil.
The Best Guancheng on the Great Wall: Jiayuguan
The best city on the Great Wall: Jiayuguan is built with stone clips or rammed earth, which connects all parts of the Great Wall into a magnificent dragon, separating the north from the south. Compared with the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms, the beacon tower in Qin Changcheng has been improved. They are all built on the open hills outside the Great Wall. According to the terrain, there is one in every 10, 20 and 30 miles. The barrier city has also been improved, and two barrier cities, north and south, have been built at traffic intersections or taniguchi. The cities where large troops are stationed are all built to the south of the Great Wall and are closely connected with it. It can be said that Qin Changcheng's highly scientific architectural system is the inheritance and development of the Great Wall architectural system of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period. Finally, the historical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States not only shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation more than 2,200 years ago, but also shows the high wisdom, indomitable spirit, superb military scientific level and high scientific culture of the people of China at that time.
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