Man and History in Yu Qiu

1. Yu Profile Yu Qiu, 1946, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang, is a famous aesthete and writer in Chinese mainland, and graduated from the Department of Drama and Literature of Shanghai Theatre Academy.

He was awarded the title of "National Outstanding Contribution Expert" and served as a professor in several universities. In fact, it is difficult to talk about Yu's position in China's cultural circle.

This China aesthetician, who is famous for "Cultural Journey" and "Notes on Mountain Residence", is praised by critics as writing prose with his left hand, which is not superficial, and it is not difficult to understand that writing artistic theory with his right hand. He has served as president and professor of Shanghai Theatre Academy and vice chairman of Shanghai Dramatists Association.

1962 began to publish works. He has published many monographs on history at home and abroad, and won the honorary titles of "National Outstanding Contribution Expert" and "Top Ten Higher Education Elite in Shanghai".

In recent years, after teaching and academic research, the prose collection "Cultural Journey" has won the Shanghai Excellent Achievement Award in Literature and Art, the Best Book Award of Taiwan Province United Daily News and the first prize of Shanghai Publishing. Yu's artistic theory work "Historical Draft of Drama Theory" won the first National Drama Theory Works Award in the second year after its publication, and won the first prize of the National Excellent Textbook of the Ministry of Culture ten years later. Aesthetic Psychology of Drama won the Shanghai Prize for Works of Philosophy and Social Sciences.

Won the Platinum Writer Award of Taiwan Province Province in 2002 for "Boundless Passers-by". Take his "cultural journey" as an example. Among them, there is only 2,500 words of "Hidden Springs in the Sand Garden", which is purely a lyric prose of mountains and rivers, but picturesque.

The main content of this article is the process and feelings of the author climbing the sand mountain alone in the desert land of Dunhuang County, and then enjoying a bay of clear water down the mountain. In the article, Yu described the beauty of the sand mountain like this: "Light and shadow are separated by the straightest lines, and gold and indigo are pure and mottled, as if they had been screened by a huge sieve.

The wind day and night shapes the ridges and slopes into waves, which are extremely gentle waves without a ripple ... "In the works of aestheticians and writers," light ","shadow "and" line "are no longer purely theoretical and lifeless words, but words that can perceive the author's heart. As for Yu's works of artistic theory, they are also highly valued and respected by academic circles.

For example, in 1983, he published "Historical Draft of Drama Theory", which is Chinese mainland's first historical work comprehensively expounding the cultural development and drama thoughts of all countries in the world from ancient times to the present. In the second year after publication, he won the first national prize for works on drama theory in Beijing, and the first national prize for excellent teaching materials in Beijing Ministry of Culture ten years later, while another book published the first prize for works on drama aesthetics in Chinese mainland on 1985. 10 years later, he won the first prize of the National Excellent Textbook of Beijing Ministry of Culture, and another book published Chinese mainland's first drama aesthetic work "Drama Aesthetic Psychology" on 1985, and won the Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Works Award the following year. Its scholarship can be glimpsed.

Autumn rain works: 1. Historical manuscripts of drama theory II.

Aesthetic psychology of drama: a history of drama culture iv. Artistic creation project 5.

Cultural journey. Shanju Notes 7.

Frost and cold river 8. A thousand years sigh 9.

Boundless travelers 10. Where is the flute? 1 1.

Lend me a lifetime.

2. Yu's "nothing" is no longer an "old friend", and China has come out of the bitter years.

Culture is not only a simple culture, but also a symbol to tell the world what China is. The sunshine of culture is lonely. Here, we bid farewell to the wandering officials and the ruins of China. Just like sunshine, we silently tell people that there is still a hedged sunshine in China, and there are only a few faint rays of sunshine in the sunshine of culture forever, so it turns over from page to page. Such a profound culture, such a deep burial? Mr. Yu can't help but lament the great poet Wang Wei's style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, in this tragic place; Yuanmingyuan was burned by fire, and no one accompanied him except those mounds.

"Go home, a cold-blooded literati, to pity the culture. China culture.

Mr. Yu paced and sighed? Perhaps it is the ruins of culture, lamenting alone in the cold wind, leaving a long epic. This is a military shrine, and there are no people coming out of Yangguan in the west. Thousands of years of culture have been preserved in the world, not only the quiet terracotta warriors and horses, but also the winding Great Wall and several caves, all of which contain thousands of years of history and culture.

It is a level with sadness and silence; The "things" in the Mogao grottoes are transported by cars ... in exchange for opium, devil's hands, war and despair. Fortunately, withered reeds are swaying, and those mounds lament lonely; How many books do we have just to look at those mounds?

However, who came to this checkpoint leading to the western regions? Yu Xiansheng bid farewell to Mogao Grottoes. It was his love and pity for China culture, but he fell into heavy snow in the long river of history.

Epang Palace was destroyed, but it was completely washed away by the long river of history. So many people.

It's snowing heavily, and it's difficult to get to Yangguan in the vast desert. It is not an old friend who is sent away, but a philosophical thought that has been passed down through the ages but destroyed by suffering; How many people are there! We Chinese culture, but this Millennium civilization, may be the people who feel the cultural ruins. The biting north wind is blowing violently, and dust is flying all over the sky.

At this time, "persuasion" is no longer a "monarch", but the ruins of Yangguan, which is the culture of China. But who remembers how many paintings we have? Bimona Lisa has been gorgeous, persistent and beautiful for many years; How many things have we had; China, who shocked the world and moved Gankun! Who knows that the ruins of Chinese culture are still sleeping, waiting for us to wipe away the heavy snow ... "There is no reason to persuade you to drink more, but to express your inner realm in a lingering and elegant way-to persuade you to drink more, and there is no reason to go out to Yangguan." It's getting late in the history of Yangguan.

I'm afraid it will snow again. "Mr. Yu sighed helplessly.

Sunshine is no longer sunshine, and heavy snow is no longer heavy snow. It's China culture, a forgotten burial. China culture.

It is not "a glass of wine" that is "exhausted". This "drifter" is so deeply in love with the ruins of China culture.

Once brilliant, once brilliant, people who forget China culture will eventually become ruins and wasteland? No, it should be countless, but don't be buried by heavy snow. There are countless graves here.

What he saw was a great and sacred ruin, and here was a bloody battlefield; How many buildings have we mentioned in Yangguan? Many people are familiar with that famous saying-advise you to drink more wine, or perhaps continue the sad journey of culture after feeling the ruins of culture. The heavy snow in Yangguan roared again, and the cry of culture began to linger.

Who is crying here?

3. Cultural strangers read the answers and complete 1~4 questions. (12)

Pen and ink sacrifice

Yu

① Calligraphy art is a kind of formal beauty in general, and its relationship with personality is tortuous and complicated. Many weak literati have strange pen and ink, but the handwriting of battlefield warriors may not have the spirit of war.

(2) China's traditional literati has been facing the wall for ten years, reading widely, traveling in Wan Li, and their official career has been ups and downs. Their cultural personality is almost a chaotic secret instrument, which is not easy to pry. That is, people like Qin Gui and Cai Jing, whose cultural personality is far more ambiguous than their political personality, will add several layers of different clouds when their cultural personality is reflected in the form of calligraphy.

(3) Zhao Meng, who is despised by Fu Qingzhu, does have the disadvantages of sweetness and charm in his calligraphy, but there are many predecessors in sweetness and charm. Bao, a calligraphy theorist in Qing Dynasty, said that when he saw a piece of ink, at first glance, it was all there, but on closer inspection, it was too pure to be true. Zhao Meng studied Li Beihai and the South King of Chu River. Without the trace of these masters, Zhao Meng has only one glyph, which is obviously false.

(4) This argument is really wonderful. A complex literati like Zhao Meng can only be the result of the intersection and integration of multiple personality structures; They have merged and melted into an outstanding and independent group, but they can still find their veins one by one and identify them in the ink. This phenomenon is contrary to what people usually say when they talk about art, that is, "integrating the achievements of a hundred schools of thought without leaving traces". Here, an important feature of China culture is revealed.

⑤ There are also cases of "melting a hundred schools without leaving a trace", mainly in the early stage of starting a business. Wang Xizhi, for example, carefully studied Mrs Wei's calligraphy, later praised Zhong You and Zhang Zhi, and pondered many other monuments since Qin and Han Dynasties. He claimed that the clock was not as good as it was, and finally he reached the peak of calligraphy that attracted worldwide attention. It is not easy to identify the traces of calligraphers of past dynasties that Wang Xizhi used for reference in his running script. However, when the peak was erected, it became a legacy that later calligraphers had to inherit. Once again, the inheritors reached the peak, and the inheritance accumulated into a deep and overlapping maze, which made generations of children extremely rich. Even if they tried to innovate, they could not get rid of the blood relationship. Su Dongpo dared to innovate independently, and Weng Fanggang saw through it at a glance in the Qing Dynasty, saying that Su's best character was the kind with the taste of being a sage. Even Su Dongpo couldn't escape the distant generation of the second king, Seo Woo.

This is the admirable and deplorable culture of China. It can't be said that there is no independent personality at all, but the traditional magnetic field controls the whole situation very tightly, and even the strong cultural personality is restored layer by layer in the network implicated before and after. Cultural personality, which should have a loud voice, tends to infiltrate and dissipate in groups. Infiltration in space becomes a kind of social identity, and infiltration in time becomes a stereotype of inheritance. Individual personality is struggling under the pull of these two forces. The unfolding of life is more or less influenced by group emotions, and the upright soul is gradually bent by gorgeous burdens. You see, just a brush is loaded with the helplessness of a thousand-year-old scholar.

1. There is a sentence in the second paragraph that "the swallowing of cultural personality is almost a secret tool of chaos". What are the specific meanings of "spitting" and "receiving" in connection with the full text? (4 points)

2. Paragraph (4) begins: "This argument is really brilliant." What does "this paper" mean? (2 points)

Try to make a brief summary of the fifth paragraph. (2 points)

4. The following two items that are incorrect in understanding and analyzing this article are () (4 points)

A. The "China culture" mentioned in this article not only refers to the art of calligraphy, but also includes other cultures and arts.

B. Book and personality are not completely consistent, and their relationship is tortuous and complicated.

C Fu Qingzhu thinks that Zhao Meng's calligraphy has the disadvantages of sweet words and flattery, but it also embodies the demeanor of many predecessors.

D. The last paragraph says: "The upright soul is gradually bent by the gorgeous burden." Among them, "gorgeous baggage" is a metaphor for excellent traditional culture.

E in this article, the author aims to explain that under the influence of society and traditional habits, although personality has not completely disappeared, it is very difficult to maintain it.

Answer:

1, "spit" means: forming personality and style on the basis of absorption; "Na" means absorbing excellent cultural traditions. (analysis: this question is difficult and needs to be answered from the perspective of the full text. Find out which are examples and which are discourses, and then summarize them according to the discourses. 65438+ 0 for each item)

2. Too pure Zhao Meng can't be Zhao Meng. If what you mean is correct, you can score. Analysis: "Ben Lun" refers to the opinion of Bao, a calligraphy theorist in Qing Dynasty mentioned above, as long as it is briefly summarized. )

3. After the calligrapher's turnaround, (1 min) children and grandchildren can't get rid of the relationship when they try to innovate. (1) (Analysis: This is the ability to examine and summarize information. One of the main meanings of this passage is to talk about the inheritance and innovation of calligraphy, focusing on the difficulty of innovation, and then summarizing it according to the semantics of the original text. )

4, CE (analysis: item C "also precipitated the demeanor of many predecessors" is not what Fu Qingzhu thought; Item e "personality" is not understood correctly. The "personality" in this paper refers to the personality of China culture. )

4. What is the dramatic effect of Yu Historical Prose? Fictitious features; Elegant contemporary literary world, when it comes to prose, we can't help talking about Yu.

Yu's essays, such as Cultural Journey, Fragments of Civilization and Yu Qiu Prose, were warmly welcomed by readers after they were published. It is said that his Cultural Journey was reprinted 1 1 times a year in Taiwan Province Province, which shows the charm of his prose.

Yu's uniqueness lies in that he broke the shackles of traditional prose, created a new cultural prose combining meaning and thinking, sought the meaning of China culture and the true meaning of life, and explored the great connotation of China culture and the personality composition of China literati. This paper attempts to make some preliminary discussions on its artistic characteristics and practical significance.

1. The main content of Yu's historical and cultural prose Yu's prose began to "mention something important", and in a series of "cultural prose", Yu always carried out a distinct theme: tracing back, thinking and asking questions about China's history and China's culture. The history of a nation is the spiritual wealth of this nation and the "precipitation" of positive and negative factors in its national characteristics.

History is a ladder to the future. If you forget history, you will lose your foothold in the future. Therefore, at this specific moment in the early 1990s, Yu took "history" as the core material of his own thinking, and made a hard rumination on history, taking a reinterpretation of history as the first step to rebuild a new civilization.

Yu creatively found the intersection of history and literature, built a bridge between cultural scholars and the public, and carried out an ideological gallop full of epoch-making significance between history and reality, reality and ideal. Ms. Wang commented that Mr. Yu, as a literary theorist, cultural historian and writer, with his profound knowledge of literature and history, rich cultural perception and artistic expression, and with the help of prose as a humanistic carrier, revealed the great connotation of China culture magnificently. In the profound culture of China and the ancient and mysterious history of China, he made the most profound and chic crossing.

Yu's prose "explains in simple terms, tells big problems and profound truths with short length and simple words", which is a great deal. Yes, after reading every article, I seem to see a historical philosopher, thoughtfully trudging through the mountains, rivers, ruins and towns of nature. We also tasted history and experienced culture with this philosopher, and let the wind of the Tang and Song Dynasties blow all over the sentimental and fragile hearts.

Second, the artistic characteristics of Yu's cultural prose Yu's first collection of essays, Cultural Journey, was deeply moved by the author's profound cultural heritage. His imagination and understanding of history and culture for thousands of years have also left Yu a place in the cultural history of China, and then he came into contact with his other works, such as Notes on Mountain Living, which is a history lesson, and Cold River in first frost, which is human. I always want to write something after reading it, but I have been afraid to write it, for fear that my views are too superficial and even fall into the stereotype.

When I talked about writing style last class, I still remembered Yu, and referred to many comments about Yu's writing style to supplement my humble opinion. The writing style of Yu Yu's prose also has a lot of reference significance for our writing.

At present, the literary world is full of mud and sand, which is more and more worrying. Yu's unique writing style has opened up a new style of prose. "Yu Yu Qiu connected China's traditional cultural artistic conception with modern consciousness, which emerged in the form of reverse operation, presenting readers with a new reading text and inspiring their new aesthetic taste." Generally speaking, on the one hand, he is magnificent and unrestrained, which makes readers admire and yearn for nature with emotion, and sometimes he is deeply indignant at history; On the other hand, he sang three sighs and turned back step by step. His low tone and sad atmosphere make us think about history, nature and life again and again.

As an essayist with a strong sense of culture and history, although he walks in a hurry, he can often get a glimpse of the past and the present, dig out profound connotations from dusty historical materials and plain landscapes, and then communicate history with reality and integrate philosophy with image. Therefore, on the premise of summing up, we will focus on his language characteristics, expression and other details.

(A) the originality of literary language 1. Stripping off decoration and revealing the external decoration of natural language has always been the theme of Yu's early academic works. It can be said that it is an experiment that he challenged the dullness of academic discourse, which can be seen in China's drama cultural history and artistic creation project. However, when he wrote prose, he entered the most authentic language state.

People read the first sentence of "Cultural Journey": "There is a river outside the Mogao Grottoes, and there is a clearing across the river ..." It is so simple that people's eyes are bright. Why pay attention to color when writing academic works, but wash color when writing essays? Because from academic to prose, that is, taking off your coat and entering the natural state of life, the simpler you are, the more you can show your true beauty.

There are a lot of signals between words, which proves that he is good at engraving and can engrave beautifully, but he gave up this engraving and deliberately pursued "empty and colorless" and "true water is not fragrant". For example, Zhang Ailing wrote a sentence when she was young: "The room is buried with the peace of gold dust and gold gauze, and it is windy and rainy outside, and today is everywhere." I think Mr. Yu will like it, but he won't write like this. He thinks it's too elaborate.

In addition to peeling off the color decoration, he also doesn't like the decoration of "breath". His writing style has neither fame nor fighting spirit, nor rusticity and garden flavor, nor Tongcheng flavor, crescent moon flavor and Harvard flavor, nor does he pursue Beijing flavor, Sichuan flavor and Great Wall flavor.

He makes all smells return to the content, and only makes language become the daily emotional discourse of contemporary China cultural people, and then carries different contents. This is a kind of abandonment, even a sacrifice, but his silent and colorless language has entered a barrier-free state, with almost unlimited possibilities.

I think.

5. What kind of person is Yu in Cultural Journey? He is a rigorous scholar, a romantic traveler, a lonely wanderer and an artist.

Cultural Journey is the work of Professor Yu during his lectures and research at home and abroad in 1980s. It is a series of essays based on the investigation and thinking of domestic and foreign cultures, combined with my own life experience and deep understanding of society, history and culture. This is his first collection of cultural essays and his masterpiece.

This book describes the spiritual entanglements of a generation of China people through the natural scenery of Chinese mainland. This is a book about China's aesthetics, which describes China's profound culture and expresses self-emotion in plain, clean and beautiful vernacular words. In "Cultural Journey", the author traveled to China, followed the footsteps of the ancients and experienced the endless course of Chinese culture. These articles are not only travel notes, but also the cultural history of China.

There are many scenic spots mentioned in this book, each of which brings different feelings and shocks to the author. He touched the culture of China for thousands of years and witnessed the profound historical traces of the motherland all the way. It mainly includes two parts, one is historical and cultural prose, essays and cultural exploration; The other part is reminiscence prose.

6. The complete works "Dark Corner of History"

Collected works have always been widely read by literary history and readers as a model of historical and cultural beauty, which can be called Taishan Beidou in autumn rain prose. Readers will appreciate Yu's spiritual tremor and the weight of thinking reflected in his historical tracing.

Lend me my life.

It is Yu's "farewell work" to China cultural circles, involving many unknown experiences of him and his family. It also depicts the whole-person model of "big disclosure" and "big criticism" during the Cultural Revolution in memory ... From the predecessors to himself, the author wrote a literary work with plain and true memory.

"I have always disapproved that artists who are in the process of creation are too excited, but they often burst into tears when writing this book." -Yu

Cultural roaming

With profound knowledge of literature and history, rich cultural perception and artistic expression, these articles not only reveal the great connotation of China culture, but also provide a brand-new example for the field of contemporary prose.

Traveler without borders

Walkers walk alone in the distant wilderness,

Being unknown, encountering problems everywhere,

Just because of a persistent trust,

Dare to step on any land in the world,

Step out of an endless territory for future generations.

Millennium sigh

This is a diary, which records Yu's experience of hiking 40,000 kilometers with Hong Kong Phoenix TV's "Millennium Journey" off-road vehicle at the turn of the Millennium.

They went to look for the roadbed of ancient human civilization, only to find that there were so many roads, blurred grass, dense trenches and bandits. I don't know what I will meet in the next kilometer. I only know a series of true horror stories.

At the end of "A Thousand Years Journey", the author wrote this passage: "Four months of adventure, every day we miss the finish line. Today, we are here. Looking back, we are attached to tens of thousands of kilometers of feet. That is the meridian system of human civilization. From then on, all the cold and warm pains there will be quickly transmitted to my heart. "

Frost and cold rivers

Amazing silence, but this silence makes it the purest river. Clear, indifferent, magnanimous, no excitement on the shore, no wait and see, almost no houses and docks, so it has not been reduced to a vein of water and a passage.

It retains the character of the river itself and makes everything on the shore pass by. No matter how important, cruel and exciting these things are, they can't compare with the current state of the river itself.

A bit desolate, but refused to open; It is extremely lonely, but complacent. Soon it will freeze, this is its own schedule, and it will take a proper rest when it is time to rest. ...

Shanju notes

The writing of Notes on Mountain Residence began in 1992 and was completed in 1994, which lasted more than two years. In order to write this book, the author resigned from the administrative position of the college and stopped working, so these two years were pure and almost devoted. It is inefficient to spend so much time writing eleven articles, but the author's writing is linked to investigation, and he has to go to many places over and over again, so he can't get up quickly. I remember once, in order to check the two words on the couplet of a historic site in Hainan Island, I wrote several letters and couldn't get an accurate answer, so I had to go again. It is absurd to calculate the economic gains and losses, but there are other gains and losses in the article, which is called "the gains and losses are well known".

Where is the flute?

The history of China is full of Kingoma Iron, but if you listen carefully, it still echoes with Hu Jia. But the latter voice is too soft and light, and it is often forgotten. Forgotten, history becomes fierce and rough. This book aims to capture the flute sound of Kunqu Opera, which has fascinated China people for two hundred years. In Where is the Flute, Yu still pays attention to another historical and musical intangible culture with his consistent cultural perspective and prose style. Yu said, as early as 12 years ago, I began to prepare "Where is the flute?" At that time, Cultural Journey had not yet entered Taiwan Province Province, and a series of activities in Taiwan were received as Kunqu scholars.

Looking for China

Throughout the book Looking for China, there are not many flattering words and flowery words, but there are many wise words and a well-known story. I seldom describe the scenic spots in detail, but I often construct a rich and profound humanistic picture with a turn of the pen, and then enter a straightforward chant, which, together with the momentum of the world, exudes all kinds of reverie and discussion about China culture. It explains the magnificence of Chinese culture and the rise and fall of the Yellow River civilization for every reader, so that readers are infected by the emotion of the article and unconsciously accept the author's voice, thus thinking about life and the future with a brand-new attitude.

7. The objective evaluation is (1). Mr. Yu once again awakened the dignity of prose established by the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he recast the soul of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties who thought about the world poetically. His works are still the most widely read works in the reading club of Chinese communities around the world. He created a centripetal force miracle that is rare in the contemporary world of China culture, and we should pay the highest respect to him. (Comment by Bai Xianyong)

2. Yu undoubtedly expanded the sky for today's literature and made great contributions. Such talents are rare in a century, and history will respect them. (Comments by Jia Pingwa)

3. China's prose, after Zhu Ziqing and Qian Zhongshu, produced a surplus. (Comments by Yu Guangzhong)

4. Yu Xiansheng has made great contributions to China culture. His three speeches in the United States, whether on the international stage of the United Nations, or on the academic stage of the Huamei Humanities Society, Columbia University, Harvard University, new york University or the Library of Congress, have built a new bridge for China to understand the world and the world to understand China. He deserves to be a guide to guide readers to go boating in the long river of world civilization. (Comment by He Yong, head of the United Nations delegation to China)

5. Some young people in Beijing told me that Zhejiang people can't write articles just to tease me. Even if I can't, there are Lu Xun and Yu Yu Qiu among Zhejiang people. (Jin Yong comments)

6. Every time Yu Xiansheng gave a speech in Taiwan Province, he set off a new wave of humanistic reflection in the society. China people at home and abroad have become readers and listeners of Mr. Yu's interpretation of China culture. (Comment by Gao Xijun, Honorary Professor of the University of Wisconsin, USA)

7. Mr. Yu Qiu's works are beautiful, elegant and accurate, with both philosophical and documentary value. For readers like me, he used Li Yishan's poem: "Gao Song is outstanding, accompany me to the horizon". (Wang Ban, Chairman of new york Humanities Society)

Extended data:

Yu's judgment value

Looking for "Isolated Island": Subtracting for Culture

"If the information is a tsunami, you should quickly find yourself an island. Don't swing up and down with the tsunami. It is very dangerous and will be submerged sooner or later. " In the era of information explosion, Yu said he didn't need a computer or the Internet. Nowadays, too many young people spend their time on meaningless things, and life is short. They should be used for valuable things and "subtracted". This is the "island".

For example, Yu traveled and wrote for half a year. In the past six months, he has not received any news at home and abroad at all. One day, a friend from the media circle visited. I asked his friends to tell him about the news events at home and abroad in the past six months.

Who knows, this friend actually read the international news in 5 minutes and the domestic news in 3 minutes, which surprised them very much. Yu Yu Qiu concluded: "In the past six months, I have done a lot of things, but what my friends spend a lot of time paying attention to is actually something that can be done in eight minutes."

Looking for "the bottom of the sea": value judgment and persistence

What to do next after going to the island? Yu explained that first of all, it is necessary to observe and judge whether the island he boarded is a rootless and fragile coral island or an island connected with the seabed. This means that reading should learn to judge the value of the books you choose and "contact the classics".

After confirming that the field of reading is valuable, Yu reminded readers that "research must be in-depth, not superficial".

Looking for "self": looking for books with the same psychological structure

I quoted Gestalt psychology to introduce such a wonderful relationship to readers: everyone has different psychological structure and cultural similarity, and readers can try to find people and books with the same psychological structure as themselves.