Musical instrument characteristics of fishing drum

When playing, the left hand holds the fishing drum vertically and the right hand beats the drum surface. Fingers include "strike" (four fingers strike at the same time), "roll" (four fingers strike alternately), "wipe" (four fingers beat the drum to stop the sound) and "bounce" (four fingers strike alternately).

The simple board is made of bamboo, with a length of 45-65cm and a width of 1.7-2cm. One end is bent outward, and two pieces are a pair. Pinch the pronunciation with your left hand while playing. Accompany Yu Gu and Dao Qing with Yu Gu. The fishing drum in Qidong, Hunan Province is different. Instead of a simple board, a small wooden board (mostly made of jade or hard plastic) is tied to the middle finger of the left hand to beat the drum body while holding the fishing drum, which also achieves the effect of a simple board. Mianyang Fishing Drum is one of the four major operas in Hubei Province, and it is the most familiar and popular folk art form. Also known as Daoqing, Daoqing fishing drum, bobbin cavity and Nanyin microphone. With its strong local flavor and rough and high-pitched singing, it has left a deep impression on the audience and is quite famous in the history of folk art in China. The professional artists of Mianyang Yugu have been handed down from generation to generation, and they are rich in traditional songs and vocals. After 1952, Mianyang Fishing Drum sang all over Hubei, and 1958 was named Hubei Fishing Drum. It is a national intangible cultural heritage.

According to the China Music Dictionary, it is said that it was introduced into Mianyang (now Xiantao City, Hubei Province) during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1736- 1795) and evolved. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1796- 1820), there were four famous fishermen's drum artists, namely Pi, Pi and Liu Bao, who were called "three drums and a half" in Mianyang Fishing Drum. The Pi brothers boldly reformed the fishing drum tube and simple board, and sang shadow play with the fishing drum, forming a shadow play with Chu characteristics. Then there is the "Mianyang Yugu Guild Hall". Around the 26th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1900), the Yugur shadow play in Mianyang entered a prosperous period, and artists added storytelling to Taoist ballads, gradually forming a form of prose and rhyming. This prose style is suitable for singing medium and long books. Then there is the "Mianyang Yugu Guild Hall". Xiantao enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of fishing drums in Hubei".

19 1 1 years ago, the fishing drum merged with the shadow play, and it was often used as a backup singer of the shadow play. The songs sung by Mianyang Yugu are mostly adapted by artists according to long legends, novels and baojuan stories. According to the original story, Mianyang fishermen's drum artists improvise and rap, which is called "good water", while the second and third fishermen's drum artists sit and sing, which is called "meditation singing". In the 1920s, Mianyang fishermen and drummers sang in teahouses and restaurants in Mianyang and its surrounding counties and cities. 193 1 year later, Mianyang fishing drum spread to Wuhan, Yichang, Shashi, Huangshi, Sun Yicheng and other places, and its influence gradually expanded.

1940 or so, prevailing in Jianghan plain in central Hubei. 1952. In addition to continuing to sing for shadow play, he also resumed the form of independent rap. From 65438 to 0958, Mianyang Yugu participated in the National Quyi Concert, and the shadow puppeteers Gong Benhuai and Hu sang "Choosing a Car", which was recorded by china national radio and broadcast to the whole country. Mianyang fishing drum is very popular with the masses because of its good singing. /kloc-0 was officially renamed Hubei Yugu by Hubei Music Association at the end of September, 1958, and it was widely sung all over the province.

The wailing, Guanyin and Taoist tunes in Mianyang Yugu singing are said to be the remains of Taoist stories. In addition, it also widely absorbed local folk music such as "cutting grass songs" and "beating wheat songs", and after several generations of artists' processing and improvement, it formed a unique tune. The singing is rich and beautiful, with strong melody. Mianyang Yugu has five major musical vocals, namely, Pingqiang, Sadness, Fishbone (also called Phoenix flavor), Pipa and Miscellaneous. After the development and creation of Gong Benhuai, a famous fisherman's drum artist, there have been more than 20 kinds of qupai, such as new flat cavity, female flat cavity, several boards and couplet boards. Except for the different types of folk songs and minor, the other four vocals are mostly composed of upper and lower sentences, which have the characteristics of plate cavity, and even the sentences are often composed of interlining (also called buckle). If you don't need to sing continuously, it's a rolling board or a couplet. The vocal part is sung in the form of duet or a group of people.

Mianyang fishing drum is mainly composed of singing, which is divided into scattered white and rhyme white. There are three kinds of lyrics, namely, seven sentences, no sentences and five or seven sentences composed of five, five, seven and five, and there are four sentences that can be changed by rhyme. Sometimes there are three or four words stacked. Mianyang Fishing Drum has beautiful singing, unique spoken language, different sentence patterns and distinctive local characteristics.

There are three singing methods of Mianyang fishing drum: stand-up singing, duet singing and fishing drum shadow play singing. Before liberation, fishermen and drummers who sang stand-up crosstalk mostly begged along the street. After liberation, artists who married and opened wine also sang stand-up crosstalk. When performing standing, the left arm holds the fishing drum obliquely, the cloud board (simple board) is held in hand, and the right hand alternately beats the drum basement membrane and the cloud board. The lyrics of stand-up crosstalk and shadow play are improvised by artists, and the jargon is called "good water", which is also called drawing water books. Most duet words are written by authors and sung by artists, which are called "dead words". The duet is mainly performed on the stage. A man and a woman, the actor patted the fishing drum with his right hand and held the board with his left hand, while the actress tapped the board with bamboo chopsticks and sang alternately. Assisted by body movements. The singing is beautiful and popular, and the stage image is very vivid, which further enriches the performance effect and artistic appeal of Mianyang fishing drum and is deeply loved by the masses. Sing shadow play into a troupe. The singer on the right side of the shadow play curtain is called "upper sign" and the singer on the left side is called "lower sign". The upper and lower signs are the lead singer, and the master Wu Le in the background is patting the fishing drum, percussion and chimes. After the founding of New China, erhu, jinghu, dulcimer and other musical instruments were added for accompaniment.

Mianyang Yugu repertoire

Mianyang Yugu has accumulated a rich repertoire of Yugu, and Yugu artists have kept more than 300 case books. The repertoires adapted from legends and romance novels include: Romance of the Gods, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Bin's Battle of Wisdom, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, The Journey to the West, Xue Dongzheng, Xue Gang's Anti-Tang Dynasty, Luo Tong's Sweeping the North, Flying Five Tigers to the West, Flying Five Tigers to the South and Elvis Presley. Dramas adapted from historical stories include Zhao Hejunfan, Yue Feichuan, Hong Xiuquan and Gan Long's trip to the south of the Yangtze River. According to the case files, the repertoires are An, Shi Gong An, Sixia Henan, Dancing Beautiful Pictures and so on. Dramas adapted from China's traditional opera stories include Wu Han's wife killing, fasting, plum blossom, and tile carport. The TV series adapted from Twenty-four Filial Pieties include A Xian and Dongpo Toujiao Daughter. Dramas adapted from folk stories include Two-headed Donkey, Sanmen Street and Thirteen Sections. Qidong Fishing Drum is a genre of Quyi in Qidong County, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, which is the hometown of Chinese Quyi. The origin of "fishing drum" lies in Taoism. At first, it was a song of exhortation and practice sung by Taoist priests and nuns who traveled in Wuyue with gourds on their backs, and then it was introduced to the people and became a unique skill in the hands of artists. Subsequently, Taoist fishing drums were introduced to Hunan and spread widely in Hengyang.

History, the history of fishing drums in Qidong can be traced back to the mid-1940s. Bricklayer Liu beat the time with a two-foot long bamboo tube and sang anecdotes and folk slang, which attracted people to watch. Zou Zuxi (stage name Naiji) worshipped him as a teacher and was the founder of Qidong Fishing Drum. He brought the fishing drum in Qidong into the mourning hall, and let it go out of the mourning hall and sing on the stage. Every time after the serenade for the dead, he would hold the fishing drum, knock on the simple wooden board as he spoke, and tell the story of three emperors and five emperors, talented people and beautiful women from ancient times until dawn. Since then, the mourning hall has become the soil for fishing drums to take root; 1952, Mr. Zou Zuxi sang Liao Renfu Mutual Aid Group, a fishing drum in Qidong, which was brought into Yatang for the first time. Since then, "Qidong Fishing Drum" has created artists from generation to generation, and their singing styles have prospered the art of fishing drum. Today, there are more than 400 fishing drum artists and more than 60 performance teams in Qidong County, which are active in the vast rural areas and towns of Qidong and Qiyang. Qidong Yugu not only has a huge audience in the county, but also spread to Hengyang, Chenzhou, Yongzhou and other cities and Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces.

Qidong fishing drum style: no books to follow, no songs to follow, easy to understand, flexible and changeable.

Du Yu singing in Qidong: duet, performance singing, fishing drum sketch, opera singing and other singing methods. Singing is extremely flexible. Except for some short paragraphs with fixed lyrics, there is no fixed songbook for the long ones, only a four-word "Bridge Road Book", which records the summary of the story. When singing, the artist improvises, gives a profound and detailed description of the plot and characters one by one, and adds rich colors to achieve the expected artistic effect. The singing method is relatively simple, the performers have many angles, and they go in and out, change roles, and even jump out of the role to enter the commentary state, so that the performance can be understood by the audience better.

The language of the stage is Qidong dialect, and the singing of the fishing drum evolved from Taoist tunes. Due to the plot changes, several singing methods such as "Daoqing", "Zheng Qiang", "Elegy" and "Sanban" are derived, which are simple, deep and beautiful. In recent years, Qidong Fishing Drum has boldly absorbed the artistic essence of Qi Opera, Dihuagu and Qiyang minor, showing its true colors of life, Dan, purity, ugliness, singing, pulling, reading and improvisation, and even fully applying costume props, stages and scenery to fishing drum performances. In content and form, there are both traditional fishing drum books and a large number of new fishing drum sketches. The main musical instruments are Yuguguan, Erhu, Huqin and Qin Yue, and in recent years, electronic vocal music and other musical instruments have been added.

Representative repertoire

Gan Long went to the south of the Yangtze River, ugly daughter-in-law, jade bracelet wronged, etc.

Representative figure

Liu Xingguo, Zou Huachun, Zou Huashan, Zou Kunshan. Zhanhua Yugu Opera originated from Hujiaying Village, Zhanhua County, Shandong Province, and has a history of 284 years. According to Zhanhua County Records, Shandong Art and Literature Records and China Opera Records Shandong Volume: 1723 (the first year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty), when Hujiaying Village rebuilt the Taoist temple, a Taoist priest came here to rap, and the villagers learned its tone and gradually evolved. The rap-style fishing drum was put on the stage for makeup performance, and it developed into a fishing drum drama with complete business and both civil and military skills.

The fishing drum drama centered on Zhanhua spread to surrounding counties such as Wudi, Yangxin, Huimin, Bincheng and Boxing, and coastal areas such as Dongying City, Shandong Province and Huanghua City, Hebei Province, and the fishing drum drama was also widely circulated. Huying Village, Chen Shuang Village, Fanqiao Village, Dacai Village, Fujia Village, Hanjia Village, Fengjiabao, Zhaojiabao, Qikou and other villages in Zhanhua County, Huanghua City, Hebei Province, once had quite large-scale amateur troupes.

Yugu Opera combines the fishing drum (Taoist sentiment), local songs and dances, martial arts and the sound of fishing trumpets, and absorbs the advantages of Yiyang Opera (high-pitched opera), making it an ancient opera with plate variation as its music system. Its main artistic features are as follows: 1. Singing music: 1. Melody rotation: within the framework of pentatonic style, its singing melody is high. 2. Sentence pattern: marked by the main board cavity [three sentences and one buckle], this sentence pattern, commonly known as "three legs", breaks the symmetry law of general lyric music and is obviously different from the upper and lower sentence patterns and the regular structure connecting the preceding with the following. In addition, combined with the local ship number, a trinity singing form of "one person singing together, leading and echoing" and "supporting and singing in harmony" has been formed, and the gong sutra, which is weak against strong and strong against weak, has formed ups and downs and unique artistic characteristics. This is extremely unique in China traditional opera. Second, the form of performance: Yugu Opera is based on Sunjiaquan, a pulse of "Fu Shou Chang Quan Nan Gong Kao" in Wutangmen, and absorbs the performances of other operas, forming a routine of "taking hard training as the reality, supplemented by flowers" and performing dances, which is completely different from other operas.

The important value of Yugu Opera: 1. The turntable and aria of Yugu Opera are unique, which has unique academic value for studying the evolution of opera music and religious music. 2. The lyric sentence structure of "three sentences and one story", "introduction, abdominal cavity and locked cavity" in Yugu opera is exactly the same as that of local folk songs, and its unique rhyme provides vivid examples for exploring the ancient cultural connotation of Yugu opera and studying the literary value of drama literature and folk literature; 3. The singing, performance, accompaniment and gong sound of Yugu Opera are very unique, which not only has high aesthetic value and research value, but also provides useful reference for other operas to enrich their singing and performance; 4. Yugu Opera retains the historical blood of Taoist culture, foreign culture (immigrants from Shanxi and Hebei) and local culture, which is different from other historical materials for studying multicultural integration; The traditional virtues of the Chinese nation have always been displayed in the fishing drum play. Rescuing and protecting this ancient drama is of great practical significance and value for carrying forward excellent traditional culture, remolding national spirit and building a harmonious society.

As a rare drama that has lasted for nearly 300 years, due to historical reasons and the rapid changes in society after the reform and opening up, people's values, aesthetic trends, rich spiritual and cultural life, and diversified media technologies and popularization, the protection and inheritance of Yugu opera is facing an unprecedented crisis. Most of Yugu opera artists have passed away, and there are survivors, and they have been old and rare for many years. It is urgent to rescue and protect Yugu opera.

In order to rescue, excavate, sort out and protect this ancient drama, and make it inherit and develop, as early as 1983 to 1988, Wang Yongchang, an expert in Binzhou opera music, visited Huying Village four times to interview the old artists of Yugu Opera in Fujia Village, and accumulated a lot of precious materials such as original singing and dictation, in order to excavate, sort out and study this rare drama. In March, 2006, the County Bureau of Culture and Sports organized experts to go deep into Hujiaying Village, and sorted out many plays that only four old artists could remember, such as Gao Lao Zhuang, Du Er and Becoming a monk, and found the former sites of costumes, props, musical instruments and Taoist temples.

On this basis, in order to further inherit, innovate and develop Yugu Opera, the Zhanhua County Party Committee and the county government designated Yugu Opera as one of the five county films, and in May 2006, China Zhanhua Yugu Drama Troupe was formally established, and some traditional operas were rearranged, and new dramas such as Examiner and Chasing Dragon Tank were created and rehearsed. In the same year, at the 4th China Opera Festival, the judges stood out from more than 40 entries and won seven awards, including the best recommended repertoire. 10128 October, was invited by the Social and Cultural Department of the Ministry of Culture to perform in Beijing, which was a success. At the Yugu Opera Seminar held in Beijing the next day, the participating experts spoke highly of the excavation and protection of Yugu Opera in Rajanhua County, showed strong interest in Yugu Opera, and fully affirmed its basic creation, music creation and actor acting skills. At the end of 2006, Yugu Opera in Zhanhua County was approved by Shandong Provincial People's Government as an intangible cultural heritage project.

procedure

Rhododendrons are in full bloom, and in a corner, jujube countryside is nocturnal.

theatrical troupe

Zhanhua Yugur Drama Troupe, formerly known as Zhanhua County Luhua Drama Troupe, was newly established in 2006 after the troupe began to excavate and sort out Zhanhua's unique drama "Zhanhua Yugur Drama". At the end of 2006, Zhanhua Yugu Opera was listed in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage in Shandong Province. In June 2008, it was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage expansion projects. The inheritance and development of Zhanhua Yugu Opera has promoted the construction and development of the troupe and improved the level and level of performance. Now, more than 200 performances are created every year, and the audience exceeds 200,000. Jieshou Fishing Drum originated in Ming Dynasty, the exact year is unknown, and flourished in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty. 1920 or so, it was the first heyday of the development of fishing drums, and its influence area reached Taihe County, Fuyang City and Mengcheng County in Anhui Province in the east and shenqiu county, Xincai County, dancheng and Taikang County in Henan Province in the west.

The first fishing drum in the world is mainly singing, supplemented by white clips. Because of the long and narrow boundary between north and south, it is divided into "high-pitched fishing drum" in the south and "low-pitched fishing drum" in the north. The instruments they hold are percussion instruments, that is, fishing drums and simple boards. Most of the songs they sing are traditional bibliographies, and they sing loudly and euphemistically.

The music of the First Fishing Drum has been included in the Anhui Volume of China Quyi Music Integration. Experts call it "a flower of Anhui Quyi", which is known as the "living fossil" of Heying River Basin. It has important cultural and artistic research value and is a fragrant and wonderful flower in China's Quyuan.

Representative figure

Miao Chenqing

The first fishing drum track

New tracks such as Xiang Ma Chuan, Ba Ma Jun, Dahongpao, Xiao Hong Pao, Gong Liu An, Bao Gong 'an, Sui and Tang Dynasties Romance, Yue Jia Jiang, Hu Jia Jiang, Yang Jiajiang, Gong Peng 'an, Ji Gong Chuan, Shen Feng Romance, etc. include Han Ying meets his mother, hip flask and Family.