Huo Qubing's contemporaries go down in history and give reasons.

Li Guang (? -Former 1 19) Ji Cheng, a native of Longxi (now Lidian Town, Jingning County, Gansu Province), was a famous strategist in the Western Han Dynasty. He used to be a riding general, a riding captain, Wei from Weiyang, and a county magistrate. He guarded the border county, which made the Huns dare not commit crimes for many years. His car is a thousand miles of snow and his weapon is a pear flower gun, so he is called "flying general"

Classic Battle: Ant Victory

His life has not been sealed yet, maybe it is bad luck. There is a historical allusion that "Feng Tang is easy to get old, but Li Guang is hard to seal". In 1 19 BC, he went to the Huns with Wei Qing and committed suicide after defeat.

biography

Li Guang was born unknown. His ancestor was Li Xin, a general of the Qin Dynasty, who led the army to defeat Yan Taizi Dan. Li Guang took the bow handed down from ancient times and shot a good arrow.

In the 14th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 166), the Huns invaded the border areas on a large scale, and Li Guang took his noble children to fight against the Huns. Being good at using arrows, he killed and captured many enemies and was promoted to doctor and knight to guard the emperor. Many times, he followed Deng Wendi to shoot wild animals. Wendi once lamented: "It's a pity that my son is not in time! If your son becomes a high emperor, how can he be full of feet? " (Biography of Historical Records and Li Lie)

After Han Jing acceded to the throne, Li Guang became a captain in Longxi, and soon he was promoted to cavalry commander. When there was a rebellion between the G-7 and the G-7, Qiu Li followed Qiu Zhou Yafu in fighting the rebels. He made great contributions and made a name for himself at the gates of Changyi because he captured the rebel flag. Although he made meritorious service, Li Guang accepted the general print privately awarded to him by Liang Wang. After returning to North Korea, he was not raised.

After the rebellion of kings was put down, Li Guang was appointed as the Governor of Shanggu, and the Xiongnu was at war with Israel. Gong Sunkun, a classical country, wrote an evil letter: "Li Guang is brilliant, boastful of traveling westward, and afraid of death and fighting the enemy." (Biography of Historical Records and Li Lie) So he was appointed as the county magistrate. Later, Li Guang worked as a satrap in Longxi, Beidi, Yanmen, Dai Jun and Yun Yun, and was famous for his ability to fight tough battles.

When the Huns invaded Shang Jun (now Fort Yu He, southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi Province), Jingdi sent a favorite eunuch to train troops against the Huns with Li Guang. Once the eunuch went out hunting with dozens of cavalry, and three Xiongnu knights in Lu Yu fought with them. As a result, the Xiongnu shot and killed all the guards and wounded the eunuch, who hurriedly fled back to report to Li Guang. Li Guang decided that the three men were Xiongnu archers, so he led hundreds of cavalry to pursue the three Xiongnu archers.

Xiongnu archers walked without horses and were caught up after dozens of miles. Li Guang ordered the cavalry to spread their wings and shot two Xiongnu archers himself, but one of them was captured alive. As soon as the prisoners were tied to their horses and headed back, thousands of tarkan arrived. When they saw Li Guang's army, they thought it was the suspected soldiers of the Han army who lured the enemy. They were all surprised and immediately went up the hill to take their positions. Li Guang's one hundred cavalry, also very afraid, all want to turn the horse's head and run back. Li Guang said, "I've been in the army for dozens of miles, and now I'm riding more than a hundred horses, and the Huns are chasing me to the end. If I stay today, the Huns will take me as the lure of their great army and dare not attack me. " (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) Li Guang ordered all cavalry to move forward until they were less than two miles away from the Xiongnu position. Li Guang ordered again: "Everybody dismount and untie the saddle!" (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) His cavalry said, "Being close to the enemy is urgent. What can you do? " (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) Li Guang said: "Petrou takes me as the way, and now he unties his saddle to show that he can't go and stick to his will." (Biography of General Lee in Historical Records) tarquin really dared not attack. Then a Hun general on a white horse came out to protect his soldiers. Li Guang mounted his horse, took a dozen cavalry, shot General White Horse, then returned to his team and unloaded his saddle. He told the soldiers to let go of their horses and sleep on the ground. At this time, it was getting late, and Xiongnu soldiers always thought it was suspicious and dared not attack. In the middle of the night, the Huns thought that the Han army had an ambush nearby, and they wanted to sneak attack at night, so they led the troops away. Early the next morning, Li Guang returned to the army.

In 140 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, and all the ministers thought that Li Guang was a brave general, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Li as the guardian of Weiyang Palace. At this time, Cheng Wu was also appointed as the escort of Changle Palace. They used to command the army as the prefect of the border county, but their methods of leading troops were completely different. Li Guang was simple in running the army, and there was no strict establishment, queue and appearance in marching. Often find grass near the water source to camp. Soldiers help themselves and patrol at night to defend themselves. Military books and documents are simple, but they are also far away from scouts, so they have never been in danger. Cheng is famous for his strict management of the army. He pays attention to the establishment, queue and formation of troops. Patrol in Diao Dou at night, officers deal with military documents until dawn, the army has no rest and has never been in danger. But the men suffered from Cheng's ignorance, and they all liked to fight with Li Guang. When Cheng didn't know Jingdi, he was appointed as a doctor of Taizhong several times. He is clean and honest, and he is willing to learn grammar.

In the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (133 BC), the Han Dynasty used Mayi City (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province) to lure Huns into the fortress. Can make an army ambush in the nearby valley, make Li Guang as a general, general escort led the troops. Khan found this situation and led his troops away.

Four years later, Li Guang led the army out of Yanmenguan and was surrounded by the multiplied Xiongnu army. Li Guang was injured and captured because he was outnumbered. Xiongnu Khan admired Li Guang's reputation for a long time, and ordered his men: "Those who get Li Guang get it" (Biography of General Li in Historical Records). Tarquin put Li Guang, who was injured and ill at that time, between two horses and let him lie in a net bag made of rope. After walking more than ten miles, Li Guang pretended to be dead. He narrowed his eyes and saw a Hun soldier riding a good horse beside him. Li Guang suddenly jumped on the horse of Xiongnu boy, pushed the boy off the horse, took off his bow and arrow, and rode south with a whip. Hundreds of people in tarquin followed. Li Guangbian ran and shot at the pursuer, and finally escaped, collected the rest and returned to Beijing. Li Guang was handed over to the judge by the Han court, and the judge sentenced Li Guang troops to heavy casualties. Be captured alive by Huns, beheaded, and then atone with money and become a civilian.

At home, Li Guang and Guan Ying's grandson often go hunting in Nanshan, Lantian. One night I rode out with a follower and drank with others in the country. Passing Baling Pavilion on the way back, the commander of Baling Pavilion was drunk and reprimanded Li Guang for not letting him pass. Li Guang's partner said, "This is the former general Li." Ting Wei said, "Even the current general can't spend the night, let alone the former general!" So they detained Li Guang and others and stayed under Baling Pavilion. Soon, Xiongnu attacked western Liaoning and defeated Han Anguo's army. So the emperor called Li Guang the prefect of Right Beiping. Li Guang immediately requested Emperor Wudi to send Baling Tingwei to go with him. In the army, Li Guang killed Tingwei, and then wrote to the emperor to apologize. The emperor reported, "General, he is a pawn of the country." Sima Fa said: When you get on the bus, don't touch the crossbar in front of the car, treat people with courtesy. In case of funeral, don't wear the prescribed mourning clothes according to the relationship between relatives and friends. When going out to fight, we must command the hearts of the three armed forces and cooperate with the soldiers. Only in this way can you not be intimidated by anger and everything will be obedient. That's because your reputation is exposed to foreigners, and your strength scares your neighbors. Revenge is my expectation for the general. If you kowtow and confess, is that what I expected? "The emperor didn't seem to blame Li Guang, but appreciated his practice. This incident reflects Li Guang's narrow mind from one side.

After Li Guang was appointed as the right magistrate of Beiping, the Huns were afraid and called Li Guang "the flying general of Han Dynasty". They avoided it and dared not invade right Peiping for several years.

Li Guang went hunting, saw a stone in the grass, thought it was a tiger, and shot it with a bow. He shot the whole arrow into the stone. Look carefully, it turned out to be a stone. Shoot again and you'll never get in. As soon as Li Guang heard of a tiger, he often killed it himself. When he was in Beiping, he hit a tiger. The evil tiger jumped on Li Guang, and Li Guang hit the tiger with injuries.

In order to be honest, Li Guang often gave his reward to his subordinates and ate and drank with the soldiers. He has been an official for more than 40 years, with a salary of 2000 stone, and there is not much extra property at home. He never talks about buyers' products and is deeply loved by officers and men. Li Guang is tall, with ape-like arms and a talent for shooting. His descendants and others, Li Guang, learned archery, but they were not as good as Li Guang. Li Guang is not good at words. When he lived in seclusion with others, he enjoyed archery and gambling on wine. He used archery as a pastime all his life. Li Guang loves soldiers like children, and he can take the lead in everything. When marching without water and food, the soldier doesn't drink all the water, and he doesn't go near the water. The soldiers didn't eat them all. He doesn't eat. It is not difficult for a soldier to be lenient and make him willing to do his best for him. When Li Guang shot the enemy, he asked himself not to make mistakes in archery, so he missed within dozens of steps. Often the enemy dies as soon as the arrow leaves the string. As a result, he was chased by the enemy many times, and he was injured several times when shooting wild animals because he was too close, but Li Guang was never afraid.

Soon, Shi Jian died and Li Guang was appointed as a doctor. In the sixth year of Yuan Shuo (BC 123), Li Guang became a post-general again, and went out from Wei Qing Army to make a crusade against Xiongnu. Most of the generals were sealed for meritorious service, but Li Guangjun failed.

In BC 12 1 year, Li Guang, as a doctor, led 4000 cavalry from Peiping (right) and went to Xiongnu with Zhang Qian's troops. Li Guang's troops marched hundreds of miles, and were suddenly surrounded by forty thousand cavalry led by Xiongnu Zuo. The soldiers in Li Guang were very afraid, so Li Guang sent his son Li Ganxian to explore the enemy. Li Gan led dozens of cavalry, rushed into the enemy lines, broke into the Xiongnu encirclement, copied out the enemy's wings and returned. After returning, he reported to Li Guang: "Xiongnu soldiers are easy to deal with." Li Guang's sergeant listened to this before settling down. Li Guang lined up in a circle, facing the enemies around. Xiongnu stormed the Han army, and the arrows rained down. More than half of the Han soldiers were killed and wounded, and the arrows were almost shot out. Li Guang ordered the soldiers to draw their bows and not to fire. He shot many Xiongnu generals with a strong crossbow "rhubarb", and the Xiongnu soldiers were greatly frightened and gradually dispersed. At this time, it was getting late, and the officers and men of the Han Dynasty were all pale with fear. However, Li Guang was in high spirits and was even more enthusiastic about rectifying the army. From then on, all officers and men in the army admired Li Guang's courage. The next day, he fought with the enemy soldiers again. At this time, Zhang Qian's reinforcements arrived at Bowanghou and solved the siege of Xiongnu. Li Guang's army was almost wiped out, and Li Guang's merits and demerits were offset, and he was not rewarded. Wang Bo Zhang Houqian was beheaded, and then he used money to atone and became a civilian.

Li Guang fought against the Huns for more than forty years, but he never got the title of Hou. In those years, Cai Li, his cousin as a doctor, was not as good as him in character and reputation, but he was awarded this title again and again. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, he was a general, and he did not arrive without pomp, and later he was named Hou Le 'an. In the second year of Yuanshou, Gong Sunhong was the prime minister. Many of Li Guang's men were also named Hou, but Li Guang didn't get a title and his official position didn't exceed nine. Li Guang once talked to Wang Shuo, a fortune teller, and said, "If you attack the Huns, you are not one of them. However, if you are below a captain, you are not as good as a middleman. However, if you attack Hu Jun, you will get dozens of people, but you will not be descendants. But without size, you can't seize the city. " Do I think evil is wrong? Change your life? "("Historical Records Biography of General Li ") Wang Shuo said:" Did the general ever think about what he regretted? Li Guang thought for a moment and said, "When I was the prefect of Longxi, the Qiang people rebelled. I lured them and killed them. The biggest regret so far is only this. Wang Shuo said: "There is no greater crime than killing a fallen person. So it can't be sealed. "

In the fourth year of Yuanshou (before 1 19), General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing went deep into Mobei to fight against Xiongnu. Li Guang repeatedly asked to go out with the army, but Emperor Wu thought he was too old to use it. It was not until Yuan Shou was six years old that he was appointed as a former general to fight Wei Qing. Out of the fortress, Wei Qing learned that Khan was stationed, and Wei Qing decided to attack Khan with his elite troops. And make Li Guang, right general zhao from east road attack. The east road is far away, and the water grass is scarce, which is not conducive to marching. Li Guang personally asked to be a pioneer, saying, "My minister was a former general, and now the general wants to move my minister out of the host, and my minister is fighting against the Huns. Now it is a proper Khan, and I am willing to take the lead, so I will die Khan first. " (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) However, Wei Qing was secretly instructed by Emperor Wu, and Li Guang was too old and unlucky to confront Khan. At that time, Wei Qing's good friend, Gongsun Aoxin, lost the Marquis, and served as a general to go out with the general. Wei Qing wanted to give him a chance to make contributions, so he drove Li Guang away and let Gongsun Aoxin play Khan with himself.

Li Guang knew the story at that time and still resolutely refused to transfer it. Wei Qing refused to accept his request, ordered Chang Shi to write down a document and told Li Guang to go to his unit and do as the document said. Li Guang left without saying goodbye and went back to camp in great anger. He led the troops to meet the right general and set out from the east road. Without a guide, the troops lost their way and fell behind the general, delaying the agreed military deadline. Wei Qing's troops got nothing because of Khan's escape, so they joined the right-wing troops on their way back to the army.

Li Hou, Wei Qing sent a long history with dry food and wine to see Li Guang, asking about the loss of Li Guang. Li Guang didn't answer, Wei Qing sent a long history to urge Li Guang shogunate staff to wait for interrogation. Li Guang said: "The commander is innocent, but I lost my way. I am in the book now. " (Biography of Historical Records and Li Lie)

Li Guang returned to the army and said to his men, "Guangjie fought more than 70 battles with Xiongnu, big and small. Fortunately, he took over the general's class. The general fought widely and returned to the far side, but he lost his way. It's just one day! Moreover, he is over sixty years old and can't get his sword and pen back. " (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) Then he drew his sword and committed suicide. Li Guang's army of scholar-officials cried. When people heard about it, whether they knew him or not, whether they were old or young, they all shed tears. A generation of famous soldiers, thus fell.

Li Guangyou had three sons, the eldest son Li Danghu died young and posthumous title Li Ling. Dai Jun satrap's second son, Li Jiao, also died before Li Guang. Li Gan, the youngest son, often goes to war with the army. When Li Guang died, Li Gan was following General Huo Qubing. The year after Li Guang's death, Cai Li committed suicide. As a captain, Li Gan followed Huo Qubing to attack Zuo, fought vigorously, captured Zuo and beheaded many people. Give the official Hou, food city two hundred households, instead of Li Guang as a doctor. Soon, Wei Qing was injured despite the death of his father Li Guangzhi, but Wei Qing kept silent. Later, Li Gan went hunting in Ganquan Palace and was shot by the ancient general Huo Qubing. At that time, Huo Qubing was being favored by Emperor Wu, who advocated that "a deer would die if it touched it" (Biography of Su Jian in Han Shu and Li Guang).

Historical review

Li Guang defended the enemy at the border all his life and fought against Xiongnu for more than 70 times. He is famous for his bravery, good marksmanship and superb ingenuity. When the Huns heard his name, they all avoided him and dared not fight him. He was called a soldier who defeated others without fighting. Li Guang, who was lenient but not harsh, shared weal and woe with the foot soldiers, was deeply loved by the frontier soldiers and civilians, and had a high prestige among the frontier soldiers in past dynasties. He is the general in "A Talented Chinese Odyssey". In the Tang Dynasty, people praised Li Guang with many poems, such as Wang Changling's The Embankment, Lu Lun's Song of Competition, and Gao Shi's Song of Yan. Wang Changling said in his poem, "The bright moon in the Qin Dynasty was closed in the Han Dynasty, and people did not return on the Long March. But make the Dragon City fly, and don't call Humadu Yinshan. "

Sima Qian commented on Li Guang in Historical Records: "It is said that he is upright and does not listen to orders." Is it General Lee? I have regarded General Li's embarrassment (the embarrassment of Guang Su Jian Zhuan) as my own embarrassment, so there is nothing to say. On the day of death, what the world knows or doesn't know is mourning. He is loyal and sincere to the literati! As the saying goes,' peaches and plums don't talk, they only know how to find their way'. Although this statement is small, it can be said to be big. Confucius said, "If there is a benevolent mind, there will be no harm to the benevolent." .

The border war in the early Han Dynasty was a special war, and its natural and humanistic characteristics determined that it was extremely hard and cruel. Long-distance raids far from the rear, stormy and hasty encounters, and single-handedness with a wide gap in numbers have become the way of conventional operations. Li Guang is undoubtedly an outstanding general who adapts to these operational characteristics. Extraordinary courage, determination and adaptability, honesty and incorruptibility, different from the traditional way of running the army, made him a great soldier, loved by his subordinates and feared by his enemies.

Why do you say that Feng Tang is easy to get old and Li Guang is hard to seal?

The allusion of "Li Guang is hard to seal" comes from Biography of General Li in Historical Records: Li Guang and his younger brother shared the power of the Han Dynasty. "Cai is a lower-middle class and has a reputation. But not a knight, the official is only nine, and Cai is the Hou, ranking third. " Later, he lamented his high achievements and good luck with words such as "Li Guang is hard to seal", "Li Guang is not sealed" and "Li Guang is unequal".

Li Guang, a famous soldier in Han Dynasty, was brave and good at fighting. He fought against Xiongnu more than 70 times in his life, and his reputation spread far and wide. Xiongnu fled, calling him "General Fei". "But it's not Huma crossing the Yinshan Mountain that makes the Dragon City fly", "But when it comes to the hardships of desert war, we named Li today, a great general who lived a long time ago" are all famous sentences praising him. However, Li Guang's failure to seal the marquis caused great regret in the history circle and numerous disappointments among the people.

In the era of Liang Wudi, it was an era of expanding territory and rewarding military exploits. Li Guang was a lieutenant in his younger brother Li Caiwen, and fought against Xiongnu in Jingdi, and was named Prime Minister. Both of them were born together, worked as officials and made contributions together. Cai Li's character, talent and reputation are far inferior to those of Li Guang, but his official name and title are above those of Li Guang. Li Guang's son, Li Gan, followed Huo Qubing to be the captain of Xiongnu. Because of the capture of the left flag, it was cut and sealed as Shanhaiguan Hou. Even Li Guang's military attache, there are many is for military service. It happened that Li Guang himself galloped on the battlefield and spent his whole life as a soldier. He has experienced three dynasties: Emperor Wendi, Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, and it has always been difficult to seal the marquis. Finally, he committed suicide. What is the reason? For thousands of years, people have put forward various views. Some people say that his life is bad. Wang Wei's Old General: "The victory of General Wei Qing is only accidental, and the defeat of General Li Guang is a fate, not a disaster." Some people say that although he is brave in fighting, he is not good at using troops and lacks political mind and ability to run the army. Some people even say that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty valued his consorts and prized Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, but in fact he didn't value Li Guang. Even deliberately crowded him out and didn't give him a chance to make contributions. Later generations regard Li Guang as a representative who is talented but unable to display.

"Bad luck, bad luck", taking the gains and losses of poor life as the norm; "Feng Tang is easy to get old, but Li Guang is hard to seal" are two examples taken from history to comfort frustrated people, including myself.