Folk customs in Erbadu Town

Among countless mysteries, the name "Nian Ba Du" itself makes people think deeply.

In 62 1 year (the fourth year of Tang Wude), when Xujiang County was established (93 1, that is, in the second year of Changxing in the Five Dynasties, Xujiang was renamed Jiangshan), a small number of mountain people lived here, and the land belonged to Xujiang County Road and became a township. 107 1 year (four years in Xining, Song Shenzong), Jiangshan county set up 44 capitals below the township ("Du" is equivalent to the village), starting from Yidu River in the northeast of the county, and named it clockwise, ranking 28th here, hence the name "Twenty-eight Capitals" (or "Eight Capitals in the Year"). Until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangshan County continued to use the Ming system and was divided into 12 townships and 44 capitals, and Daocheng Township included four capitals, making a total of 28 capitals. This can be seen on the topographic map of Jiangshan County Records in Kangxi.

No matter how many dynasties have changed and the world has changed, whether it is called capital, Li or Zhuang before the Qing Dynasty, township or town since the Republic of China, or township, people's commune, brigade, administrative district or town after the founding of the Republic, the place name "Nianbadu" has been used to this day.

Many years later, Chen, a Japanese overseas Chinese writer, lamented that "a four-character place name like Twenty-eight Capital is rare in China." In fact, such place names were not uncommon at the beginning, and even now they are not unique. There is a Nianbadu in Nanping, Fujian, and a Nianbadu in Shengzhou, Zhejiang. In Jiangshan, place names like Sidu, Wudu and XXVII are still in use.

The Mystery of "Mandarin"

In addition to the popular Nianbadu Mandarin, Nianbadu has at least nine common dialects, including Jiangshan dialect, Pucheng dialect, Guangfeng dialect, Huishan dialect, Lingtou dialect, Xixixia dialect, Heyuan dialect, Xiapu dialect and Tianyang dialect. There are so many dialects in a small valley in Fiona Fang, but it is really a "dialect kingdom". According to Mr. Yang Zhansan, there is a female doctor studying languages in Beijing. She lived in Yang's compound for more than half a month, but she still couldn't bear to leave. She said that most villages or market towns in China belong to the same clan, and people in the same village often belong to the same clan, with a single surname and a single language. However, Nian Ba is a southern accent and has its own unified dialect-"Nian Ba Du Mandarin".

The residential buildings in Badu are basically black, white and gray, simple and elegant.

The diversity of dialects can best reflect the characteristics of immigrants in the eighth capital of the year. Needless to say, Jiangshan accent, Pucheng accent and Guangfeng accent, Huishan accent is actually Yihuang accent in Jiangxi. More than 600 years ago, many people from Yihuang County in Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province came here to open lime kilns and burn lime, which promoted the development of papermaking handicraft industry in Nianbadu. They settled down and thrived, always speaking the dialect of their hometown, so their settlement was called Grey Mountain, and their dialect was called "Grey Mountain Dialect". After selling lime, people in Grey Mountain must buy some wine and tofu, and sit in the shop and talk while eating, so there are tofu shops and hotels here, and there were six or seven during the Republic of China, which is also a feature. Lingtou dialect is actually Tingzhou dialect in Fujian. "Xiaxixiang" is a dialect in Quanzhou and Putian, Fujian Province, also known as Xiafuqiang, which refers to Xiabafu dialect in Fujian Province. "Tian Yang dialect" and "Heyuan dialect" are dialects used in two small villages at the foot of Fogai Mountain at the junction of Zhejiang and Fujian. Influenced by Pucheng dialect, but different, it basically belongs to many dialects. The existence of these dialects makes clear the origin of the ancestors of the capital in the eighth year of 2008.

The most puzzling thing is "Nianbadu Mandarin", which is also called "Zhengzi" by local people. It is quite different from Jiangshan dialect which belongs to Wu language family, forming a unique "Nianbadu Phonology" (Quzhou City Records). However, although it retains the characteristics of "Mandarin", it is also influenced by local dialects such as nearby rivers and mountains in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. They call children "babies" and girls "girls". Anything that is interesting is called "boy", such as paparazzi, cats, cowboys, pigs, sheep and so on. Even the small casserole is called "clay pot" or "wind stove".

How did this language come into being? There is a saying that in the early Qing Dynasty, a "Zhejiang-Fujian Fengling Camp" was set up between Xianxiaguan and Fenglingguan, and the guerrilla yamen was located in Erbadu. "Mandarin" is the lingua franca of the Qing army stationed in Nianbadu. In fact, it is only a foreign accent, so it is also called "Hua Guan", commonly known as "Nian Ba Du Hua".

It is no accident that DuDu people later met bosom friends in Dandong, far northeast, and found the source of their own language family. Old Yang Man Castle Peak said that during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, several young people in the town joined the Volunteers. When the troops were stationed in Dandong, they were surprised to find that the local dialect was almost the same as "Nianbadu Mandarin", so they suddenly realized that "Mandarin" was just "Huaguan" and a kind of writing outside Shanhaiguan. It is said that several young people can't help crying for joy.

"nianbadu Mandarin" not only found its source in the northeast, but also has magical similarities with the dialect of Huabu Town, a famous ancient commercial port in Quzhou, and the language of Yunguichuan. Therefore, there is another saying that Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan language family accounts for a large proportion in Nianbadu dialect, because most of the Gao Pian troops who fought against Huang Chao in that year were Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan people, and some of them lived in Nianbadu. But this is just a guess, not credible.

The mysterious "people" town

In Badu (including its village of 13) 100, there were at least 146 surnames, and now there are 14 1 surnames in more than 3600 people. It is a veritable "civilian" town. According to statistics, the current twelve surnames are: Chen, Dai, Wang, Li, Xie, Xu, Liu, Yang, Huang, Zhou, Jin and Rao. In the past, Yang, Jin and other surnames in the "four big families" were still among them, while Jiang and Cao were no longer the most popular surnames, showing the great changes.

There are more than 100 surnames in general towns, but all villages and places live in groups, and a surname accounts for the majority of the population. Among the 28-crossing 146 surnames, the four surnames of Chen, Dai, Wang and Li, which have the largest population, only have more than 500 people, each accounting for 6. 1%-7.5% of the town's population, and other surnames account for the proportion of the population.

Research shows that among 146 surnames, only 40 surnames are caused by marriage and immigration. Because it is located in a relatively closed mountainous area, the geographical scope of population marriage migration is very small, which has little influence on the surname distribution of Nianbadu.

The main reason of "people" town is historical immigration. Although only 47 surnames in 146 have records of historical migration places, these 47 surnames account for nearly 95% of the total population, which truly reflects the origin of immigrants in Nianbadu, mainly from Jiangshan, Guangfeng and Pucheng at the border of Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi, and other places in Fujian and Jiangxi (including Fujian coastal areas and Quanzhou) judged from Nianbadu dialect.

The early Qing Dynasty was the peak of immigration, and many of the most popular names moved here at this time. In recent years, the ancestors of Badu people chose this place as their habitat, not because the living environment here is so good, but because their original situation may be worse. The foothills and passes around Nianbadu seem to bring some sense of security. Although the steep mountains have never spared Maple Valley from swords and wars for thousands of years, in turbulent times, this valley still needs to be more calm and safe. Especially after the "San Francisco Rebellion" in the Qing Dynasty, the peace of 180 years made the business of Nianba capital prosperous and immigrants poured in, and it was at this time that the "people" town was finally formed.