Why is there a tombstone in front of the grave?

The main function of tombstones is to provide some information for future generations and understand their own experiences. Another popular saying is that they have generations.

Ancient tombstones have many uses:

First, the wooden tablet stands in front of the palace, so it is called "there must be a tablet in the palace." This wooden tablet is used to know the shadow of the sun. From the yin and yang of the shadow of the sun, the seasonal changes can be measured.

The second is to erect a monument in front of the ancient ancestral temple, which is perforated and used to tie sacrificial animals, and bring out blood sacrifices after the gods meet;

Third, ancient stone tablets are tools to lead coffins into burial.

Modern tombstones are mainly used to write inscriptions, and the writing content of tombstones is rich. Including geomantic omen, native place, name, identity, date of birth, date of death, descendants, monuments, burial or reburial date.

1. Feng Shui situation, the left side of the tombstone is called Longbian, which is an important part of the monument. Write mountain direction, mountain line and gold thread here. For example, "Li Guishan divides gold into two parts: direction and meridian." Its purpose is to inform future generations that in the event of natural disasters, floods or war damage, future generations can still find the original feng shui direction and rebuild the monument according to the feng shui situation on the monument. :: (Yuan Keli) was buried in Dingzhou on December 27th in Chongzhen, with the tomb in the south of the county seat. He went to Erli Lake, Zudao, and built it for this purpose! "

2. Native place, in the cemetery where there are many immigrants, especially those who died in other places, the names of the native provinces, cities and counties should be engraved in the most conspicuous places at the left and right corners of the tombstone, and some only engrave the names of the regions and villages. This is a nostalgia for hometown, and it also provides convenience for future generations and relatives and friends to find graves when they visit graves for sacrifice. : "According to the form: the public can stand, the word is polite, and posthumous title is awkward. My ancestors lived in Fengyang, and my ancestors were proud. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, they repeatedly built cities to defend hundreds of households with military exploits, which is now Suiyang Ye Wei. I moved to Sui, looking forward to it. "

3. The name is written in the center of the tombstone. This is called "winning the list". When writing the name of the tomb owner, the number of words is related to the good omen of Feng Shui. In order to show respect for elders, many honorifics were added in the past, such as: father called Kao and Xiankao, mother called Cong and Xiancong, male added Gong and Jun Fu, and female added Jia and Ru. Moreover, the number of words depends on the five words "birth and death". Among them, it is lucky to fall on the words "longevity" and "old" of six, seven, eleven, twelve, sixteen and seventeen. It is unlucky to fall on the word "illness" or "death" or "suffering". Therefore, when drawing up the words in the table, try to use the numbers in auspicious format. For example, "Nineteen Chiang Kai-shek Society awarded Cheng the title of official doctor", with a length of 2 1 word, which is the most auspicious. If the names of husband and wife are written on the tablet, they will be arranged in the order of left respect and right inferiority, male left and female right. In 22 years of the Republic of China, an Interview with Suixian County, Henan Province was published: "Yuan Shangshu can be found in the tomb of Xu Lili in Wuli, south of Suizhou, and in the tomb of Yuan Jiehuan (Yuan Keli), the minister of Shangqing Ministry of War."

4. Date of birth, date of death, written on both sides of the list, or according to the male left and female right, it is best to write the date completely. It is very difficult to find out the date of birth and death of ancestors every few generations because of the long time and the cancellation of household registration. Wang Mingduo's "Tombstone of Shangshu Festival of Shaobao Prince's Ministry of War": "The son of heaven ruled the world for seven seasons. 1October 1 1 day, Ministry of War Shangshu Jiehuan (Yuan Keli) finally got home.

People who set up the monument, including children, relatives and friends, and groups, should be written on the tiger face of the monument, that is, on the right. All children should write it down, and the dead children can box their names. Or according to seniority, from left to right. There are also people who don't want to be named, and they can write children's respect or worship. On December 27, Daming Chongzhen was ugly for ten years, crying for blood and collecting stones.

6. The time to build or rebuild the mausoleum is engraved on the side of the tiger in the monument. There are many written records of time in China, including the AD and the lunar calendar, most of which are written on the winter solstice and Tomb-Sweeping Day. The year and date are mostly dry. A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Man, Ghost and Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Shu and Hai in the heavenly stems together represent the date or month of the calendar. Such as Jia Zi and Yi Chou. Some scholars divide spring, summer, autumn and winter into twelve months, and each month has another name. Such as Meng Chun in January, Midspring in February and Ji Chun in March; Xia Meng in April, midsummer in May, and late summer in June; It is called Qiu Meng in July, Mid-Autumn Festival in August and Qiu Ji in September. October is called Meng Dong, November is called Midwinter, and December is called Ji Dong. There are also twelve months named after flowers and trees, such as January plum, February apricot, March peach, April locust, May pomegranate, June plum, July melon, August laurel, September chrysanthemum, October Tan Yue, November plum and December oak. There are also "Gu Erdan", "Ji Dan" and "auspicious day" on the tombstone, not the specific date. "Gu Erdan" comes from the Book of Songs, which means Gu Shan or Dan Ming, which means good times. And "auspicious day" and "auspicious day" are just for good luck. They are all used to make up the numbers when arranging auspicious words. And when you can't remember or remember the date of birth and death, you will often write auspicious days in Yue Ji, and the family of the grave owner will get psychological comfort. Epitaph includes epitaph, epitaph and epitaph. The Eastern Han Dynasty began to erect a monument in front of the cemetery. The tablet is engraved with the official title, name and date of birth of the tomb owner. Later, the family background and life story of the tomb owner were engraved on the tablet and praised. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the official forbade the erection of monuments many times. They believe that "since the Han Dynasty, death in the world has been a luxury, with stone chambers, stone beasts and inscriptions as objects". In the tenth year of Jian 'an (205), Cao Cao ordered that no reburial and no monument should be erected. Emperor Wu of Jin enjoyed it for four years (278 years), saying, "This stone and beast monument is not only a private compliment, but also a hypocrisy, which hurts money and harms people. More than that. " Because the monument was banned several times, the tombstone went underground, resulting in an epitaph. From the prevalence of the Tang Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, a large number of epitaphs were unearthed.

The epitaph consists of two square stone tablets, which are called the combination. The above is the tomb cover, and the text is relatively simple. Generally, dynasty, official title and surname are engraved with regular script or seal script. For example, the epitaph of Zhang Fujun in the ancient Tang Dynasty, Wang Yong, Yang Guogong in the ancient Song Dynasty and Jun Zheng in Yongshou County. Exquisite flower and bird patterns are engraved on the periphery of the text. On the other hand, it is engraved with the owner's name, native place, and large-sized words describing his life story, and finally there are inscriptions, mostly four-character rhymes. Every epitaph contains historical, literary, calligraphic and artistic contents, which reflect the cultural characteristics of that era to varying degrees. : "Xian Yuangong is a great man. Came into being and became a valuable minister. Luan Jie Ji bu, baifu. The lung stone is not wide (feeling), and the clothes are filled. "

Tombstones originated in the Northern Dynasty, which paid special attention to Feng Shui, which regarded the south as a Shinto. Shinto is actually a tomb in the south, so there is a monument on Shinto, which is a tombstone. In the Tang Dynasty, the whole rectangle was called a monument, and between the ring or Fiona Fang's head shape, the shape with the upper part and the lower part was called a monument. There are different levels of use of stone tablets. Officials with more than five grades can erect monuments, and officials with more than seven grades can erect monuments. In the Qing dynasty, officials with five grades or above took turtle hoes as monuments, while officials with five grades or below took square hoes as monuments. In principle, monuments are not allowed in front of civilian graves. However, the social atmosphere can't help it. It's just that the monument erected by ordinary people is relatively small, and there are no seats. Only the name, year of birth and death, and the person who erected the monument are written on the tombstone, and biographies and epitaphs are not written.

Tombstones, tombs of emperors of past dynasties, have no scale restrictions, and the monuments are tall and majestic. Moreover, there are very spectacular monument buildings, taking the Jingling of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty as an example. There is a monument building of Shengde Shen Gong on Shinto Road, commonly known as the Great Monument Building, which includes a monument of a leading turtle. Emperor Kangxi was the longest-serving emperor in China. Because of its boundless merits and numerous articles, with the approval of Yong Zhengdi, two sets of stone tablets were set up side by side in the monument building, with Manchu on the left and Chinese on the right. There is a dragon under the pedestal, and there are two dragons playing with pearls at the head of the tablet, and the seal script of "The Monument of Shengde Shen Gong in Jingling of Qing Dynasty". The words in the tablet are orderly, narrative and inscription. Although there are praises to the emperor, there are real historical materials from all aspects of society at that time, which still have certain historical value. There are no tombstones and Ming Lou monuments in the Mausoleum. The tombstone is located on the Shinto road in front of the mausoleum, and its monument building is commonly known as Xiaobei Building. Among them, the stone tablet is still a dragon-headed turtle, but its shape is smaller than that of the monument of Saint-de-Shen Gong. Its inscription says the emperor's temple and all the names of posthumous title. Temple number is a unique name when the emperor worships in the ancestral temple after his death. Posthumous title is the title to evaluate the deeds of the emperor before his death. On the tombstone, in addition to the emperor Saint Zuren, there are some kind words after death, and the emperor can enjoy 22 words. The Ming building is the tallest building in the mausoleum area, located in front of the mausoleum (Baoding) and in the Ming building, and its dragon head is a monument, also known as a sacred monument. It is engraved with the Manchu-Mongolian Chinese character "Mausoleum of Emperor Saint Zuren". In short, the supremacy of imperial power is prominent everywhere in the imperial tomb. The emperor also advocated "ruling the world with filial piety." This may also be a filial piety of the royal family.

In modern cemeteries, most tombstones are only engraved with the owner's name, year of birth and death, who erected the monument and when. The tombstone is also engraved with the words "descendants of Yin Fu" and "descendants of grace", and the tomb cover is also engraved with short words such as "memory" and "grief". On the tombstone of a celebrity, there is a brief introduction to the owner's life. There are still people alive, who wrote sentences with their hearts, feelings, tears, blood and love. It condenses the long road of life and shows infinite human feelings. There are sad thoughts, happy memories, brave words that inspire people to forge ahead, and brave words that warn future generations. This text, in which the feelings of the living and the dead blend, is full of philosophy of life, revealing the true meaning of life between the lines. It is an encyclopedia that can never be read.

I) name tag. The front of the tombstone is marked with the name of the person in the tomb, the person who erected the monument and the time when it was erected. Most of these monuments were erected by the descendants of the deceased. There are also students who set up tombstones for teachers, sons-in-law for parents-in-law, husbands for wives, wives for husbands and friends for tombstones. The appellation of the undead in the tombstone is briefly introduced as follows:

(2) Tombstones introducing the life of the deceased. This kind of inscription generally includes name, place of origin, family background, experience, works, year of death, place of burial, and finally the inscription, mostly in verse, three characters, four characters, five characters, seven characters or Sao style. Most of them were written by the descendants of the deceased. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou. There are also simple inscriptions and short epitaphs to introduce the dead.

Grandfather tested the spirit of so-and-so Taifu monarch (for grandfather)

Grandma's spirit (to grandma)

A survey of the spirit of a government (for my father)

Show some adult spirit (to father)

Show the spirit of an old man (to his mother)

Show Mrs. XXX's spirit (to her mother)

Father-in-law's spirit (to father-in-law)

Therefore, Yue Kao is afraid of the spirit of his eldest brother (to his father-in-law).

Mother-in-law's spirit (to mother-in-law)

So the spirit of Yuecong's family (to her mother-in-law)

Master so-and-so adult spirit (to the teacher)

The soul of my late husband (to her husband)

The soul of Mrs. XXX in the first room (to his wife)

The spirit of a gentleman (to friends)

The spirit of good brothers (to friends or disciples)