Manchu in Qing Dynasty, were all Manchu in Qing Dynasty?

Was the Qing Dynasty all Manchu? The Qing Dynasty is a multi-ethnic unified country, including Han, Mongolian, Mongolian, Manchu and so on. The Qing Dynasty (1636- 19 12) was the last unified feudal dynasty in the history of China.

The total population of Manchu is 6.5438+0.0682 million (in 2000), ranking second among the 55 ethnic minorities in China. Manchu has its own language and writing. "White Mountain and Black Water" in the northeast is the hometown of Manchu. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country. From then on, Manchu nobles began to rule the country. After the Revolution of 1911, the Qing court fell.

Extended information Northeast "Baishan Heishui" is the hometown of Manchu. The origin of Manchu can be traced back to Su Shen more than 2,000 years ago, followed by Lou, Buji, Xiongnu and Jurchen.

In the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country, from which Manchu nobles began to rule the whole country. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, under the influence of the feudal system of Han nationality, the existing slavery and serfdom of Manchu people outside the customs accelerated the transformation to the feudal landlord economy. This transformation process is full of fierce class struggle and top-down reform.

The ruling classes of Manchu and Han gradually united, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions tended to ease, and the social economy gradually resumed prosperity. The prosperity of Kanggan, national stability, unprecedented territory, developed feudal economy, rapid population growth and harmonious ethnic relations.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Qing Dynasty

Where were Manchu mainly distributed in China in Qing Dynasty? Manchu people were basically in Inner Mongolia and Northeast China before the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan, Beijing became its capital and ruled the territory of China from then on. In order to consolidate the rule, the Qing dynasty appointed a large number of Manchu people to serve all over the country, which dispersed the Manchu people.

At present, Manchu population is mainly distributed in three northeastern provinces and Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The Manchu population living in the above areas accounts for 97. 10% of the total Manchu population in China, and only 2.9% live in other areas. Widely distributed, mainly in Henan, Shandong, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Chengdu, etc. 1 1 provinces (cities, autonomous regions).

Since the emperor shunzhi moved to Beijing in Qing Dynasty, Manchu began to assimilate and learn * * * culture. When Emperor Xuan Tong abdicated, Manchu in northern China was basically completely sinicized. There are only some' pure' Manchu people in northern Liaoning and southern Jilin, and now Manchu descendants in North China don't even understand Manchu.

Extended data

Manchu, the full name of Manchu, is the largest branch of Tungusic language family, with a population of 10708464(2000), mainly distributed in the northeast of China, mainly scattered, with the largest resident population in Liaoning Province (5.5 million). Historically, apart from establishing the national political center, Manchu people have made countless contributions to the motherland.

First, it has opened up the northeast frontier of the motherland.

Manchu, called Su Shen and Nuzhen in ancient times, originated in Baishan (Changbai Mountain) and Heishui (Heilongjiang) in the northeast. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, they used crossbows to pay tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, they established the local regime of Bohai Sea, stretching from the lower reaches of Songhua River in the north to the sea in the east, to the north and southwest of the Korean Peninsula in the south, and from Kaiyuan to Dandong in the Song Dynasty.

Second, make Beijing the political center of the country.

In A.D. 1 153, the Jin Dynasty, founded by Jurchen, moved Huining Prefecture, which was far away in Beijing, Heilongjiang Province, to the Great Wall, designated Yanjing, the former capital of Liao State, as the national capital, and renamed Zhongdu. The famous Lugou Bridge, the architecture of the Jin Dynasty, still shows the scientific and cultural level of the Jin Dynasty.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-Manchu

Why did the Qing Dynasty want Manchu rule? Because Nurhachi opened the Qing Dynasty.

In the early Ming Dynasty, with the development of productive forces, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department in Jianzhou, unified all the departments of Jurchen and established the post-Jin Dynasty, thus completing the great cause of unifying Jurchen. 1635, Huang taiji abolished the old name of Nuzhen Manchu, and Manchu formally formed a national community. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing.

1644, Li Zicheng led Dashun Army to capture Beijing, the capital of Ming Dynasty. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has replaced the Ming Dynasty as the national ruler. Since the Manchu entered the customs and unified the whole country, as the second minority regime in China to establish a unified dynasty, the Manchu became inseparable from the Qing Dynasty. In the early years of the Republic of China, Manchu was simply called Manchu because most of them settled in Shanhaiguan.

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The Qing Dynasty, established by the ruling class of Manchu Dynasty, continued to rule China for more than 260 years on behalf of the feudal landlord class in China. During this period, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong were all outstanding figures with great historical contributions.

Manchu is mainly engaged in agriculture. Most Manchu people living in scattered cities are engaged in industry and cultural science. Manchu attaches importance to education, advocates neo-Confucianism, is good at learning, and has many scholars. He has made outstanding contributions to enriching and developing the natural science, literature and art of the Chinese nation.

After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, a considerable number of Manchu people in Beijing and the whole country remained anonymous, and they became afraid that the revolution would retaliate against them. Manchu people who have not changed their nationality. They live an ordinary life like people.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ai Xinjue Luo Nuerhachi

What is the history of Manchu? The origin of Manchu: Manchu has a long history. According to documents, Su Shen, the ancestor of Manchu people, sent envoys to pay tribute to Zhou Tianzi as early as 1000 BC.

The Han Dynasty called Sushen the building, the Northern and Southern Dynasties called Buji, and the Sui Dynasty called Xiongnu. Rong Ruo, the leader of the late Soviet Union, was made king of Bohai County by the Tang Dynasty and established the first local regime in history of manchu-Bohai Kingdom.

12 century, the Heishui descendant Wan Yan tribe rose, and the Jin State was established in115, which was the second local regime established by Manchu ancestors. By the end of16th century, Nuerhachi, the outstanding leader of Jianzhou Jurchen, unified all the departments of Jurchen, took Jurchen as the core, absorbed Ewenki, Oroqen, Xibe, Hezhe, Daur and other ethnic groups, and formed a national community with Manchu ancestors as the main body.

The early Eight Banners Manchuria included Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Donghai Jurchen and Heilongjiang Jurchen. During the clan system, Nuzhen "sent troops to hunt everywhere ... and camped with the clan party." The kinship party mentioned here is a blood relationship, a family with blood relationship; Tunzhai is about geographical relations. To put it bluntly, it is a stockade, a village, a village or a larger ethnic group. Its grass-roots organization is called Lu Niu, and its manager is called Lu Niu Zhang Jing, which translates into Chinese as assistant leader. After Jurchen is merged into the flag, the work and life will always be managed by the deputy leader.

Clans, parties and villages are naturally formed, while flags are compiled in accordance with the * * * decree, which is extremely mandatory and binding. Manchu people in Qing dynasty were strictly fixed under the assistant leader. If you live, you will live in one place; Line, and then unified action; Hunting and sending troops to fight were managed by Zuo Ling. They were moved to a new place and still lived together. Listen to the assistant leader in public affairs and the patriarch in family affairs. The patriarch is in charge of which branch, which generation and what old surname. Children are registered with the heads of families, no close relatives are married, and they will not * * *.

After the Revolution of 1911, the Eight Banners system was abandoned. Zuo Ling and his father (Mukunda in Manchu) died one after another, and most of the ancient books were lost and burned, so it is difficult for many Manchu people to know their old names now.

After Nurhachi's death, his ninth son, Huang Taiji, proclaimed himself emperor in 1635, and designated the lunar calendar 13 as the golden festival, changing the gold to the Qing dynasty, and changing the Nuzhen nationality to Manchu or Manchu, but the word Manchu still did not appear. Before the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen called for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty with the slogan of "expelling Tatars and restoring China". After the founding of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen changed the five-ethnic republic: Manchu was first mentioned when Han Manchu returned to Tibet, but it was still a vague title, and most people in the society called it the flag family or flag bearer. People chat and ask, are you in the flag? The answer is yes or no, not whether it is full, Mongolian or Chinese. It was not until 1949 that the new China was born that it was officially called Manchu.

There is a statistic in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China that Beijing, as the second hometown of Manchu, has a population of more than 600,000. During the period of zhang xun restoration, some relatives of the upper class went to Regent's Palace to mobilize Zai Feng to support the restoration and come out again. Zai Feng sternly refused, saying that the restoration was unpopular. As a result, people either went belly-up, or more than 600,000 people were deported back to their hometown in Northeast China. Where did Manchu people in Qing Dynasty come from now? "White Mountain and Black Water" in the northeast is the hometown of Manchu. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country. From then on, Manchu nobles ruled the country. After the Revolution of 1911, the Qing court fell.

Manchu population is distributed all over the country, with Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Beijing and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government as the majority, while others are scattered in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shandong, Hubei, Guizhou and other large and medium-sized cities such as Xi, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Fuzhou.

Manchu is a hardworking, brave and intelligent nation, and it is also a nation that is good at absorbing foreign cultures and integrating innovation. In the long-term historical development, a custom culture with national characteristics has been formed. The customs of Manchu people at the age of 20 are mostly similar to those of Han people, but they maintain many Manchu characteristics.

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Manchu has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, Jurchen once had her own writing. The early Jurchen characters are syllabic characters derived from Chinese characters, but they have long been lost. At the end of 16, after Nurhachi unified the ministries in Northeast China, Manchu pronunciation was spelled with Mongolian letters, forming a new script called "Old Manchu".

By the 1980s, Manchu had disappeared, except for some remote areas in the northeast and a few Xibe elderly people in Xinjiang. However, as a widely used language, Manchu has left a deep impression on Chinese dialects in many places. Today, there are still a large number of Manchu phonetics and vocabulary in Chinese in Northeast China and Beijing.

Manchu people call their surnames Hala, which is rich and complex and full of national cultural characteristics. At first, Ahala was a Mukun (family). Later, with the population doubling, the family branch was stationed in other places, and the original Mukun divided into several new Mukun. Generally, there is only one hala for a wooden Kun, but there are also cases where several wooden Kun belong to the same hala.

According to historical records, there are more than 600 Manchu surnames, second only to the Han nationality in China. Like other nationalities with a long history, the origin of Manchu surnames can be traced back to the ancient totem worship, but as far as the later development is concerned, there are mainly two surnames: ju surnames and tribal surnames.

The food of Manchu-Han banquet is also very distinctive, and it has always been said that Manchu-Han banquet. Nothing can better represent the blending of Manchu and Han food cultures than "Manchu-Han banquet". The selection, preparation and eating methods of its dishes all maintain Manchu characteristics, among which Hericium erinaceus, bear's paw, ginseng, velvet antler and other delicacies mostly come from the northeast.

It is a fine blend of Manchu and China cuisine. It was formed during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and spread for more than 200 years. There are more than 100 dishes in Yangzhou "Man-Han Banquet" recorded in Yangzhou Picture Book from Qianlong to Qianlong. In daily life, Manchu folk also have many flavor snacks, and there are many kinds of snacks.

I like to eat millet, yellow rice and yellow rice cake (tofu), and I eat "Ajige cake" (jiaozi) every holiday. On Chinese New Year's Eve, we eat boiled pork, roasted pork and cakes which are unique to Manchu people for dinner. Today, jiaozi, hot pot, sauerkraut and Beijing-style cakes in northern China are closely related to Manchu food culture.

Baidu Encyclopedia: Manchu

What are the upper three flags and the lower five flags of Manchu in Qing Dynasty? The above three flags are yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag.

The next five flags are red flag, red flag, white flag, blue flag and blue flag.

First, three flags.

Huang Zhengqi 1

Named after the pure yellow flag color. Built in the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, it was commanded by the emperor himself and was one of the three flags in the world. The number of soldiers is the largest. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were 92 full-time assistants, 2 part-time assistants and about 30,000 soldiers, with a total population of 65,438+5,000 men, women and children.

2. Yellow flag

It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the yellow edge of the flag. The yellow flag is the first of the three flags, and there is no king among them. Soldiers are all the emperor's own soldiers, and members of the Royal Guards are also selected from the Three Flags.

3. Zhengbaiqi

In the 29th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (160 1), Nurhachi was first built and named after a pure white flag. Zhengbaiqi is one of the three flags of the emperor shunzhi after the death of Dourgen.

Secondly, the next five flags

1, the red flag

It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure red flag. The red flag is the first of the next five flags. It is divided into three parts: Manchuria, Mongolia and Han army, divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of Qing Dynasty, it was the flag with the least population among the Eight Banners.

The scale is 74 full-auxiliary leaders, 23,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children is about 1 1.5 million. The famous writer Lao She was originally transferred to Zhenghongqi. Xiao Shenyang, a corrupt official during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, was also a native of Zhenghongqi, composed of Mongolians and belonging to an autonomous tribe of the Qing Dynasty.

2, inlaid with red flags

It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the red and white flag. The red flag is one of the later five flags, which was divided by Wang, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 86 full auxiliary leaders, with 26,000 soldiers and a total population of about10.3 million. It was the favorite princess of Emperor Guangxu in Qing Dynasty.

3. White flag

It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the flag with a white face and a red background. The white flag is one of the next five flags, which is not unified by the emperor, but by the king, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time commanders and 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.3 million.

4. Zhenglan Banner

In the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), Nurhachi was reorganized and organized, with Lu Niu E Town, Jia La E Town and Gushan E Town as the leaders, and four flags of yellow, white, red and blue were initially set up to form four flags. Zhenglan Banner was built at this time, so it was named after its pure blue color.

Before Shunzhi, Zhenglan Banner was tied with Huang Zheng and Huangbian as the upper three flags. At the beginning of Shunzhi, it was reduced to the next five flags by Dourgen, and was no longer granted by the emperor, but was enfeoffed by the kings, Baylor and Beizi.

5, inlaid with blue flags

Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named for its blue flag and red inlay. The flag inlaid with blue is the last five flags, which are divided by Wang, Baylor and Beizi respectively. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 87 full-time assistants and 1 half assistant assistants, with 27,000 soldiers and the total population of men, women and children135,000.

Extended data

The flag bearer is the abbreviation of the Eight Banners after Nurhachi unified the ministries of the state in the 19th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty and established the Eight Banners system. The Eight Banners broke the original split situation and put Nurhachi in charge of the Eight Banners directly. At that time, the flag bearer occupied a certain position. The Eight Banners System is a Manchu social system created by Nurhachi in the process of unifying Jurchen. Yellow flag, yellow flag, white flag, white flag, red flag, red flag, blue flag and blue flag are collectively called the Eight Banners.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-flag bearer

Were Manchu people all "standard-bearers" in Qing Dynasty? Were there any Manchu people who were not "standard bearers" at that time? In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu people were not all "standard bearers", but some of them were not.

The flag bearer is the abbreviation of the Eight Banners after Nurhachi unified the ministries of the state in the 19th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty and established the Eight Banners system.

In Qing Dynasty, the military organization and household registration system of Manchu and Qing Dynasties were divided into eight banners: yellow, white, red, blue, yellow, white, red and blue.

Due to different ethnic origins, the flags are divided into Eight Banners Manchuria, Eight Banners Mongolia and Eight Banners Han Army. The Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies belong to the same flag and color, but the treatment of joining the army and entering the official is slightly different. At its peak, the Eight Banners had 270,000 people. Descendants of the Eight Banners are called children of the Eight Banners, also known as "flag bearers".

Extended data:

As a special social group, the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty are composed of Manchu, Han, Mongolian, Ewenki, Daur and Xibe.

Before the Qing soldiers entered the customs, at the beginning of17th century, Nurhachi (Qing Taizu) divided the Manchu army into four flags, each of which was initially 7,500 people (mainly Manchu, with a small number of Han and Mongolian). Later, with the increasing number of people, it expanded from four flags to eight flags.

The colors of the Eight Banners are yellow, red, white and blue, plus yellow, red, white and blue. The establishment of these flags is a combination of military, political and civil affairs.

The nobility and lowliness, the army and the people of Manchuria were all compiled and bound by the flag system. Later, with the development of the army, the "Han flag" and "Mongolian flag" were added. Each of the three military flags has eight faces, in fact, there are 24 faces in total. The ministries to which these three flags belong are collectively called flags, followed by Manchu. Originally, due to different needs, it was called "full flag".

Baidu encyclopedia-children of the eight banners