Father-son appellation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Calling father is one of the most basic forms of address. Throughout the ages, there are many works on Chinese appellation, among which there are many studies on father appellation, but in recent years, Hu (1994, 2002, 2003) and other related studies are quite noteworthy. These scholars use modern technical means to conduct a comprehensive search of historical documents and materials, and at the same time pay attention to collecting, sorting out and utilizing a large number of dialect research achievements in recent years, and combine the theories of modern linguistics, especially language contact and sociolinguistics to analyze them from different angles such as * * * and diachrony, and draw many convincing conclusions.

Hu (2002) divided the appellations of fathers into six categories from the perspective of Chinese dialects (each category is called a department). For the sake of discussion, this paper makes some adjustments to the order and content of Hu Wen, and the results are as follows: (1) "father" category, including father and father; (2) "Dad" category, including Dad, Dad, Abba, Dad, etc. (3) The category of "grandfather" includes grandfather, grandfather, grandfather, father, etc. (4) "Dad" category, including Dad, Dad and Dad; (5) "big" category, including Da, Da, DA; (6) "Bo" category, including Bo, Shu, Lao, Bo, etc. In addition to the above six categories, there are also people who call their fathers "uncles", such as some places in Henan; Some people call his father "Xiang", such as Shexian County, Anhui Province; Some people call their fathers "officials", such as Fuqing, Fujian; Some even call their fathers "brothers", such as Wuyi, Zhejiang. To give a few examples, there are many more.

(A) the "parents" class

"Father" is the oldest, most stable and most important appellation in China society. The earliest title of "father" in China literature was "father". Hu (2003) quoted Wang as saying that "father" had already referred to father in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's time. What Wang said should be beyond doubt. Later dictionaries have not changed. Until today, the "father" class is still an important way to address fathers. It's just usually used as a back name.

According to "there is no light lips in ancient times, the fish changed from" model "to" hemp ",so" father "is" dad ",which is actually the original sound of" father " (li jinxi, 1933) This statement can also be found in today's confrontation between dialects and foreign languages: in some dialects in Fujian, the initial of "father" is pronounced as [p] (Feng Aizhen,1993); Although "A" and "Ni 'a" are used to refer to father in Leizhou dialect, the word "father" is also pronounced as [pe]. In addition, the pronunciation of non-group initials with light lip sounds is [h], and the white pronunciation is [p], such as flying, parting, releasing, incubating, father, barking, rice, bee, fragrance and sewing (Li Xinkui, 1994). The opposition between Korean and Chinese is very strict, and the maze sound of "father" is still pronounced as B today. For example, In the Korean Chinese character pronunciation table, the phonetic notation of the following Chinese characters is bu: fufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufu. U fufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufufu.

At the same time, it also means that after the Middle Ages, two words addressing father began to appear, one is "father" (Guangyun: Fu Yuqie) and the other is "dad" (Jiyun: must drive away fear). However, the existing literature seems to show that the latter has never achieved orthodox status.

(2) the category of "dad"

"Dad" was first seen in the book Guangya of the Three Kingdoms Wei. According to Guangya's explanation: Dad, so is Dad. Later, this word was included in Jade Pieces, Guang Yun, Jiyun and even Kangxi Dictionary, with similar definitions. Strangely, since Guangya, there must be the word "dad" in every word book, but it is difficult to find a corpus that directly uses the word "dad" in the literature we consult; In some documents involving the use of "dad", it seems that the status of "dad" is not high. Let's take a look at some records about "dad":

"Jiyun" goes to the voice of forty: "It is necessary to drive and cut. Wu people call their father' dad'. "

"Longdong Notes Volume 4": Dad and Pu can be rebellious, and the Chu people call their father.

Zhou Ying (Ming Dynasty): A single family called the father. Guangya said: the step can be reversed, and the father is also.

It's either dialect or people. Not a traditional title. It can be seen that "dad" is not in the "official language".

Only in the Qing Dynasty did things change. Hu (2003) pointed out that many vernacular novels in the Qing Dynasty, such as "Officialdom in the Appearance" and other literary works began to use the title of "dad", and later literary works used more cases. This is consistent with our investigation, but we find that the number of "dad" in a series of works mentioned by him is still not as good as other titles. The real rise of "dad" was after the "Mandarin" movement. This is another story.

(3) the category of "Ye"

The time when the class "Ye" was used to address father is unknown. According to research by Hu (1994), the word "ye" called father existed before the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was not recorded until after the Three Kingdoms. Different from "dad", we can ask for a dictionary for "Ye" and look for practical use cases in literary works. If there is a saying that "Ye, custom is the word of the father Ye", but "Twelve volumes of the art of war named Ye" in Mulan's poems in the Southern Dynasties is a well-known sentence.

The "Ye" called the father can enter poetry, which shows that it has been widely used and accepted by the society. The problem is, whether it comes from a foreign language or a dialect, it is not easy to make it into mainstream Chinese. We may have the following explanations: (1) The original user of "Dad" moved away, which made another place have "Dad" (as mentioned above, "Wu people call Dad" and "Dad, Chu people call Dad"); (2) The original user of "Ye" becomes the new owner and gains the upper position; (3) The flourishing age of the Tang Dynasty showed tolerance for language. In other words, at that time, all varieties of language projects were recognized, and the success of language projects depended on their own strength.

The development of history seems to be full of ridicule. A strong "grandpa" will eventually go downhill. "Ye" was gradually replaced by "Dad". Today, "Ye" refers to his father only in some dialects such as Jianghuai Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin, Wu dialect and Hakka dialect, and concrete examples can also be found in Suzhou dialect, Shanghai dialect and Jinhua dialect. In some places, the word "father" no longer exists, but it is still reserved in related morphemes, such as "late grandfather" (stepfather) in Wenzhou dialect. But in today's northwest dialect, we have not found anyone calling his father "Ye". The Central Plains is rare, and there is only one place in Shandong. So, in such a vast northern region, where is Grandpa? Our assumption is the same: (1) The person with this title moved away; (2) The use of the appellation has changed; (3) There is a new owner here.

Although the vast north, including the Central Plains, no longer takes "Ye" as its father, its traces are preserved in the language here. For example, father and son are called "father and son". When I was a child, I often heard children's songs about "still parents".

(4) the category of "dad"

Sociolinguistics holds that language is an organism. Language projects are sometimes the same as this society. The weak can become the strong, and the strong can also be defeated by others. The victory of "Dad" over "Ye" is another important example.

In the literature that has been seen, Guangya (5) was the first to record "Dad". Judging from its shape, this is a pictophonetic character. The early "dad" was obviously a "partial palace", such as:

"History of the South, Volume 52": It is winter, and the imperial edict is returned to the DPRK with this number. People sing: Wang Shixing, the father of people, is anxious to go to people's urgent needs, and water and fire are incompatible. When will you come back to breastfeed me? Pure land dialect refers to the father as the father, so the cloud. Migrate against me

Guang Yun: Dad, the Qiang people call their father and can be beheaded.