Geographical environment of Qingdao

Qingdao is a coastal hilly city, with high terrain in the east and low terrain in the west, rising on the north and south sides and low depression in the middle. Among them, mountains account for about 15.5% of Qingdao's total area (the same below), hills account for 2. 1%, plains account for 37.7%, and depressions account for 2 1.7%. Qingdao coast can be divided into three basic types: headland rocky coast, muddy silty coast and bedrock sandy coast. In shallow water, there are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and marine erosion plains.

Qingdao geotectonics is located in the northeast margin of Jiaonan Uplift and the south-central part of Jiaolai Depression, which is the secondary structural unit of Neocathaysia Uplift. The whole Paleozoic strata and some Mesozoic strata are missing in this area, but the volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Qingshan Formation are developed and widely exposed in Qingdao. Magmatic rocks are mainly Yuejishan gneiss granite in Jiaonan period of Proterozoic and Ai Shan granodiorite and Laoshan granite in late Yanshanian period of Mesozoic. The urban areas are all located on this granite, and the building foundation conditions are excellent. The structure in this area is mainly fault structure. Since Tertiary, this area has been dominated by fault block uplift with stable integrity, with a small overall increase. There are 224 rivers in Qingdao, all of which are rain sources in the monsoon region, and most of them are independent streams entering the sea. There are 33 large rivers with a drainage area of 100 square kilometers, which are divided into three major water systems: Dagu River, Beijiaolai River and coastal area.

Dagu River system includes the main stream and its tributaries, and the main tributaries are Xiaogu River, Guwu River, Liuhao River and Nanjiaolai River. Dagu River is the largest river in Qingdao. Originated in Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, it flows into Qingdao from north to south, passes through Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou and Chengyang, and reaches Nanmatou Village in Jiaozhou. The total length of the main stream is 179.9 km, and the drainage area is 61310.3 square km (including the South Jiaolai River Basin 1500 square km), which is the largest water system in Jiaodong Peninsula. The average annual runoff of Dagu River is 66 1 100 million cubic meters. Before the 1970s, the runoff of rivers was seasonal, the summer floods soared and there was water all the year round. After that, except for the flood season, the middle and lower reaches have been cut off.

The Beijiaolai River system includes the main stream and its tributaries. The main tributaries of Qingdao are Zehe River, Wanglonghe River, Xianhe River and Baisha River, with a total drainage area of 19 14.0 square kilometers. Beijiaolai River originates from the northern foot of the watershed in Yaojia Village, Wanjia Town, pingdu city, goes north along the junction of pingdu city and Changyi City, and flows into Laizhou Bay in Damiaojia Village, xinhe town, pingdu city. The total length of the main stream is100km, and the drainage area is 3,978.6km2.. The average annual runoff of rivers is 253 million cubic meters, and the average annual sediment concentration is 0.24 kg/cubic meter.

Coastal water system refers to the rivers that enter the sea alone, and the larger ones are Baisha River, Moshui River, Wanggezhuang River, Baima River, Liji River, Zhoutuan River and Yanghe River. According to the land classification system of the second national soil survey, Qingdao's soils mainly include brown soil, Jiang Sha black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil and saline soil.

Brown soil covers an area of 493,700 hectares, accounting for 59.8% of the total soil area. It is the most widely distributed and largest soil type in Qingdao, mainly distributed in mountainous hills and piedmont plains. The degree of soil development is affected by the topographic position, and it is divided into three soil genera from high to low: brown soil, brown soil and moist brown soil. Brown soil is mostly used in forestry and animal husbandry because of its high terrain, large slope, thin soil layer, heavy erosion and low fertility. Brown soil and moist brown soil are the main soils for growing cash crops in Qingdao.

The area of black soil in Jiang Sha is 654.38 076.9 thousand hectares, accounting for 265.438 0.42% of the total soil area. It is mainly distributed in shallow depressions in the south of Laixi, southwest of Pingdu, northwest of Jimo and north of Jiaozhou. This kind of soil has deep soil layer, sticky soil, light to heavy topsoil, poor physical properties, uncoordinated hydrothermal conditions and low available nutrients.

Tidal soil, with an area of 144900 hectares, accounting for 17.55% of the total soil area. Mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of Dagu River, Guwu River and Jiaolai River. Because it is far from the river, the soil texture and soil configuration are quite different. Coastal areas are often affected by sea salt to form salinized tidal soil, and the soil fertility and utilization direction are quite different.

The cinnamon soil covers an area of 6333.33 hectares, accounting for 0.77% of the total soil area. Sporadic distribution in Pingdu, Laixi, Jiaonan limestone residual hills in the upper part.

Saline soil covers an area of 3666.67 hectares, accounting for 0.44% of the total soil area. Distributed in coastal lowlands and coastal beaches. Name and code area of Qingdao administrative division

Urbanization rate (square kilometers)

(%) Permanent population

Population density (ten thousand people)

(Person/km2) Government Resident Shinan District 3702023010054.48160.00 Shibei District 37020366100102.076438+ 38+039.26664.4 1 No.369 Changjiang Middle Road, Laoshan District 3702 123968037.95958.33 No.65438 Xianxialing Road, Licang District 370213981005/. 333.09 No.0.64 No.65438 Zhenhua Street, pingdu city +040 No.370283316752.8135.74428.74 No.65438 Changjiang Road, Laixi City +056858+075+075 Beijing Middle Road 65438.000006/. 1958 In September, Jiaonan County, Jiaoxian County and Jimo County were placed under the jurisdiction of Qingdao City. So far, the city has jurisdiction over 7 districts and 3 counties, namely Shinan District, Shibei District, Taidong District, Taixi District, sifang district, Cangkou District, Laoshan Suburb, Jiaoxian County, Jiaonan County and Jimo County. 196 1 year 10, the suburb of Laoshan was rebuilt into Laoshan county, and the administrative area of Laoshan county was the former suburb of Laoshan, which still belonged to Qingdao. 1February, 963, Taixi District was abolished, and the areas under its jurisdiction were divided into south and north. Huangdao District of Qingdao was established in June 1979. 1983 10 Pingdu County and Laixi County are under the jurisdiction of Qingdao City. At this point, the city is divided into Shinan District, Shibei District, Taitung District, sifang district, Cangkou District, Huangdao District, Laoshan County, Jimo County, Jiaonan County, Laixi County and Pingdu County. 1February, 987, Jiaoxian was abolished and jiaozhou city was established. 1988165438+10 In October, Laoshan County was abolished and Laoshan District was established. 1In July, 989, the organizational system of pingdu city in Pingdu County was abolished, and the organizational system of jimo city in Jimo County was abolished. 1990 65438+In February, Jiaonan County was abolished and Jiaonan City was established. At this point, all the five counties under the jurisdiction of Qingdao have been set up as cities (counties), becoming the first urban agglomeration in China. The city is divided into Shinan District, Shibei District, Taitung District, sifang district, Cangkou District, Huangdao District, Laoshan District, and seven districts and five cities of jiaozhou city, jimo city, pingdu city, Jiaonan City and Laixi City. 65438+1May 1994, the administrative divisions of Qingdao were greatly adjusted, Taidong District and Cangkou District were abolished, Chengyang District and Licang District were established, and various districts and regions were also adjusted on a large scale. It has formed seven districts and five cities, namely Shinan District, Shibei District, sifang district, Licang District, Laoshan District, Huangdao District and Chengyang District. 1, Shibei District and some sub-district offices in sifang district merged to form a new Shibei District; Part of Laoshan District has established New Laoshan District, part of it has established Chengyang District, and part of it has merged with Cangkou District to establish Licang District. 2. Taitung District is revoked and the administrative area is merged into Shibei District; There are two sub-district offices in Wujiacun and Cuobuling in sifang district, Yangjiaqun, Hemashi, Jialinggou and Qujiaanzi in Licun Town, Laoshan District, and the west of Hanzhong Town Line 7 is designated as Shibei District. 3. Cancel Cangkou District of Qingdao and establish Licang District. There are 8 sub-district offices in Cangkou District, including Liu Si Middle Road, Zhenhua Road, Xiaoweng Village, Si Liu Zhuang, Yong 'an Road, Ruth, Banqiaofang and Loushanhou. Loushan Town in Laoshan District and the area north of Zhang Cun River in Licun Town are designated as Licang District.

2012110/0. In October, the State Council issued the Reply on Agreeing to Shandong Province to Adjust Some Administrative Divisions of Qingdao, and the Shandong Provincial Government issued the Notice on Adjusting Some Administrative Divisions of Qingdao, and decided to adjust some administrative divisions of Qingdao: cancel Shibei District and sifang district City of Qingdao, and establish a new one. The Huangdao District of Qingdao and the county-level city of Jiaonan City were abolished, and a new Huangdao District of Qingdao was established. The original Huangdao District of Qingdao and the county-level city of Jiaonan City were the new administrative regions of Huangdao District. After the adjustment, Qingdao has six municipal districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang, Laoshan, Huangdao and Chengyang) and four county-level cities (Jimo, Jiaozhou, Pingdu and Laixi).