Dialect in Nanchang area.

In 202 BC, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, sent Guan Ying, who won the title, to lead troops to Nanchang to build Nanchang City. Due to the internal complexity of Gan dialect, Nanchang dialect in the true sense is limited to the areas under the jurisdiction of Nanchang City and Nanchang County, excluding other counties under the jurisdiction of Nanchang City.

Directory [hidden]

1 history

2 Distribution area

Three main characteristics

4 slices

Brief introduction of Nanchang phonology

5. 1 vowel

5.2 initials

5.3 finals

[Edit] History

From ancient times to Zhou Dynasty, Jiangxi has always been the activity area of Sanmiao. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of the Zhou Dynasty, the ancient Baiyue people began to live in Jiangxi. During this period, Jiangxi was under the rule of Wu Yuechu, and residents thought that Guyue and Guchu were used. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Central Plains immigrated to Jiangxi many times on a large scale, and the Chinese of the Central Plains contacted and merged with the local Wu dialect and Chu dialect, gradually forming the Gan dialect. Nanchang was founded in the late Han Dynasty, and historical data show that Zhang Yu County ranked fourth in the country at that time. In the process of absorbing Chinese in the Central Plains, the ancient Gan dialect gradually formed its own language characteristics. [ 1]

[Edit] Distribution Area

As the representative of Gan dialect, Nanchang dialect, or Changjing dialect and Nanchang Duchang dialect, is mainly distributed in the lower reaches of Jiangxi Ganjiang River and the northern and northwestern areas of Poyang Lake, including Nanchang City, Nanchang County, Xinjian, Anyi, Yongxiu, Xiushui, Wuning, De 'an, Duchang, Hukou, Fengxin, Jing 'an and Pingjiang, with a total of 65,438+.

[Edit] Main functions

The outstanding feature of this film is that the evolution of ancient and modern tones has been influenced by the voiced initials and aspirated tones. There are two modes in this film. The mode is Yin to high and Yang to low. (Except for the three counties: Xiushui enters the tone regardless of yin and yang. The entering tone of "Gu" is limited to the ancient entering tone with clear initial consonant and clear initial consonant with secondary initial consonant, and the ancient full-voiced initial consonant can be traced back to today's Yang. There is no Rusheng in Hukou, and the ancient Rusheng words are all gone now)

Such as: Nanchang: Baiyinzhong, Baiyangzhong, Lvyinzhong and Liuyangzhong.

Second, aspirated initials affect tone differentiation. [Gao 'an, Fengxin, Jing 'an and Wuning are exceptions]

The breathing of initials affects the differentiation of tone categories, which is rare in Chinese dialects all over the country, such as Mandarin, Copper dialect and Agricultural dialect. Breathe a word and don't breathe a word, and the tone of the two words remains the same. Third, the word "dish" is not aspirated, but the word "dish" is aspirated. The tone of the two words is still the same, but in Nanchang dialect, the tone of copper and agriculture is different, because the word "copper" is aspirated and the word "agriculture" is not aspirated. Then the word "dish" is not aspirated, and the word "dish" is aspirated. The tones of the two words are different, and the word "vegetable" has become the upper voice, just like the word "color".

[edit] subsection

This film can be divided into Nanchang, Duchang and Jing 'an.

Nanchang small piece includes Nanchang City, Nanchang and Pingjiang in Hunan Province. The common point is that aspirated consonants do not affect tone differentiation, and there is no [in i? ] Objection, four calls.

Duchang area includes Duchang, Xing Zi, De 'an, Yongxiu, Hukou, Anyi, Xiaxinjian, Wuning and Xiushui. What they have in common is that the ancient voiced initials and the ancient sub-voiced initials are now aspirated voiced initials (the counties outside Duchang are divided into new and old schools, which are the old school pronunciations). Duchang has no distinction between old and new, only this pronunciation), and whether the initial is aspirated or not affects the differentiation of this tone category. The fricative sound [h] belongs to aspirated, and the rest belongs to non-aspirated; There are mostly initials behind the tip of the tongue, and [in i? ] objection, there is no pinch of mouth, mom.

Jing 'an small piece includes Jing 'an, Fengxin and Shangxin. What they have in common is that all the students who know Zhang Zu have read [t th s] except Shi Gang Zhixie who has read zh ch sh twice and opened the third word, and there is no [in i? ] antonym, without a pinch of vowels.

[Editor] Introduction to Nanchang Phonology

Nanchang dialect usually refers to the area under the jurisdiction of Nanchang City and Nanchang County, excluding other counties under the jurisdiction of Nanchang City. Nanchang dialect is divided into urban dialect and rural dialect, and there are many kinds of rural dialect. A city in the traditional sense refers to the area within the old city of Nanchang (Zaoni), that is, the area less than 5 square kilometers west of Bayi Avenue to Binjiang, north of Yongshu Road and south of Yangming Road. Outside the old city, it used to be called the countryside. Even the countryside closest to the city is different from the urban dialect.

Note: This chapter contains academic terms such as Chinese phonology. Please refer to 36 letters and other items for relevant contents.

[edit] vowels

Does Gan dialect have eight vowels? 、I、u、y、a、o、、? . Three of them can be intermediaries: [-i-], [-u-], [-y-]; Two can be vowel endings: [-i] and [-u]. As shown in the following table:

Front, middle, back, middle and back.

Turn off I? y？ u

a

middle

ajar

open

[? ] only appears in [? -]、[? -], [s-] is in the back. In terms of cooperation, [? ] can be regarded as a variant of [I].

[u] Like ぅ in Japanese, the shape of the mouth is not round, but flat. After the initials on the tip of the tongue, the pronunciation is loose, especially when used as an intermediate sound.

[a] Before [a], not after the tongue [ι], this phenomenon even exists in vowels like "au".

[o] is slightly lower than the seventh standard vowel [o]. [o] is followed by a vowel [-? ] and [-k] are more open and closer to the standard vowel [? ]。 [o] In the two rhymes of "yon" and "yot", it is before and close to [? ]。

[? ] when vowels are used alone, the opening is relatively large, starting from [? ] and [? ]. If the tip of the tongue has a vowel ending [-n] and [-t], the opening is very small, close to [? ], such as: true [? N], knitting [? T]. In "? I ","? In the rhyme "u", [? ] is between [i] and [? ] is a loose and high middle vowel, similar to Meixian dialect.

[edit] initial consonant

There are 19 phonemes (as shown in the table below) and a silent consonant "?" Nanchang dialect in gan dialect. .

The initials of Gan dialect (Nanchang standard Gan dialect) are lip, lip, tooth, tongue tip, front tongue tip, front tongue surface, middle tongue surface and back throat.

Stuffed sound does not aspirate [p]

bachelor's degree

[t]

score a direct hit

[k]

G Jia

Breathe [p? ]

P white

【t？ ]

T reading

【k？ ]

K deficiency

Nasal sound [m]

M Wang

[? ]

Day n

[? ]

Ng tooth

fricative

F flower

[s]

S yarn

[? ]

X Xiao

[h]

H Xia

Fricative sounds are not aspirated [? ]

Z slag

[? ]

J pig

Breathe [? ]

C cha

[? ]

Q pool

sidetone

Los Angeles

Note: This chapter contains academic terms such as Chinese phonology. Please refer to 36 letters and other items for relevant contents.

Phonological Features of Initial consonants in Gan Dialect

Clear stop [p-], [p? -]、[t-]、[t？ -]、[k-]、[k？ The pronunciation of-] is harder than Mandarin, and it sounds like Guangzhou. For example: worship [faction], defeat [p? Ai], Dai [tai], Dai [T? Ai], Gai [kai], almost [k? ai].

The fricative sound [f-] of lips and teeth is similar to Changsha sound, but different from the unvoiced sound [? -]。 For example: Huai [Hui].

Laryngeal voiceless [h-], like most southern sounds, is not the [x-] in Mandarin, but is pronounced in the throat. For example: good [hau].

[? -] is a nasal sound at the base of the tongue. For example: bite [? Au]，shore [？ Open].

[? -] is basically an archaic letter, but there are also a few Japanese letters, such as: day [? It] becomes [? IP]； There are also some mud (mother) words, such as: urine [? Ieu], year [? ien].

[? -]、[? -] and [s-] are pronounced later than Putonghua and are easily mixed with tongue sounds. For example: pig [? U]，live [？ U], tree [su].

The zero initial appears in the opening rhyme [? There is no friction in front, but there are slight rubbing sounds [j], [w] and [? ]。

Correspondence between initials and ancient initials in Gan dialect

P Help mom (and fill Barbie dolls)

Mimi's mother (touching her mother) and Wei's mother (asking mosquitoes)

T-terminal (multi-Ding Du dang)

p？ Mother-in-law; And the mother's voice (leather robe); And the mother's voice (partly made up); Serve mother (floating)

t？ Penetrating the matrix (dragging the body to remove iron); Fixed mother flat voice (lift Tian Tong); The voice of the mother (lazy thief Deng Dong);

K seeing the mother's first and second class, now open and close (the hexagrams cover the high arch); Seeing the effect of female fake crab, Xianshanjiang each took a second-class one, and now it's open (it's hard to make friends at home)

k？ Mother is a second-class girl, now open and close (Kwakun cries); Mother Tuan is quiet, and now she is closed (Kwai Kwai is crazy); The group mother is screaming and is now closed (the cabinet kneels together); Xianjiang Hexi Mu Primary School, each with a second-class opening (knock it right)

If you are not there, apply your mother (rich and fragrant); Serve the mother (home defense); Xiao, Box Mouth (Hu Hu Hu)

H is small, the box mother is first-class, and now I speak (the sea is so cold and dark); Xiao, box mother fake effect Xianshanhe dry each shot private (shrimp shoes filial piety trapped in a corner)

See the mother (now nine volumes clean); Sperm mother (sister wine ginger); Group mother, read Yin (Sai) today; If you meet it three times, you will know the photos (Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu (Zhoukou Tou Chan); Ximu (coupon)

Mother Xi (a light dog); Qing mother (and autumn seventh); The mother's voice is flat (eggplant is dry and right); The voice from the mother (Qi Qian); A group of mothers' voices (a huge sedan chair craftsman); From, the voice of the evil mother (gradually gathering and gradually calming down); Slave and evil mother (Xu Xixiu); Chengmu Pingsheng (shredded kitchen); Thorough, wearing mom, three combinations (the ugly place); The sound of wood, three in one (living column); Zen Mother (for sale)

(Xu); Box mother (Xianxiong point); Heart mother (writing fairy astrology); From, evil mother (tend to learn the ten-day elephant); Judge the mother (Shu Shu Shu); Zen Mother (Shu Shu Shu)

Sperm mother (left disaster); Know and take good care of your mother (cover the desk)

Clear mother (female coarse inch policy); Voice from mother (kindness and shame); The voice from the mother (sitting as a thief); Cut through the mother (Chechuan production scale); Zen mother's voice is dull (I am a minister); Clear, flat mother's voice in bed (signing for Zheng)

S-hearted mother (locked Soviet tricolor); Bad mother (chanting litigation customs); Examine the mother (yarn handsome voice beam); Zen mother (tongue at ten o'clock); Zen mother (often tasted in the morning); Bed mother (boat lip); Zen mother (Rui)

L lorelei longa; Mud mom (glutinous milk can be tender); Mother (Nong Ning); Mother Sun (if it's still hot around)

Mud, mom, mom, etc. , now together (female twisted years drowned); Japanese mother third class (meat pollution day); Suspected mother third and fourth (fish language is rigorous); Grandma (taking a bath)

Suspected mother (hard teeth and eyes); Shadow Mother, this opening (Asia-Europe Dark)

Sun's mother stopped filming (and Joel); Shadow, metaphor, micro-mother (drowning the center and bravely facing the temperature); Yumu (Rongrongrong)

[edit] vowels

There are sixty-seven vowels in Nanchang dialect, which are divided into three categories: opening rhyme, closing rhyme and promoting rhyme.

Open rhyme tail nasal rhyme tail plug rhyme tail edge nasal rhyme.

Open your mouth and shout [? ]

I'm Z.

[a]

hemp

[o]

What?

[? ]

Xu E

[? ]

Oh, uh

[Ann]

An xian

[on]

Anghan

[? n]

Ehnmark

[? n]

in the general

[at]

exist

[ot]

Ottke

[? t]

Et ink

[? t]

Et number

【m？ ]

M m

[? t]

It's raining.

Shout with one's teeth [me]

Woyi

[ia]

Iare

[me? ]

hey

[me? n]

Ian young

[in]

Yin Yin

[me? t]

Let cough

[it]

It day

Shut up and shout

U Wu

[ua]

Ua dialect

[uo]

Uohe

【u？ ]

Ue wow

[uan]

Huanwan.

[uon]

Uon exchange

[United Nations]

changeful

[User Acceptance Test]

Uatyu

[uot]

Uot kuo

[ut]

Ut grottoes

【n？ ]

deal with

(of a man's wife) make (her husband) a cuckold

Y prediction

【y？ ]

Ye is lame.

[Yang]

Yangyuan

[yn]

Yn cloud

[yot]

Yot month

[yt]

Yt emerald

Open your mouth and shout [ai]

Aizai

[oi]

Hello, uh

[? u]

Oumu

[? I]

Ei each

【a？ ]

Angpeng

[? ]

high-spirited

[ak]

Ak ke

[ok]

Ok shell

[au]

Aotang

[? u]

European Union Week

Teeth [me? u]

Ieu demon

[? u]

Iu hatred

【ia？ ]

Liang ding

[me? ]

Changliang

【iu？ ]

Yongrong

[iak]

Yeats

[iok]

York finch

[UK]

British meat

[? ]

Ng five

[International unit]

Iu post

kiss of life

Huaiwai

[User Interface]

Ui cup

【ua？ ]

Guangheng

【u？ ]

yellow

【u？ ]

Weng Zhongzhi

[uak]

Uak scraping

[uok]

Uok extension

【u？ k]

Britain

[UK]

English crying

Phonological Features of Vowels in Gan Dialect

When reading three-level rhyme, one-level flow, one-level opening, one-level opening and two-level opening, the main vowel in many places is [ε]. Such as [hεu2], sign [hεn2], lamp [tεn4].

The opening and closing of the second camera in Xianshan generally tends to be mixed, but the timbre of the main vowel remains different after the initial consonant. For example: Gan [kon] and Jane [Kan]; Drink [heat] and [hat].

The second opening, the second opening, the second opening and the third opening of Fairy Mountain have maintained the significant difference in career timbre after knowing the initials. For example: the station [? Ann], touch [? n]； Shan [3], Fan [out? n].

[me? U], [me? N], [me? T] Three rhymes with the same tooth evolved from three or four rhymes in the Middle Ages. Most of the rhymes of Liu, Zhen, Zeng and Geng also have [-i-] intermediate sounds after seeing Tuan and Yingmu. For example: dog [ki? U], um [? Me? N], gram [ki? T]. This feature is basically due to the root sound of the tongue and? I-stream sound generated between.

The initial pronunciation position of the branch secretary has shrunk to the essence group, but it has changed its opening and closing position in the third and fourth grades and has not become a straight tooth pinch. For example: snake [sa] (fine group: and [? Ia]), book [? Y] (fine group: Xu [? Y]), super [u] (fine group: eliminated [? Me? U]). It can be seen from this point that the confusion between Zhixing Group and Jingxing Group should be a later change. If the two groups have been merged for a long time, the changes before the third and fourth rhymes should be consistent.

The evolution of "Shenzhen Ershe" and "Shenzhen Ershe" reflects the differences in the initial consonants of Zhi, Zhang (Zhao San) and Zhuang (Zhao Er). For example, quote [s? N], astringent [s? t].

Correspondence between vowels and ancient vowels in Gan dialect

A gang of Hezhuang group falsely opened two hemp (dad sprinkled horse dregs); See, Xiao group falsely opened two hemp (Yaxia); Xiao Ying and his duo combined hemp (painted frogs) in a fake way; Zhang Zu's fake opening of three hemp (covering his car to avoid extravagance)

Ia group was given three anesthesia (Xie Jie Xie); Open three hemp (wild) with mother's leaves

Ua's view on the false combination of two hemp plants (Gua Ji Gua Kua)

The crabs in the ai-end, SEE-AND-CONCERATE groups had a good time (milk disaster); The rhyme of mother (son); Opening crabs (buying debts and drying debts) is good for Gangzhuang Group; Xiao group crabs have two shoes; When you see two female crabs, you will open two (both are Jiejie Street); Xiao and Xia mother crabs are both (inclined Huai and bad Huai); Birth mother stops triglycerides (handsome)

The crabs in the Uai group are all good (cute and fast)

Au opens one or two luxurious dishes effectively (including the practice of spears and knives); Look at the group box. Mom's primary school opens two dishes (more effective than teaching)

★ I know that the chapter group effect is three nights (Zhao Zhaoshao); Let it flow away for a day or three (cut throat and steal)

Me? U film group is valid for three nights (Yaoyao); Let it run away for a day or three (the dog is beaten); Help, end, see and refine the group of Japanese mothers, and the primary school will open for three or four nights.

I'm a dog in the manger.

The elite group only opened three branches (Zici Temple Branch); Crabs open three or four sacrifices together, only three branches of fertilizer (lion art exhibition); Help the system stop opening three branches of fertilizer, and the crab will combine three ashes (beautiful arms and lungs)

Guo Kai Hege Ager (Godozuo Lock Goods)

U meets three types of fish in one (combing like an axe slave library)

My mother doesn't prescribe three kinds of fat (uh, uh, uh)

Y essence, see three fish (Xu Juyu beard)

Ui shadow, cloud and micro-mother stop three micro-positions (around micro-positions); Crabs are three or four gray, and three branches are only slightly fat (although drunk); Mud crab mixed with ash (internal thunder); The Japanese mother stopped three branches and the female crab closed three sacrifices (Rui Rui)

Iu came to the mother essence, met the group, and opened three friends (Uncle Liu Qiu was ashamed)