The survival rate of the Qing royal family was extremely low: half of the royal children died young.

Many emperors and daughters died young, especially in the Qing Dynasty. It's a little strange that the Tongzhi emperor in the late Qing Dynasty had no descendants, nor did his cousin Guangxu. However, all this can be explained in some way. In the Qing Dynasty, there were ten monarchs from the establishment of a unified state power in the emperor shunzhi to the demise of Emperor Xuan Tong. Emperor Xuan Tong abdicated in childhood, so his fertility problem and that of the other nine emperors could not be considered. There were 74 people who died before the age of 15, while nine emperors in the Qing dynasty had 146 children, which was half of the number of people born. Among them, 37 of the 60 imperial daughters died unexpectedly, and the premature death rate was as high as 6 1.7%. It should be said that there will be no major problems in conservation. Why is there such a high mortality rate? Let's look at the emperor's first sons. Most of them are short-lived ghosts. The emperor shunzhi's eldest son and daughter is such a middleman. Emperor Kangxi's first six children died before the age of four, as did Yong Zhengdi's eldest daughter and his first three sons. Emperor Qianlong's eldest daughter, second daughter and second son lived for 2 years, 1 year and 9 years respectively. Emperor Jiaqing's eldest son and second daughter left their father before they were four years old, and Daoguang's first six children and second daughter all died.

There are 25 people mentioned above, accounting for 1/3 of the total number of deaths. These dead babies were born to very young fathers: the emperor shunzhi 15 had an eldest daughter; Emperor Kangxi became a father at the age of 14, and his first six children who died prematurely were all born before 18; Yong Zhengdi's eldest son and eldest daughter were born at the age of 17. Gan Longdi/Kloc-the eldest daughter born at the age of 0/8 failed to support herself. The reproductive age of the emperor mentioned here is nominal, and 1 year should be subtracted from the full age. Childbearing should be pregnant in 10 month, and should be negative 1 year; In this way, the first son of Emperor Kangxi was * * * when he was 12 years old, and he was still a teenager when he was 12 years old, and his own development was not complete; The biological mother of the deceased is also a girl about the size of the emperor, and her development is immature. Of course, the children they gave birth to are seriously deficient and have many defects, and no matter how carefully cared for, they can't stay in the world for a long time. When the emperor came of age, his body was mature, but he had many concubines. If his sex life is not controlled, many of his children are still unhealthy, so the mortality rate is high. In a word, congenital imperfection is the main cause of the death of emperors and daughters in Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing emperor, seven people gave birth to children, with an average of 2/kloc-0 children per person. By the time of Emperor Xianfeng, only three children were born, and then the Tongzhi emperor and Guangxu emperor had no heirs. The number of emperors' bones has something to do with their death. For example, the emperor shunzhi was only 24 when he died. If he can live long, he may have many children. But not necessarily. Emperor Xianfeng lived for five or six years after giving birth to Zai Chun at the age of 26, at the reproductive age. However, he didn't add any more children, which only shows that he lost his fertility. Emperor Tongzhi died at the age of 19. Although he is young, he has been married for two years and has five queens. If he had fertility, he should have several children, but he didn't. Emperor Guangxu died at the age of 38 and never came out again. Obviously, this has nothing to do with his age. The real problem lies in his abnormal reproductive function.

Since Emperor Xianfeng, the emperors have been immortal and short of breath, which shows that they are weak and depressed. This decline is completely consistent with the weakness of the country. This shows that there is a causal relationship between them: the emperor is weak and unable to govern with all his strength; The lack of national strength also made the emperor worried, exhausted and in poor health. In this case, like Emperor Xianfeng and Emperor Tongzhi, he did not control himself, only died early, leaving a weak heir and even no blood relationship. The children of the seven emperors were born to 80 queens, with an average of only 1.8 children per person. Kangxi Emperor's 55 children were born to 32 mothers, with an average of 1.7 children per empresses, of which 2 1 only gave birth to 1 times. Yong Zhengdi's mother, De Fei (Empress Xiao Gong Ren), and Prince Cheng's mother, Rong Fei, gave birth to Emperor Kangxi the most, each with six children. In the six years from the 25th year to the 30th year of Kangxi, three brothers and sisters were born in succession, Princess Jingmin and Prince Yun Xiang. The secret princess Wang also gave birth to three sons to Emperor Kangxi in 32-40 years, and two sons to Gao family in 41-45 years. These facts show that Emperor Kangxi loved some empresses for a period of time, or preferred a certain concubine, so he had more children than others. It can be seen that the emperor's multiple wives and fewer concubines is one of the important reasons for having more children.