Why are Zhu Yuanzhang's portraits all pig's waist and pig's face? Does Zhu Yuanzhang really look like this?

Maybe when you search for Zhu Yuanzhang's portrait, you will find that Zhu Yuanzhang is basically painted as a pig's waist face. Does Zhu Yuanzhang really look like this? Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang didn't have a camera at that time, so we couldn't know what he looked like. However, judging from the ancient portraits, can it be regarded as a true portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang? Maybe you can find some little secrets from it. There are also many descriptions of Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance in history, which may be close.

"Liao Fan and Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, face to face" is a very interesting scene in Jiang Wen's film "Evil does not suppress right".

Does Zhu Yuanzhang really have a "pig waist face"?

It has nothing to do with "deliberately vilifying the Qing Dynasty"

The portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang in Ming and Qing Dynasties 13 has been kept in the palace and handed down from generation to generation. These portraits can be divided into two different faces.

One is the full moon, kind and serene, the other is the prime of life, and the other is the old age. There are two in all. The other one has a long forehead, a nose like garlic and a prominent forehead, which is very strange. It is the "portrait of pig's waist face" commonly known as "pig's waist", a total of eleven. So far, there is no historical data to explain why the former is the official "standard image" of the Ming Dynasty and why the latter is hidden in Nanxun Hall of the Qing Palace.

Two portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang handed down from ancient times have their own characteristics.

There is a widespread saying that the historical image of Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig waist and pig face" was deliberately created by the Qing Dynasty to attack the Han people.

This speculation is naturally untenable. These two different historical images appeared as early as the Ming Dynasty.

For example, Hans Zhang, an official who was active in Jiajing and Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, recorded such a personal experience in his book "A Dream with a Loose Window":

Yu said: "Yu is also a human being. When he entered Wuyingtang, he had to be taken care of by his second ancestor. Mao's face, big eyebrows, straight nose and long lips, like a full moon, must be full, which is quite different from the folk image. According to legend, Mao killed several people and the last one was saved. I don't know that the image of the latter was handed down by the Italian people. "

The portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang seen in Wuying Hall in the Han Dynasty clearly refers to the official image mentioned above. "Very different from the folk image" revealed a strange portrait similar to "pig's waist and pig's face", which was circulated among the people at that time.

Fan, another official active in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, recorded a similar personal experience in the book Quyi News:

"There are two true faces of Mao Zedong in Wuyingtang: a mature man with a black beard more than an inch long, a slightly long and plump face, a very white complexion and different eyebrows. When you are old, you must have silver hair and sideburns, a plump round face and a beautiful color. Because I know that the dragon's chin and beard are abduction, and the face with scars is also fake. "

That is to say, during Jiajing and Wanli of Ming Dynasty, there were two standard statues of Zhu Yuanzhang enshrined in Wuying Hall, one in prime of life and the other in respect of the elderly. These two portraits have been handed down to this day. Like Hans Zhang, Fan also saw another image of Zhu Yuanzhang circulating among the people, that is, "the dragon's chin is full of scars".

Original and Old Edition of Zhu Yuanzhang's Standard Portrait

Zhang Xuan, an official who was active in the Wanli period and the Apocalypse period of the Ming Dynasty, also left an interesting record in his book Medicine:

"When my father ordered Yunnan, he copied Qian Fu's imperial capacity, a dragon-shaped campus with twelve spots on his left face. Very strong, like the secular, as if it were true; In the province, only the royal identity of the second ancestor of Gao Nizi was hidden in the government. Emperor Kao Naimei was also a handsome man with a silky beard. It doesn't matter if there are twelve black spots on the Dragon Campus. "

Ming people call my grandfather the "ancestor". That is, between and.

To sum up, Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig waist face" was widely popular among the people in the middle and late Ming Dynasty at the latest. On the contrary, as the official standard image of the "beautiful husband" version, its spread is still quite limited. The statement that "the Qing dynasty deliberately vilified" obviously does not hold water.

So, what kind of portrait is closer to Zhu Yuanzhang's true face?

The Origin of "Zhu Yuanzhang's Standard Image"

In the era of Zhu Yuanzhang, there was no photography technology. To distinguish the authenticity of his portrait, we can only rely on historical materials

Let's briefly sort out Zhu Yuanzhang's standard portrait, that is, the origin of the strongest disciple and sf in the two good-eyed full moon portraits in history.

Official data of the Ming Dynasty,

"The dragon must be long and gloomy, but the strange bones on the neck are hidden to the top, and the sky is magnificent and looks like a god."

This inscription was certified by Ming Taizu Judy. "Long beard and long depression" means that Zhu Yuanzhang's cheeks are long and lush; "The dignity of heaven, looking like a god" means that Zhu Yuanzhang's overall image is dignified and dignified, like a god. In short, the appearance is very good and very imposing.

What is even more difficult to understand is that the expression "all the strange bones in the neck are hidden on it" means the back of the neck. There is a "strange bone" at the back of the neck, which extends along the back of the head to the top of the head. This one can't be shown in the "official portrait" because these portraits are "crown portraits" and can't see the back of the head.

"The dreamer put a wall on the object, and then the meat hides a slight pain and suspects that he is sick. With medicine, there is no inspection, and then it becomes a bone, which is very different. "

In a dream, God put jade on Zhu Yuanzhang's neck, which made Zhu's neck swell up with a slight pain. The medicine failed to cure, and the bag finally turned into a bone. This kind of story serves politics, so it can't be taken seriously. However, Zhu Yuanzhang's back neck was once sick, which affected the outline of the back of the head. It may be true.

Filial piety tablet

"Huang Gao reviews Tibetan paintings and writes imperial capacity, which cannot be accepted. Those who have realistic brushwork think that there will be gains, and so will browsing. As soon as you find what you want, you are a little more than your appearance, and you are happy to see it. I still ordered some copies for the king. The cover means yes, but I can't know. "

When Lu Rong was born, Zhu Yuanzhang had been dead for nearly 40 years. The capital of Zhu Yuanzhang is Nanjing. During the Hongwu period, the painters who were called into the palace to "write imperial capacity", such as Zhao Yuan, Shen Xiyuan and Chen Yuchen, were mostly from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Lu Zengguan was appointed as the right official of Zhejiang's participation in politics, and his confession was heard from Jiangsu and Zhejiang painting circles. "Realistic brushwork" is hard to appreciate, but "slightly deformed, with Mu Mu's expression" can please the emperor, which seems to show that Zhu Yuanzhang's true face is not outstanding, and he must do some artistic rendering to become a "standard image".

However, the two "standard statues of Zhu Yuanzhang" handed down to this day may have been formed in Judy's time. According to Yin _ _, in the third year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, after the change of Jing Nan, Chen Yuan, a Zhejiang painter who entered the palace to "write imperial capacity" for Zhu Yuanzhang during Hongwu period, was called to Beijing to redraw Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image from memory:

"Yongle four years, a temple disaster, lost the portrait of Mao, called far painting. Far away, I am thinking, it seems that I was born, my ancestors were right, and I don't feel tears. "

Chen, Volume 45, 0755-79000, Guangxu three years in Qing Dynasty. The photo is

When he ascended the throne, the standard statue of Zhu Yuanzhang hidden in the palace had been destroyed, which was also recorded in the official history book Yin _ _ in Yongle period. This book tries to exaggerate the "legitimacy" of Judy's crusade against Emperor Wen Jian, and tries to discredit it. One of them is to frame him and destroy Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image:

"More and more arrogant, burning the fine print of Taizu and Gaohuang."

Wang Chongwu noticed that the book covers 0755 to 79000, published by the Commercial Press, 1948.

This kind of record, naturally, is not credible. Wen Jian was the heir personally appointed by Zhu Yuanzhang before his death. Burning the standard statue of Zhu Yuanzhang is not good for Wen Jian. It is precisely because it is difficult to win the trust of future generations that another official history book, The History of Mingzhou Painting, written later than Mingzhou Painting, deleted the above records.

However, in the early years of Yongle, Pictorial Treasure was, after all, a publicly published work and a political propaganda covering the whole country. Since the book claims that Emperor Wen Jian burned Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image, naturally, after Judy ascended the throne, he has the responsibility to "make people redraw" Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image.

The upper limit is December of Yongle, and the lower limit is August of Yongle. In the fourth year of Yongle, Chen Yuan was called to Beijing to redraw the standard image of Zhu Yuanzhang from memory. This overlap in time may not be a coincidence.

The above are some important historical materials related to Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image. Here is a brief analysis of the authenticity of Zhu Yuanzhang's standard image.

Judy had plastic surgery for Zhu Yuanzhang.

As mentioned earlier, Hans Zhang, an official who was active in Jiajing and Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, had the opportunity to visit the standard statue of Zhu Yuanzhang in Wuying Hall. He found that Zhu Yuanzhang in the standard portrait looks dignified and peaceful, which is quite different from the popular "pig waist and pig face".

In addition, Hans Zhang made a very important discovery in Wuyingtang:

"Cheng Zu's face is like Zu Mao, but there are many beards in his room, and two strands hang down to his stomach."

"Big class" means very similar, and "Yi" means cheeky. Hans Zhang found that Ming Taizu Judy and Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang in the standard statue of Wuying Hall were all carved from the same mold except for their beards.

Because the standard images of the two have been handed down from generation to generation, today we can directly check whether the records of Hans Zhang are true, as shown in the following figure:

Comparison of standard portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy's father and son

Although one is a frontal image and the other is a side image, it is easy to see that the faces, eyebrows, eye sockets, eyes, nose, mouth shape and ears of these two people are almost identical. The only difference is the beard. It is normal for father and son to have similarities in appearance. However, it is rare to hit the face to this extent.

In the early years of Yongle, in order to prove the legitimacy of overthrowing Wen Jian and seizing the throne, Judy falsified her life experience with The Chronicle of Chen Shi, changed her mother to "the eldest son", and used the words of a fortune teller to render herself only the son of heaven in appearance. The original text is as follows:

"Face, beautiful moustache, extraordinary behavior. Good-tempered people look at each other. In private, people say that the dragon face is the sky, the phoenix is Ri Zhang, the pupil is the dragon, and the son of heaven is really peaceful.

Also in the early years of Yongle, he ordered people to rebuild Qian's genealogy, in which there was a description of "people with extraordinary looks"; There are descriptions of "long beard and long depression" and "magnificent eyes" in the monument to the immortal virtues in Xiaoling.

To sum up, the following three things can obviously no longer be regarded as pure coincidence, but an interlocking operation:

1. Judy described his appearance as "strange, beautiful and bearded" by publishing The Story of Jingnan in Fengtian.

2. Judy defined Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance as "seven flavors" and "long beard and long depression" by revising "The Story of Jingnan in Fengtian" and writing "Monument to the Sage of Xiaoling".

3. In the Hongwu era, Chen Yuan and other old painters who participated in "writing imperial capacity" came to Beijing to rebuild the monument.

Let Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance be highly similar to Judy's appearance in the propaganda context, and then prove that Judy has the appearance of an emperor, which should be the core purpose of this action. In 2008, Zhu Yuanzhang set out to destroy Yuan with cloth. His appearance has been proved to be an emperor. If Judy's appearance is highly similar to Zhu Yuanzhang's core features, then naturally, Judy also has the appearance of an emperor.

In other words, the standard portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang was written by Judy and does not represent the true face of Zhu Yuanzhang.

So, what does Zhu Yuanzhang look like? Is he "back-to-back"?

The Origin of "Pig Waist Face"

It can be seen that the earliest record of Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig's waist and face" is the book Tian Feng Jingnan Ji written by Yuan Zhongche, a famous fortune teller in Ming Dynasty.

In the book, the borrower described Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance like this:

"Gong Ming looks very good, the dragon pupil phoenix eye, heaven and earth are opposite, the five mountains are attached, the sun and the moon are beautiful, and the auxiliary bones are inserted into the temples. The sound is loud and expensive. "

In surgery, "heaven" refers to the sky, that is, the forehead, and "ground" refers to the pavilion, that is, the chin. "Heaven and earth are opposite" means that the forehead and chin protrude forward at the same time, forming a distant relative shape. This kind of face is called "shoehorn face" or "pig waist face" in folklore.

Description of Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance in 1989

The following picture is quoted from Yuan Gong, the author of A Record of Ming Taizu. The red box has determined the specific positions of the sky, grid, sun angle, moon angle and accessory bone. Compared with this picture, it is not difficult to understand what the so-called "the sun and the moon are sunny, and the accessory bones are inserted into the temples" means.

Draw a map of the location of face nouns.

As for the "Five Mountains", the specific position in the book Jingnan in Fengtian is as follows:

Location map of Wuyue Mountain in

The so-called "five mountains attached" means that these five parts of the face are attached inward, which is roughly equivalent to the so-called "face does not grow."

The record of Yuan Zhongche's "The Story of Jingnan in Fengtian" is worthy of attention because he and his father Yuan Xun both worked for Judy, who was deeply trusted by Judy. In the eighth year of Yongle, Yuan Xun died, "mourning for him", gave 600 banknotes to handle the funeral, and ordered Yao to write an epitaph for him. According to Yao's epitaph, Yuan Xun described Mianjing in this way when reading Mianjing:

"Dragon-shaped phoenix-shaped, the sky is wide and the sky is wide, the sun is beautiful and the sky is wide, the dragon must be heavy, the elbow is like a meat mark, and the majestic gait is like a clock, which is the whole life of the son of God and peace. At the age of forty, you must be longer than your navel, that is, a treasure position. "

Yao's records are similar to those of Yuan Zhongche in Biography of Jingnan in Fengtian, but the latter has more contents. Among them, the most striking thing is the addition of the word "blessed". As mentioned earlier, there is still a passage in the "Xiao Ling Bei" certified by Judy.

Yuan Xiangdi in Yuan's Mao Lu

In the second year, 53 years after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Yuan Zhongche's Tian Feng Jingnan Ji was published in Jingtai. According to the preface of the book, some words, such as "learn from others", should be private accounts.

Then, a set of interesting contradictions appeared:

1. In the official written materials formed in Judy's era, the core features of Zhu Yuanzhang's face are exactly the same as Judy's, and the portrait materials also prove this. but

2. Yuan Xun and Yuan Zhongche, as Judy's most trusted physiotherapists, inevitably participated in Zhu Yuanzhang's cosmetic work. However, in Yuan Zhongche's Mao unofficial history, the image of Zhu Yuanzhang is not consistent with the official data of Yongle period. In this book, z.

It is worth noting that both Yuan Xun and Yuan Zhongche were born in Yinxian, and Chen Yuan, the painter who was called to the north to redraw the standard portraits of Judy and Zhu Yuanzhang, also came from Yinxian. When Chen Yuan came to Beijing, Yuan Zhongche and his son were still making face-to-face photos for Judy. They have the opportunity to learn the true face of Zhu Yuanzhang from Chen Yuan. Yuan Zhongche retired to his hometown on 1439 and lived in Yinxian for 20 years. 145 1 year, he wrote the book "Ming ancient and modern". During his residence, he also had enough opportunities to learn about Zhu Yuanzhang from Chen Yuan's post-population. Zhu Yuanzhang's "Tieguan Taoist", but I'm afraid it's just an excuse.

Up to now, all the portraits of Zhu Yuanzhang's "pig waist and pig face" in Nanxun Hall have an obvious common feature: the clothes are completely untidy and the face is deformed to the extent that human beings should, such as the following one.

Zhu Yuanzhang's face was deformed beyond normal imagination.

Obviously, these portraits are by no means painters who were called into the palace to "write imperial capacity" like Chen Yuan. At least these people won't draw the wrong clothes. It should be painted by a folk painter according to folk rumors. This folk rumor undoubtedly originated from Yuan Zhongche's Liu Zhuang Xiang Fa. Take figure 1 1 as an example. This ugly Zhu Yuanzhang can completely satisfy the written expression of Liu Zhuang Xiangfa:

"Dragon pupil and phoenix eye, heaven and earth are opposite, five mountains are attached, the sun and the moon are beautiful, and the auxiliary bones are inserted into the temples."

In short, Yuan Zhongche and his son learned the true face of Zhu Yuanzhang from some channels. First of all, according to the principle of physiognomy, they use physiognomy language to deal with appearances and form physiognomy language. Some folk painters drew a portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang realistically according to these facial languages. In the process of "translating the portrait into physiognomy language and then restoring it into a portrait", Zhu Yuanzhang naturally became an ugly man with a "pig waist and pig face", which didn't look like a normal human at all.

So, what does Zhu Yuanzhang look like?

Probably, he is a slightly ugly person with a slightly concave face and a prominent chin and forehead. He will never be as ugly as a man and never as beautiful as a husband with a standard image.