Brief introduction of Shantou residential composition

China has a vast territory and rich products, and its local buildings, such as the Milky Way, have their own characteristics. Chaoshan folk houses are one of the wonderful works. Chaoshan folk houses have integrated the wisdom of Chaoshan people for thousands of years. Just like the roughness of Pingyao dwellings in Shanxi, the wildness of Yaozhai Diaojiao Building, the elegance of Huizhou dwellings in the south of the Yangtze River, the nature of Suzhou gardens, Chaoshan dwellings also have their own unique cultural connotations.

Chaoshan rural multi-ethnic settlements, relatively developed economic coastal plain along the Yangtze River. Many prominent families live in these places, and many old counties also live together. Therefore, both urban residents and rural residents have a strong sense of clan, which is reflected in the pattern of surrounding villages centered on ancestral temples. "Qingfu County Records" records: "When a famous house is built, a temple must be built, and Yujia is magnificent." "Carving beams and painting buildings, bamboo trees in the pool, will be very clever. A large number of small sects compete for the construction of ancestral temples and strive for grandeur, regardless of the cost. " There are many ethnic groups living in Chaoshan countryside, and the whole village is built according to its clan concept, geomantic concept, production and life, defense function and some aesthetic concepts, so the overall pattern of Chaoshan folk houses is a unique ideal geomantic living environment. At the same time, Chaoshan folk houses directly integrate the natural factors called "weather, atmosphere and downwind" into the building, which embodies the realm of harmony and unity between man and nature and noble spiritual artistic conception.

The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally from south to east and mainly from south. In this way, the cold north wind can be blocked in winter and the cool south wind can be accepted in summer.

[Edit this paragraph] Main style

In Chaoshan, there are various styles of traditional rural houses. Although there are many high-rise buildings in Chaoshan area now, there are still some traditional old-fashioned houses in the countryside, which are named with vivid names, such as "Four Horses Trailer", "Four Golden Points" and "Shanglugen".

Matchmaker's matching

"Four Corners of Gold" is a unique building in Chaoshan custom, which is named because there is a room shaped like "Gold" at each corner. In the past, only Fidelity's family could build it. The architectural pattern of "Golden Four Points" is a bit like quadrangles in Beijing. Generally, there are walls around, where Yang Cheng and water wells are drilled. There are "wall bellies" on the left and right sides of the gate; As soon as you enter the gate, it is the lobby, and the rooms on both sides are called the lobby; The entrance is an empty patio with a room on each side and a kitchen called "Eight Foot Room". The other room, as a woodshed, is generally called a "hand room"; Behind the patio is the backyard, also called the main hall, which is a place to worship ancestors. There is a big room on each side, which is the bedroom where the elders live. It is disrespectful if the younger generation lives in it. Therefore, Chaoshan dialect says, "Brother lives in the ear."

"Four golds" generally do not open windows to the outside, but only to the inner courtyard. This is because "every family takes the patio as their wealth, and every family used to use the house as a mountain." The courtyard is wide and narrow, which gathers wealth (Summary of Yangzhai). Wealth "accumulates" in the courtyard from the gate or from the sky, and then "sucks" into the house through the doors and windows of each room. If the window opens outward, the gourd leaks and the "wealth" leaks.

There are many kinds of "four-point gold" structural buildings. There are only four front and back rooms in the main room, but there are no "hand-held rooms" and "eight-foot rooms". Those with four halls facing the sky are called "four-hall clubs"; If the front and rear rooms are equipped with "hand rooms" and "eight-foot rooms", it is called "four-water spray" and the eight rooms are changed into ten rooms. If you build a house around the "four cents", it is called "four cents plus a bag".

Phytolacca acinosa

The architecture of "Shanglugen" is more common in the rural areas of Chaoshan area, also known as "lion climbing". As the name implies, the beginning of "Phytolacca acinosa" is a bit like Phytolacca acinosa and a crawling lion. The architectural pattern is simpler than the "four-cent gold", with two anterior chambers less than it, and the rest are basically the same. "Shanglugen" has different access, so there is a difference between opening the main entrance and the side door. Usually, the door is not opened in the middle, but on both sides. The doors on both sides are also called "Dragon Humen", and some open the main entrance without opening the side door. The shape of Phytolacca acinosa root is very old. Its predecessor can be found in the Ming wares of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou and the You Chuntu handed down by Zhan Ziqian in Sui Dynasty, and its shape is quite similar to the "one letter" residence of the Bai nationality in Yunnan.

In the past, most of the people living in the house were families. With the development and increase of social population, the life style of one family is gradually broken by people. Nowadays, there are often three or four families living in a residential building. Although this kind of house is crowded and messy, it is very suitable for friendly communication between people. The patio is paved with smooth marble, and all the doors are painted with murals. The contents of these murals are different from the flowers and plants on the belly of the gatehouse, but are widely circulated folk opera stories, myths and legends, such as "Mu is in command", "Ji Xian sends his son" and "Guo Ziyi Debao". On the wall of the main hall, there is a long mural, mostly for "Ten Immortals' Birthdays". There are also red sandalwood and blue citron (collectively referred to as "red truss blue rafters"). These colorful paintings make "Shanglugen" a real painting garden, just like the promenade of the Summer Palace, with art everywhere to enjoy.

Individual paintings can't show brilliance, but there are more treasures representing Chaoshan culture and art: exquisite carvings, sparkling Chaozhou embroidery, vivid paper-cuts and never-fading porcelain inlays, which make the whole "Shanglugen" magnificent and beautiful.

Four-horse trailer

Four Horses Trailer, also known as Three Falls and Two Fires Lane and One Back Pack, is a complication of Four Points of Gold.

Four-Horse Trailer "Four-Horse Trailer" Every part of the whole building has its special function. The first "reflection" is to block the sight of passers-by and guests, so as not to make the room unobstructed. The corridor is where the host and visiting guests park. North and South halls are usually used to receive guests, while important meetings and discussions of elders are held in Erjin and Sanjin halls. The Sanjin Hall also set up an ancestral shrine to worship the ancestors. On holidays, when ancestors die and family members want to go abroad, they should open a niche door to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors. Family members who have done immoral things should be brought to justice, and they should also open shrines to burn incense so that they can repent their sins in front of their ancestors. The back garage is a place where coffins can be parked at funerals. The big room in the main building is occupied by the elders, the highest elder generally lives in Sanjinfu, and the other rooms are occupied by the younger generation. The living rooms such as the mill, kitchen, bathroom and toilet are all concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event at home, everyone enters the Zen cave in the hall. The funeral is more grand, not only to unload the "reflection", but also to unload the Zen gate at each entrance. All the patios are paved on the floor, and tents are put on the patios. In this way, the 123 has formed a spacious space, which is convenient for all kinds of activities. Generally speaking, the front of the main building is low and the back is high, and three stone steps are added every floor, which is convenient to highlight the main hall. More importantly, it is necessary to prevent the front cover from being covered and ensure the lighting after. The back package is designed to protect the main building and prevent theft. Of course, a large-scale house like this is out of the interest of ordinary people. The existing relatively complete "four-horse trailer" can be seen in the "former residence of Lord Cifu" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County. architectural style

Chaoshan folk houses have distinctive features and high aesthetic value.

Luxury is like a palace.

The main feature of Chaozhou folk houses is to combine traditional architectural culture with traditional arts and crafts unique to Chaozhou, such as gold lacquer wood carving, craft stone carving, porcelain inlay art, metal craft, calligraphy and painting art, etc. The residential buildings are magnificent but not vulgar, elegant and charming, rich in cultural heritage and luxurious in style, which can be compared with palaces in architectural sequence and decoration technology. Therefore, since ancient times, there has been a saying that "Chaoshan made a big mistake in the palace" and "Jingshi Wangfu, Chaoshan people".

Chaoyang and other places have even built houses with red beams and golden tiles. Some people describe them as "palaces for the elderly" (temples). This architectural style was originally only available in palaces and temples. It is said that Chaoyang was built by fake uncle Chen Beike.

Huge and magnificent

Chaoshan folk houses retain the tradition of aristocratic families living together in Tang and Song Dynasties, and form large-scale buildings such as villages. The local economy is developed, the humanities are prosperous, and the building scale is often magnificent.

The annex building is connected together around the main building, which is a building complex with closed outside and open inside, and lives together.

Lightweight and transparent

The so-called "lightweight", first, the monomer is small, generally not as big as the houses in the Central Plains and Jiangnan; Second, the visual effect of the appearance is not as majestic as that of the Central Plains, nor as elegant as that of Jiangnan. The color of Chaozhou architecture is gray and turbid, and it is emphasized to strengthen decoration in key parts such as roof, beam frame, wall head and eaves, and these decorative components are often related to the practical functions of building components. The so-called "transparency" means that the whole building pays attention to ventilation, which is not only conducive to the moisture-proof and moth-proof of building materials, but also pays attention to comfortable and cool living activities under the natural climate conditions of Chaozhou.

The interior space of residential buildings pays attention to gas collection, ventilation and shading, and the beams and columns are stacked and pushed forward, and the lines are slim and beautiful.

Pay attention to decoration

Chaozhou folk houses attach great importance to decoration from the outside to the inside, pursue luxury and elegance, and even do whatever it takes to achieve results. This makes the appearance of Chaoshan residential buildings very magnificent, and the halls are even more magnificent.

The decoration of the roof, the dragon wind on the roof, the porcelain inlaid with immortal animals and the exquisite wood carving technology are all characteristics of Chaoshan folk houses.

Exquisite craft

Chaoshan architecture can be said to be insatiable. In the past, architects always stopped to discuss and criticize for a while, and then revised it. Usually, a small detail has to be revised several times. The architectural anecdote of "killing three masters with one cow rope" should best show that the "essence" of Chaoshan folk houses has reached its peak.

Pursuing harmony with nature

There are many gardens in the huts of big families, planting herbs and beautiful trees, building stacked stones and managing water. There are many kinds of flowers and trees in the courtyard and in front of the house of ordinary families, which makes the house in a beautiful and almost natural environment to obtain a quiet and harmonious living atmosphere. Chaoshan Garden and Suzhou Garden are called the four major gardens in China. These are the manifestations of pursuing harmony with nature, a good living environment and a good quality of life.

Pay attention to feng shui

Chaoshan architecture attaches great importance to geomantic omen. For example, the plastic ridge decoration on the gable at the top of the outer side of the house is very particular. It is often made into five-star gray sculptures of gold, wood, water, fire and earth according to the five elements of its geographical location. Among them, Mars is only used in temples and temples, which has traditional philosophical thoughts and is influenced by the theory of Yin and Yang and the customs of the five elements. And the site selection, orientation, pattern and vegetation of the building. They all pay attention to it, such as water in front of the door, proper white patio, proper hall insertion, planting banyan before planting bamboo and so on. Therefore, there are many legends about choosing geomantic omen and architecture, such as the female louse fairy and Yu banxian.

There are many rivers in Chaoshan Plain, and many villages and towns are near the water. Those who don't face the river often open canals to divert water to the front of the village, dig semi-circular ponds to store water, and bend to the main building to collect gas and gather wealth. There is also the advantage of "crossing the pool". Swimming, bathing, washing clothes and raising fish are more practical.

Unique building methods and materials

Chaoshan area still retains the ancient architectural style of plate building (that is, the plate building with "Fu Shuo between plates").

Generally, the raw materials are a mixture of red clay and crushed stone to build a wall, instead of using bricks that consume good soil in the field and then mixing mud and shell ash to paint the wall. Some of them are rammed earth or woven from wood and grass. In the old days, the poor people by the sea lived in huts called "grass huts", and stone materials were mostly used for door frames, railings, drums, steps, column bases and so on. On the roof and ridge, there is a ceramic coping with flowers, which can not only ventilate but also prevent wind. There are also two (or three) layers of blue tiles, the upper layer eats seven, the lower layer eats three and leaves seven, and then the tile pipe is pressed to insulate the water between the two tiles.

[Edit this paragraph] Inheritance variation

As one of the many ethnic groups of Han nationality, Chaoshan nationality has always attracted the attention of the world. In the long years, Chaoshan people are famous for their diligence, diligence and wisdom. With the rise of Chaoshan commercial gangs in 1960s, Chaoshan culture, represented by congou, Chaozhou opera and Chaoshan folk houses, gradually attracted the attention of the world. As one of the representatives of Chaoshan culture, Chaoshan folk houses have unique architectural style and exquisite artistic decoration. There are many plane types of Chaoshan folk houses, mainly based on Shang Lu Gen, with four cents and four cents developing horizontally to five rooms and seven rooms! There are three halls in vertical development. If the vertical and horizontal development at the same time, it will form four halls opposite, eight halls opposite, three walls connected, four-horse trailer and so on. , and a small number of large Chaoshan dwellings and tulou.

Most of the houses in ancient Chaozhou were thatched huts, built of rammed earth or wood and grass. Later, the building materials in Chaoshan area were adapted to local conditions, using local materials and using a large number of shells and stones. At the latest in the Northern Song Dynasty, shell ash was fired, and the concrete block building with shell ash as the main raw material was very popular, and the form of block building itself originated from the Han culture in the Central Plains. According to legend, Chen Beike, a hipster in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, came to Beijing and took a fancy to the quadrangles in Beijing. When he saw the emperor, he was startled by the thunderstorm and pretended to get under the table. The emperor was surprised to ask why, and Chen replied that Chaozhou folk houses were built with grass and mud. When it rains, you must hide under the table to avoid getting wet. So the emperor allowed Chen to draw a picture in Beijing and build a residential building in the form of a quadrangle. Since then, Chaozhou has a residential style similar to the quadrangle model. Legend has it that Bijing is a legend, and the traditional houses in Chaozhou did not develop during Jiajing period. During the production activities and regional exchanges of Chaozhou ancestors from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, they were infiltrated by the architectural culture of the Central Plains. At the same time, it is more influenced by the architectural cultures of Bamin and Jiangxi, Jiangnan and Guangfu, and the natural, economic, humanistic and scientific characteristics of its own region make it the same strain of China architectural culture. It is also different from the dignified and bright residential buildings in the central plains and the north; It is also different from the elegance and purity of Jiangnan folk houses, and gradually forms its own folk style.

In the long history of Chaoshan, Chaoshan dwellings are influenced by economic conditions, political factors, geographical environment, cultural customs and other factors, resulting in different architectural styles and cultural connotations. Historically, the variation of Chaoshan folk houses can be roughly divided into the following three stages:

First of all, most of the Han people in Chaoshan migrated to the south from the Central Plains via Fujian. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, buildings in Chaoshan were mostly influenced by Suzhou and Hangzhou gardens, mainly courtyard-style buildings, such as Xitang and Chenghai in Zhang Lin. This is related to the development of shipping industry in Ming and Qing dynasties and the foreign trade channel in Chaoshan mainly in Suzhou and Hangzhou.

Secondly, in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, with the opening of shipping, the increase of overseas Chinese and the opening of Shantou, some wealthy businessmen and tycoons who pioneered the trend gradually brought western architectural technologies and materials to Chaoshan area, forming some buildings combining Chinese and Western styles, the most typical of which is Chen Cifu's former residence in Chenghai.

Finally, during the Republic of China, that is, in the 1930s, the business center of Shantou Port was "four surges and one leveling" centered on a small park. The small park is the commercial birthplace of Shantou after the opening of the port, which gathered most of the Chaoshan characteristic buildings of that era.

During the development of Chaoshan folk houses, Chaoshan folk houses have absorbed all kinds of nutrition, including the excellent artistic crystallization of ancient China and the essence of modern western architecture. This also reflects the open side of Chaoshan culture, but at the same time, the fixed pattern formed by the development of Chaoshan folk houses hinders the further development of Chaoshan folk houses. The "four-cent gold" with the same scale and style of large buildings makes modern people who pursue individuality very tired. At the same time, after the reform and opening up, a large number of cement brick houses have been built, which also highlights many disadvantages due to the lack of artistic atmosphere and cultural background. Therefore, smart Chaoshan people have the opportunity to combine the traditional decorative style of Chaoshan folk houses with modern houses to form a unique modern building. This has also better promoted the development of Chaoshan folk houses in the new period. Although this combination of Chinese and foreign countries has been controversial since its birth, it is a way for Chaoshan people to express their attachment to traditional houses anyway.

The inheritance and development of Chaoshan folk houses have found a better world for the protection of Chaoshan art. With the continuous application of new building materials, Chaoshan folk houses themselves have also been well developed. The application of modern ceramic tiles and marble in Chaoshan dwellings greatly enriches the artistic style of Chaoshan dwellings and makes the original conservative Chaoshan dwellings glow with new elegance.

[Edit this paragraph] Example proof

There are too many Chaoshan dwellings with distinctive features, among which Xufuma Mansion, the oldest Chaozhou mansion, the former residence of Chen Cifu, the largest building area in Chenghai Longdu, and Zhang Lin dwellings in Chenghai, which retain a continuous historical sequence, are the most outstanding representatives.

The Song Dynasty Style of Xu Fuma's Family

Xu Fuma House is located in the East Mansion of Grape Lane, Zhongshan Road, Chaozhou City, and is said to be Xu Jue House. Xu Jue is the great-grandson of Xu Shen, a famous Chaozhou scholar in Song Dynasty. He married De 'an, the royal monarch in the Northern Song Dynasty, so he got the title of Ma Xu, and his mansion was also called Ma Xu House.

Xu Sima Zhai, a mansion in Song Dynasty, was rebuilt in Ming and Qing Dynasties. At present, Xufuma House is 42 meters wide and 47 meters deep, covering an area of about 1.800 square meters. This is a quadrangle. The house is located in the main building, with three rows of houses on the left and right, and the back package is a building, which is called the "Imperial Book Building". The main building adopts five-column bucket beam frame and rammed earth wall. The roof is a hard roof with an inclination of less than 20 degrees, and the eaves are gentle. This is very different from the roof form of Chaoshan dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is said that the architectural style of Tang and Song Dynasties has been preserved. Considering the way of construction, this kind of roof with small inclination angle is likely to be built by butterfly tiles. Cementing materials are not used when roofing tiles. The first floor tile is directly laid between the two piers, with the concave surface facing upwards and the second floor tile facing downwards, covering the joint between the two rows of floor tiles. This kind of roof is called butterfly tile roof. Butterfly tile roof has strong air permeability, which can prevent beams from being damp and decaying, and is often used in southern dwellings. This form is still used on the tile roof of modern Hakka enclosed houses. Using this construction method, the roof truss should not be too inclined, otherwise the roof of the tile will be affected by heavy wind and rain or other external forces, which will easily lead to the danger of slipping. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the roofs of Chaoshan dwellings were built with lime sand as cement, and the tiles adhered firmly, so the inclination angle could be steeper. The different styles may explain that the construction of Xufuma House was indeed before the Ming Dynasty.

The architectural decoration of Xu Fuma's house is simple. The door hairpin is round and the threshold is high. The pillars are mostly round wooden pillars, and the pillars of the door wall are placed on the stone foundation. The arch bucket in front of the second hall is decorated with a simple cloud sculpture. Compared with the decoration style of Chaoshan large-scale residential houses in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the difference is also obvious.

The architectural form of this mansion is simple and generous, solid and three-dimensional, and it retains the traditional characteristics of residential buildings in the Song Dynasty. 198 1 is listed as the key cultural relics protection unit in Chaozhou, and 1989 is listed as the key cultural relics protection unit in Guangdong province.

The improved form of Chen Cifu's former residence

Chen Cifu's former residence is the most representative of the large-scale residential houses in Chaoshan. The residence is located in Qianmei Township, Longdu, Chenghai, including Langzhongdi, Lili, Good Living Room and Sanlu Study Room. The construction time lasted from the late Qing Dynasty to before the Anti-Japanese War. These four houses together, covering an area of 25,400 square meters, with a building area of16,000 square meters and 506 halls, are one of the largest luxury houses in Chaoshan area.

Chen Cifu's former residence Chen Cifu's former residence adopts the architectural form of combining Chinese and western styles. Each house adopts the traditional mode of Chaoshan folk architecture. A two-story villa was built outside the whole house, forming a complete independent structure. The building faces the courtyard with the back wall facing outwards. From the outside, a large area of white walls is in sharp contrast with the dark roof. This appearance of a mansion contains a solid and serious inner spirit, which makes people feel that it is not offensive. Behind the high wall, the house has become a space isolated from the outside world, maintaining peace and harmony, and the ritual order contained in the house pattern order is also stable and difficult to change.

The decoration of this group of buildings is also a combination of Chinese and western. Or decorated with China gold lacquer wood carving, famous Shudan stone carving, elegant and generous, or decorated with western-style pattern tiles and stained glass, resplendent. The juxtaposition of these styles with great differences in material appearance and cultural personality makes the whole decoration very uncoordinated. However, it is in this uncoordinated form that there is a spirit of compromise.

Because the walls are replaced by foreign-style buildings in the house layout, the overall layout of Chen Cifu's former residence has changed, and with the use of new building materials, this building complex should belong to quasi-traditional houses in the cultural landscape. The new changes in the architectural form of Chen Cifu's former residence show the influence of social and economic factors on folk culture. It is of great value to study Chaoshan residential buildings and their evolution, and to study the changes of modern Chaoshan people's cultural concepts.

Historical sequence of Zhang Lin folk houses

Zhang Lin is located in the northern margin of Hanjiang Delta, which was coastal in ancient times. It is a small fishing village in Xikou, north of the Han River, built in the late Ming Dynasty. Maritime trade began to develop in the Qing Dynasty, and Qianlong Jiaqing was already a prosperous trading port. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Lin has become an inland village, but it is still a famous hometown of overseas Chinese.

Most of the existing early Zhanglinzhai dwellings were built in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The plane layout is mostly square, with a big courtyard and a well in the middle. The room is built around the courtyard with the door facing the courtyard. Rammed earth wall, the outward back wall is thicker, and the window is small and high. The slope of the roof is steep and short on the outward side and gentle and long on the inward side. The whole house has only one gate connected to the outside world, and it is isolated from the outside world when it is closed. Considering the comfort and convenience of living, this kind of residential building has many defects, but it has obvious defense function. This is closely related to the historical background that Zhang Lin was often attacked by bandits and pirates in the early days of village construction.

During the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing, with the prosperity of commerce and economy, great changes have taken place in the face of Zhang Lin folk houses. Social stability and developed commercial economy enable Zhang Linren to improve their living conditions. During this period, Zhang Lin built many tall and spacious commercial lands and four-corner golden houses.

Driven by the commodity economy, some new residential areas named "Streets" have emerged in Zhang Lin. They are street-centered, with shops and barns on both sides, most of which are used as houses. Due to the limitation of location, these buildings are generally long and narrow in plane and narrow and deep in surface. The layout adopts the traditional architectural form of Chaoshan "bamboo pole", which is transformed into a two-story building to use more space. The low-rise facade facing the street is mostly used as shops, followed by the living room and kitchen, with a small patio in the middle to solve the problem of ventilation and light transmission. Upstairs is the warehouse for storing goods. In Xinxing Street built along the river, the back doors of many houses near the river have private docks made of stone. Locals call it "Butou". The kitchen is at the back door, and women use the dock to dig rice, wash vegetables and wash clothes. The goods in the store also pass through the dock. A small private pier brings a lot of convenience to the owner's life.

At that time, in Zhang Lin, businessmen from north and south came and went like clouds, and many firms built exquisite and elegant garden-style houses to entertain foreign guests. Among them, when pushing "Xitang" as the leader. Xitang was built in the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799). During Guangxu period, Hong Zhiweng, a wealthy businessman, bought the remnant site and reconstructed it in imitation of Suzhou garden style. There is a small courtyard at the entrance of the mansion, and the opening in the middle of the moon is connected with the courtyard. On the left is the flower wall, on the right is the living room, and in front of the compound is the garden. The garden is dominated by rockeries, with steep mountains and quiet caves. Dig a curved pool under the mountain, and the bridge will flow. Pavilions and pavilions echo up and down, with strange stones and flowers. Although the garden covers an area of only one acre, it has all kinds of gardening techniques that are unique. Its foyer and bedroom maintain the characteristics of Chaoshan traditional residential buildings.

In the early years of the Republic of China, influenced by World War I, Nanyang's economy was depressed. Overseas Chinese businessmen in Zhang Lin returned to Catalpa with capital, and built large-scale buildings and palaces. Most of these residential areas named after "Li" are traditional Hummer trailer models. Functionally, it still shows the ancient tradition of cohabitation; In terms of architectural form, the use of new building materials such as cement components, foreign tiles and stained glass shows the progress of residential buildings in this period.

The complete historical sequence of Zhang Lin folk houses reflects the influence of social and economic factors on the changes of traditional folk houses in different periods.