Sun Yat-sen: the pioneer of the democratic revolution, the advocate of the "Three People's Principles" and the founder of the Republic of China.

1March, 925 12, Dr. Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing at the age of 59 due to the deterioration of liver cancer from overwork.

Before he died, he left the famous will of Sun Yat-sen: "I devoted myself to the national revolution for forty years, aiming at seeking freedom and equality in China. After 40 years of experience, I know that to achieve this goal, we must arouse the people, unite with the nations that treat me equally in the world, and make joint efforts. Now that the revolution has not succeeded, all our comrades must continue to work hard in accordance with Yu's general plan, program, the Three People's Principles and the Declaration of the First National Congress in order to realize the Three People's Principles. Recently, a national conference was advocated to abolish unequal treaties, especially in the shortest possible time. This is what I want! "

1956165438+10/2 To commemorate the 90th anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Chairman Mao wrote in "In Memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen" that "he devoted his whole life to the cause of transforming China, and he really devoted himself to it until he died."

He is a great national hero, a great patriot and a great pioneer of China's democratic revolution. He made unremitting efforts for China's independence and national liberation all his life, and his revolutionary achievements opened a new era in China's history. He was a great pioneer of China's democratic revolution, a revolutionary, politician and theorist, and was honored as the father of the country.

Sun Yat-sen, formerly known as Sun Wen. Born in1866165438+10/2, an ordinary family in Guangdong. After his brother Sun Mei worked hard in Hawaii, his family became better.

1878, Sun Yat-sen, who was only 18 years old, followed his mother to Honolulu, Hawaii. His brother Sun Mei sponsored Sun Yat-sen to receive modern western education in Honolulu, Guangzhou and Hongkong. 1883, Sun Yat-sen, who was only 18 years old, went to Hong Kong to study medicine. During his five years as a medical student in Hong Kong, he and Yang Heling, Chen Shaobai and Lielie formed a clique called "Four Bandits". At that time, Yang Heling's "Si Yang Mouth Guild Hall" in Macau also became one of the important places for Sun Yat-sen's activities in Macau. At that time, Sun Yat-sen thought that Li Hongzhang was different from ordinary bureaucrats, but a figure with innovative ideas.

1894 65438+ 10, Dr. Sun Yat-sen wrote "Li Shang Li Hongzhang's Book", and put forward the reform idea of "making the best use of people, land, and goods to flow smoothly", but it was rejected by Li Hongzhang. In June of the same year, Sun Yat-sen went to Tianjin from Shanghai, eager to tell Li See Hongzhang about his idea of saving the country, but the trip was not smooth. At the same time, he saw the corruption and incompetence of Tianjin Qing government. Sun Yat-sen gradually realized that it was not feasible to change China's politics simply by petitioning. So he decided to go abroad to explore ways to save the motherland.

1894165438+1On October 24th, Sun Yat-sen established the Zhong Xing Society in Honolulu, USA, with the intention of "rejuvenating China", and clearly put forward the proposition of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China and establishing a coalition government". For the first time, the program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing a democratic republic was put forward to the people of China. At the same time, Sun Yat-sen also completed the great transformation from reformist to democrat.

1895, Xingzhonghui plotted an uprising in Guangzhou, but failed. Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee overseas. 1896 was trapped by Qing embassy in London, England, and rescued by British friend Condoleezza. Later, Sun Yat-sen inspected the economic and political situation of European and American countries in detail, studied the political theories of various factions, contacted the progressives of European and American countries, and produced a distinctive theory of people's livelihood, which initially formed the Three People's Principles.

After the Reform Movement of 1898, due to the activities of Japanese friendly people, Sun Yat-sen discussed cooperation with reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, but the cooperation failed to be realized because the reformists insisted on protecting the emperor and opposing the revolution.

1In August, 905, Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others founded the China League, a national bourgeois revolutionary party, in Tokyo, Japan, based on revolutionary groups such as the Society and the Huaxing Society, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as Prime Minister. His revolutionary aim of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights equally" was adopted as the program of the League. In the publication of People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League, Sun Yat-sen first put forward the three principles of national character, civil rights and people's livelihood, referred to as "Three People's Principles", and launched a fierce debate with reformers such as Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei. Then, the General Program of the League Revolution was compiled, and the national revolution was officially declared. Citing four vows, the Republic of China was established, and three procedures were set up: military law rule, contract law rule and constitutional rule. The establishment of the League strongly promoted the development of the national revolutionary movement.

1907, under the pressure of the Qing court, Japan asked Sun Yat-sen to leave Japan for 15000 yuan. Sun Yat-sen left Japan in March after collecting money. Because this matter was not discussed within the alliance, it caused the meeting. After Sun Yat-sen went to Nanyang, with the support of Hu and Wang Jingwei, he set up the headquarters of the League in Nanyang. From July of 1907 to June of1912007, Sun Yat-sen repeatedly instructed other revolutionary comrades to launch uprisings all over the country, widely spreading bourgeois democratic ideas, and wanted more people to participate in the anti-Qing revolution. Even after Vietnam personally went to Guangxi to preside over the Zhennanguan Uprising, it was finally refused entry by the French authorities, and it was not until the success of the Revolution of 1911 that it set foot on the territory of China again.

19111June 10, Wuchang Uprising broke out and the provinces responded. After Sun Yat-sen learned this news in the United States, he hurried back to China in late February of 17, with 16 votes in favor and 10 votes against, and was elected as the interim president of the Republic of China by the representatives of 17 provinces. 1 91265438+1October1,Sun Yat-sen announced his inauguration in Nanjing and formed the provisional government of the Republic of China. /kloc-In February, Xuan Tong (Puyi) announced his abdication, and the 267-year-old Qing Dynasty rule and the 2000-year-old autocratic monarchy system were overthrown, and the Republic of China was founded. Sun Yat-sen formulated and promulgated a series of laws on reform and progress, and promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which is the constitution of the bourgeoisie.

Due to the strong pressure of imperialism and feudalism for a long time and the weakness of the revolutionary party itself, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign as interim president on February 19 12 and give way to Yuan Shikai after the abdication of the Qing emperor. Since then, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 have been stolen by Yuan Shikai. However, Sun Yat-sen did not give up saving the country and the people. After more than a year, Sun Yat-sen continued to actively promote people's livelihood, called for equal land rights and advocated the establishment of industries. He also personally served as the national railway supervisor, and planned to borrow foreign capital to build the main railway line in China.

In 19 16, Yuan Shikai changed the Republic of China to the Chinese Empire, designated 19 16 as "the first year of Hong Xian", and held the ceremony of "Emperor of the Chinese Empire" on New Year's Day. In the same year, it signed "Twenty-one Articles" with Japan, which laid the groundwork for the outbreak of the May 4th Movement.

However, as early as the restoration of Yuan Shikai, Cai E, Tang and others jointly generated electricity, declared Yunnan independence, and formed a "national protection army" for Yuan. 19 16 On New Year's Day, the military government of Yunnan was established, and the war to protect the country officially broke out. Yuan Shikai announced the abolition of the monarchy under internal and external oppression and died a few months later.

After Duan came to power, he wantonly betrayed national sovereignty and promoted "reunification by force" of China, which was the continuation of Yuan Shikai's reactionary policy. Sun Yat-sen resolutely opposed Duan's dictatorial policy. He believes that "the provisional constitution is the lifeblood of the Republic of China, and the Congress is the legal basis. If Congress exists, the Republic of China can survive; When Congress dies, the Republic of China dies. " It is out of this understanding that 19 17 August, Sun Yat-sen discussed the convening of the National Assembly in Guangzhou. Participants have always believed that the Republic of China exists in name only and the government must be organized in the south. Subsequently, Sun Yat-sen was elected as Marshal, and Lu Rongting and Tang were elected as Marshal. In his inaugural declaration, Sun Yat-sen reiterated that the purpose of protecting the law is to "exhaust the strength of thighs and arms to repel traitors and murderers and restore the law." Thus, the military government of the Republic of China, which was opposed to the Beijing regime, was formally established.

The establishment of the military government marks the formation of the situation of separation and confrontation between the north and the south, and also marks the official start of the movement to protect the people with the confrontation between the north and the south as the main form.

Regrettably, however, the military government later became a tool of the southwest warlords, and Sun Yat-sen's leading position and role no longer existed. So he left Guangzhou for Shanghai. At this point, the first campaign to protect France failed.

19 17 years, the Russian October Revolution won. The following summer, Sun Yat-sen called Lenin and the Soviet government to congratulate the great victory of the Russian revolution. 19 19 The May 4th Movement gave Sun Yat-sen great encouragement. He spoke highly of and supported the student movement.

1920, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou, once again raised the banner of protecting the law and began to contact the Soviet people. 192 1 In May, he took office as a very big president elected by the Extraordinary Congress in Guangzhou, and then set out for Guangxi to wipe out the forces of Lu Rongting, a warlord in Guangxi, and prepare for the northern expedition based on Guangdong and Guangxi. In February 65438, Sun Yat-sen met with Marin, the international representative of * * * *, in Guilin to discuss the establishment of the revolutionary party and revolutionary armed forces.

1924 1 Sun Yat-sen announced at the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang that he would implement the new Three People's Principles policy of "uniting with Russia, uniting with * * * and helping the peasants and workers" and accept the help of China, the Soviet Union and Russia in reorganizing the Kuomintang. In March, Huangpu Military Academy was established, with Chiang Kai-shek as the principal.

The declaration adopted by the first National Congress of the Kuomintang marked the development of Sun Yat-sen's old Three People's Principles into the new Three People's Principles, with clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal contents and new characteristics of linking workers and peasants, and also marked the development of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary cause and revolutionary thought to a new stage.

In his early days, Sun Yat-sen tried hard to win assistance from Japan, Britain, France and the United States for China's revolution and construction, but he got nothing. In his struggle, he realized that in order to strive for China's independence and prosperity, he must strive to overthrow imperialism. In his later years, he resolutely opposed imperialism.

1925 March 12, died of cancer in Beijing. In his national will, he summed up forty years of revolutionary experience and concluded: "We must arouse the people, unite the nations that treat me equally in the world and fight together." Issue a call that "the revolution has not yet succeeded, and comrades still have to work hard."

In the family will, it is stated that the books, clothes and houses left behind are left to Soong Ching Ling as a souvenir, and children are required to inherit his revolutionary legacy. In his suicide note to Russia, he expounded his firm belief in carrying out the three revolutionary policies and persisting in the anti-imperialist patriotic cause, saying that "I hope the dawn will break at an early date, when the Soviet Union will usher in a strong and independent China, a good friend and ally, and the two countries will join hands in the victory of freedom war, the oppressed nation in the world". 1929, the body was moved from Beijing to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum at the southern foot of Nanjing Purple Mountain.

Sun Yat-sen adhered to the "Three People's Principles" all his life, and adhered to the beliefs and ideals of national democracy and the Three People's Principles to save the country. His lifelong pursuit of "the world is public" originated from the Confucian classic Li Yun. Confucius said, "A trip to the Avenue is also good." Sun Yat-sen said in his Three People's Principles: "The real Three People's Principles are the big world that Confucius hopes for.

Sun Yat-sen emphasized that only culture can make a country truly powerful. His cultural view is not only a bridge of mutual trust and exchange between Chinese and foreign cultures, but also a guide for the Chinese nation to establish a correct outlook on life and values. He pointed out that the Chinese nation should have a sense of hardship and a spirit of struggle to strengthen the country and enrich the people. With his actions and words, Dr. Sun Yat-sen promoted the integration, interdependence, unity and development of all ethnic groups in China, built up the ideals and beliefs of * * *, hard work and harmonious coexistence, extended the China feelings of people of all ethnic groups with culture, and realized what Confucius said: "A trip to the Avenue is a great harmony in the world" and "A great harmony in the world".