Unscramble the extraordinary road: the n faces of the great commander Zhang.

Reread the extraordinary road, there are eight paragraphs about Zhang's words and deeds:

First, on May 1928 and 17, Japanese Foreign Minister Yoshizawa visited Zhang and coerced Zhang to deepen cooperation with Japan. Zhang refused, saying, "I don't want this smelly bag. I can't do such a thing that my children and grandchildren look down upon."

Secondly, 1925,1February 7, 925, Shao Piaoping published a large two-page special issue of Beijing Daily, which was printed on thick paper and copperplate. It is covered with photos of important people in recent political situation, which is very eye-catching. Behind each character, there are comments written by him personally, such as: General Feng Yuxiang, General Sun Yue, General Yue, General Lu Zhongli, "Gyeonggi Security Commander and Chief of Police", Sun, "Heroes of the Times Surrender First", General Wu, "Yuezhou to Hankou accomplished nothing except power supply", Guo Songling, "The Rise of Northeast National Army Defeated" and "The Dilemma of Loyalty and Filial Piety". He constantly published reports, commented on Guo Songling, tried to count Zhang's crimes, and even wrote an article encouraging Zhang Xueliang to "let the father succeed". Even Zhang, a "horse thief" who only believed in violence, panicked and immediately remitted 300,000 yuan to Shao Piaoping in an attempt to gag him. He returned immediately after receiving it, and continued to expose Zhang Zuo Lin in the newspaper. He once said to his family, "Zhang spent 300 thousand to buy me." I don't want this kind of money and I don't want to shoot me! " What bad luck he is! (Zhang ordered the murder)

Third, 1927, Li Dazhao died (Zhang ordered the death), and the newspaper published the news that Li was "executed" in Beiping. Fu Sinian retorted that this was not an execution, but a murder. 1932 Chen Duxiu was arrested, and he defended him, calling Chen "a great comet in the revolutionary history of China".

Fourthly, before Zhang was killed, he said to Mrs. Lu, "I was so badly injured that I lost both my legs (in fact, his legs were not broken)." I'm afraid not! Tell Xiaoliuzi (Zhang Xueliang's real name) to put the country first and do a good job! My smelly skin is nothing. Tell Xiao Su to return to Fengtian. "

Fifth, 192 1 At the end of the year, Zhang Jianli sent Liang Shiyi to form a cabinet. Liang secretly negotiated the Shandong issue with Japan, promised to "redeem" the railway with Japanese loans, and agreed to regard this road as a "joint venture" between China and Japan. Wu immediately denounced Liang's cabinet for "betraying the country and flattering foreign countries", while Zhang publicly accused Wu of insurrection and undermining reunification, and the conflict between the two factions intensified, accusing you of sending me a telegram. Among them, Wu Zhidian retorted Zhang: "Wang Mang wrote this big letter, which is a traitor; If it is unified, the bandits will deceive the world if they say it. "

Sixth, when Confucius was born, Zhang Hui took off his military uniform, put on his robe and mandarin jacket, went to various schools and bowed to the teachers, saying that we were louts and ignorant and educated the next generation, all thanks to your teachers' partial efforts. I came to thank you for your time.

Seventh, Sun Yat-sen was invited to go north, but after arriving in Tianjin, the cooperation between Feng and Anhui departments broke down. Zhang said at the banquet, "I'm Fan. If I can support Duan today, I can support Sun. However, I only object to * * * production. If * * * production is implemented, I will not hesitate to bleed. "

8.1925 65438+On February 27th, Zhang returned to Beijing with the ceremony of paving the loess. Like other powerful warlords, he wants to take charge of Beijing on New Year's Day in the name of "temporary president" or "grand marshal" and can't wait to taste the taste of being a "head of state". Yang Yuting strongly opposed it, and advised him not to act too early before he was not sure about the military, so as not to make enemies everywhere. Zhang listened to the advice, but he was unwilling and said, "I still have to do it again after all."

The above fragments are basically objective. Only Zhang's last words, especially to Mrs. Lu, are inconsistent with historical facts. After the explosion, Zhang's throat was cut by a flying piece, and he died without saying a word, with no last words.

2

As a Northeastern, I have often listened to the story of "Zhang Dashuai" told by my grandfather since I was a child. In the stories of the old people, "Zhang Dashuai" doesn't seem to be a bad person. With him, Fengtian people and Northeast talents can seek peace in troubled times, and with him, Northeast China can remain independent under the oppression of the Japanese. After going to school, I learned from the history class that Zhang was a warlord in the northeast during the Republic of China and his background was Japanese. -So, "Zhang Dashuai" is not a good person; But why are the stories told by the older generation different from those in history books?

He is not only a thin, gentle, alert and cunning white-faced scholar, but also a foul-mouthed, flexible and murderous lean man in troubled times. 100 people have 100 hamlets in their hearts. For Zhang, the legendary Feng Zhishuai, in the eyes of the world, different people have different views. People have different views on him. Some people say he is a fugitive with a beard, some people say he is a traitor, and some people say he is a national hero.

He is also a person who combines all kinds of contradictions: his education is low, but he has great talent in his stomach; Born a bandit, but refused to rob; Killing like hemp but tender as water; Militant but attached importance to education; Cooperate with Japan but defend the country; Rapid rise and sudden martyrdom ...

He has the courage and shrewdness of a fugitive beard, the actions and grievances of a traitor and a government official. He is a warlord who combines feudalism, nationalism and pragmatism.

His political strategies include, but are not limited to, recruiting talents, reorganizing the army, developing the Northeast, establishing diplomatic relations with Japan, winning the Central Plains and dealing with the Beijing government.

Zhang treated the Japanese, as well as Beiyang Yuan Shikai, Li, Feng, Xu Shichang, Cao Kun and Duan. The general strategy is to pull if you can, fight if you can, and take refuge if you can. When you are smart, you are smart, when you are confused, you are confused, and you can make the best use of it.

The secret of Zhang's speculative victory lies in "following the strong" until he becomes strong, but he finally died at the hands of powerful Japanese militarists.

three

At the last moment of his life, before Zhang returned to Fengtian, there was a fierce conflict with the Japanese army. Fang Ze, the Japanese ambassador to China, came to see Zhang and suggested that he fulfill his promise and sign a contract for the construction of a joint venture railway between China and Japan. Zhang said: "I don't want this stinky bag ('stinky bag' is Zhang's oral language). I can't do such a thing that my descendants look down upon."

Fang Ze said that if this request is approved, Japan can try to prevent the Northern Expedition troops from crossing the Yellow River.

Zhang replied, "We don't bother our neighbors about our family. Thank you for your kindness. "

Fang Ze said, "Can you beat the Northern Expeditionary Army?"

Zhang said, "If we can't beat them, we can quit the customs."

Fang Ze said, "I'm afraid I may not be able to go back."

Zhang Dui said, "Our home is just outside the customs. If you want to go back, why not? "

Fang Ze said: "Zhang Zongchang's soldiers killed dozens of Japanese nationals in Jinan." "Zhang Zongchang is your subordinate, and you have to take full responsibility for this matter."

Hearing this, Zhang flew into a rage, stood up from his seat, threw the jade tube in his hand to the ground and broke it in two. He said to the other side with a serious expression: "There is no report or investigation on this matter, and I am responsible. Damn it! "

four

At the peak of his life, Zhang sent people to assassinate the revolutionary Zhang Rong and his brother Zhang Huanxiang, confiscate the property of the Zhang family and kill the revolutionary Tian Yazan. Although he seized the real power of Fengtian, he was heavily in blood debt. Later, he electrified Sun Yat-sen to threaten him to step down and acclaimed Yuan Shikai as the president, which was a sinner who betrayed the achievements of the Revolution of 1911. He ordered the killing of Shao Piaoping, the famous star of the Republic of China, and Li Dazhao, the founder of * * *, was heavily in debt.

In Guo Songling's anti-bong movement, Zhang became popular all over the world, agreed to the Japanese demands of building a railway and granting the Japanese the right to lease, which violated China's sovereignty, and signed a secret agreement with the Japanese Kwantung Army. For this secret agreement, even his subordinate Zhang said after the war: "You promised to rent together, which is equivalent to acknowledging the' twenty-one articles' proposed by Japan to China." Zhang also regretted it afterwards. Later, the Japanese urged Zhang to fulfill the secret agreement. He procrastinated again and again under various excuses.

Zhang was killed by the Japanese army because he refused to agree to the unreasonable demands of the Japanese army. Although the result was tragic, it played the role of closing the coffin: he showed the national integrity that China people should have, and was called "the most backbone warlord" by the newspapers at that time.

4.

When the time comes, heaven and earth are United, and it is not free to transport heroes.

Sun Yat-sen said: "Yuting manages the three northeastern provinces very well, but it is constrained by Japan and the situation is very difficult. If the country is unified and a revolutionary central government is established, local affairs will be much easier. "

After his death, Chiang Kai-shek, who was attacking him, heard the news and sent a wreath.

Zhang Xueliang said: "At that time, the Northeast did not mean that we must cooperate with the Japanese. That's what Japan means. What I meant at that time was that if you don't cooperate with Nanjing, you won't have all the strength to fight against the Japanese. My father didn't, so I said he was dead and we could find out about him. Outsiders say he is pro-Japanese. In fact, my father is better than me. What does he object to? He is strongly opposed to Japan. The Japanese later learned that he was good at manipulating the Japanese. In other words, the Japanese thought he was cheated. For example, he promised this thing, promised that thing, promised everything that could not be done, and rejected everything that could be done. So the Japanese hate him. In other words, I won't do that. I can't do it. I don't have the ability of my father. I am a hard worker. " "My father also has his ambitions. My father wants to be a bailiff. I don't think my father should do this. Why does he rule this country? Not yet. This is not something I can do if I want to. At that time, my father and the Northeast Army were not very famous. You should gradually improve your reputation. First of all, you have to pay the price of sacrifice. You can't do it well without price. In fact, you can't reach your strength. You are just a hollow reputation. That marshal is just a name, but there are many dangers under the name. " "I judged and later smelled that those young people in Japan thought my father was disobedient and didn't give them puppets." "Although he reads very little, he is alert, sensitive to what he does and sensitive to what he sees. He doesn't have any scientific knowledge, but he is interested in diplomacy and science. They are all very sensitive. Although he doesn't understand them, he can see them. For example, Fengtian develops aviation, which is very new. He is very sensitive to this. Although I want to carry it out, it is he who wants to do it. So most people say that I am smart, and I say that I am not as smart as my dad. " The old diplomat commented on Zhang: "Zhang is very kind to me. I think he has his specialty. Although he has no education and commands his subordinates, he has his own way. For example, Zhang Zongchang is his subordinate, and he kowtows to the guard (Zhang). He will do whatever Zhang tells him to do, and he will obey. Zhang Dashuai knows the temper of his men. He doesn't want money himself, and he is generous to his subordinates ... and his own life is very simple. "

Miao Liuwei, an educator in the Republic of China, said: "It is true that he is strict in running the army and lenient at home. He doesn't forget his old friends and is willing to use new ones. I will never forget the hardships of the officers and men who entered Mongolia in the past lying in the ice and snow. "

The famous general of the former General Command of the Northeast Army once commented on Zhang: "Mr. Zhang is open-minded, dare to use people, willing to trust people, and tolerant ... His wind instrument is highly respected by people of that era."

The commentary said: "Although Zhang is friendly to Japan, Japan wants to betray this country. If what Song Bingjun and Li Rongjiu did on the merger theory between Japan and South Korea is something that Zhang can't tolerate. The sage of Zuo Lin is here, and the failure of the Japanese Manchu-Mongolian separation movement is also here. "

The famous patriotic general and educator commented on Zhang: "To sum up, I think this outstanding figure is honest and honest. He is very loyal. Although he was threatened by Japanese minister Kenji Yoshizawa, he was never allowed to sign an agreement to humiliate his country and his rights, which led to his jealousy by the Japanese military. He was killed in Huanggutun, but he didn't get the sympathy of the patriots ... "He added," Zhang Yushuai was appointed in good faith, without suspicion and jealousy. After the interview, he decided on his authority, distributed weapons and money, delineated defense zones and appointed personnel. "

Yan Huiqing commented: "As for his merits and demerits, it is difficult to judge them in a popular way, so we have to leave them to just historians. His education was very limited, and his leadership position was entirely due to his natural wisdom and resourcefulness. He was able to maintain local order under the extreme aggression of the three northeastern provinces and Japanese warlords. After several years, his coping ability is beyond the reach of ordinary soldiers. As for his weaknesses, ordinary soldiers in China have them, and Zhang personally cannot be severely criticized. "

Shen Yunlong, a famous history professor, commented: "In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Zhang Yushuai became an important town because of the rise of outlaws, social situation and vacation. Of course, this has its extraordinary wisdom and unusual opportunities, which is his greatest success factor ... Although he is between Japan and Russia, he does not forget to safeguard the territorial sovereignty of the country, and does not follow the old rules, so that the covetous can transcend the vested rights and interests, have no delusions of rebirth, and can live in peace ... "

Chen Chongqiao, a professor of modern history in China, commented: "The conclusion is that Zhang is a feudal warlord who has done many bad things, but he has also done some good things ... Zhang is a complex figure, and it is wrong to hold a completely positive and completely negative view of him."

Powell, editor-in-chief of Miller Review, said: "Although the Northeast has been under the iron hoof of Japanese warlords for a long time, Zhang often has to do what he says. However, he is a patriotic China. Zhang spent most of his property on education. He didn't receive a good education when he was young, but when he played international political cards with Russians and Japanese in Northeast Asia, he was a shrewd player with ease and handy, and always maintained the integrity of the territory in Northeast China. "

five

As the famous historian commented: "Zhang could not be a traitor because of his loyalty, so he could not be tolerated by Japanese imperialism." After the defeat, he was assassinated by the Japanese. " Zhang, a "warlord", died because he refused to sign the "Five Links Treaty". ..... A big festival without loss, enough to go down in history. "

"The so-called' warlords' cannot be generalized. The development of China's modern history, from the medieval society to the present society, has its remarkable "stages". Shunjude people, heroes of all stages, are special products of all stages. Each stage has its commonness, and each stage also has its advantages and disadvantages. Most people at this stage are sages, and people at that stage (such as the warlord era) are not worthy. A historian should "write a straight book" and never knock over a boatload of people with a stick because of preconceived ideas. "