Bronze fortune-telling map _ bronze fortune-telling map daquan

What are the ancient bronze ritual vessels

Bronze ritual vessels are used by slave owners and nobles for ritual activities such as sacrifice, feast, courtship, conquest and funeral. They represent the status and power of users and are treasures handed down from generation to generation. There are many kinds of bronze ritual vessels, which are huge in quantity and exquisite in craftsmanship. Their existence is a remarkable feature of ancient bronzes in China. Bronze ritual vessels can be divided into four categories:

Food containers. There are Ding, Wei, Gui, Gui, Zhong, Dun and Dou. Among them, the tripod for holding meat is the most important ritual vessel. The Muswuding unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang weighs 875 kilograms and is the heaviest bronze ware ever discovered. Ding system was formed in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, odd ding groups with the same shape and decreasing size represented the identity of nobles. According to He Xiu's note in the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, the emperor used 9 ding, the vassal used 7 ding, the Qing medical used 5 ding, and the scholar used 3 ding or 1 ding. In archaeological discoveries, odd-numbered pots are often used with even-numbered reeds in millet, that is, 9 pots with 8 reeds and 7 pots with 6 reeds.

Wine vessel. Including drinking utensils, cups, cups and wine containers, cups, pots, cups, cups, cups and so on. During the Shang Dynasty, drinking became a common practice among nobles, and drinking was forbidden in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze drinking vessels were greatly reduced.

Water dispenser. There are plates, cards and so on. It is mainly used to wash hands when saluting to show piety.

Musical instrument. There are cymbals, bells (including bells, bells and cymbals) and drums. There are as many as 65 bronze bells unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province, which have a wide range and beautiful timbre, representing the high level of bronze smelting and casting technology and music in ancient China.

2。 Main ritual vessels: jade, wine, sacrifices and millet.

[Sacrifice to Heaven] Use jade-"the beauty of stone". It originated from the deep-rooted stone worship formed in the stone age of more than 99% in human history. The first accelerated development of mankind was in the Neolithic Age. In the bronze age, it was the second big accelerated development. This is the first time that man has used metal.

[ancestor worship] wine, sacrifice, millet, bronze ware.

Wine-enables human beings to reach the most primitive state in order to communicate with heaven and ancestors. Originated from the concept of "birds of a feather flock together".

[Example] Two sacred insects worshipped by ancient people in China: cicada and silkworm. Their molting and eclosion reflect the attitude of staying in the world and caring for future generations, and express the view of life and death of China ancients, or "ultimate care". The habit of cicada is "drinking nectar", which symbolizes "the harmony between heaven and earth" and is embodied in wine. Silk is used as sacrificial clothing, which is characterized by sacredness and exquisiteness. Silkworm is also the earliest insect raised by ancient people in China, and it has the status of a god worm. There was a rule that the emperor saved silkworms three times a day.

Sacrifice-from the side of these two words, it can be seen that the sacrifice is mainly cattle. Its arrangement is the so-called "Nine Supervisors".

Millet-the essence of millet is "grain" (rice+good), but it cannot be sacrificed. Because if we want to communicate with heaven and ancestors in the most primitive state, we must embody the meaning of "simplicity". However, you can't use the roughest "rice". Rice was eaten in the south and peeled in the Han Dynasty. ) Here also embodies the guiding ideology of the "golden mean".

The container of the above sacrifice was a cutting-edge scientific and technological product at that time-bronze ware. As a bronze ware for holding ritual vessels, it has special materials, shapes, patterns and uses. It should be noted that bronze ware itself is not a ritual vessel, but what it contains is a ritual vessel.

[Classification by purpose]

Prosperity of wine: wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine.

Soaking water: moo, dish, mirror (refrigerator), clean words and original writing, that's how it came about.

Sacrifice: tripod is the most stable structure. There are no tripods in nature, but people in China made tripods. China culture is not real culture. ), you, you

Pottery all over the world started with a round bottom (the shell was cut off horizontally), and it was later discovered that it was flat-bottomed and full of feet. )

The Prosperity of Millet: Reed

Ritual vessels: axe, weapon, ge, spear and cymbal.

Musical instruments: bells, cymbals (big bells), priests, bells and cymbals.

Cookware:

[classified by chemical composition]

Arsenic bronze->; Lead bronze->; Tin bronze (Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

[Decorative pattern]

Main patterns: animal face, dragon (symbol of water), phoenix (symbol of wind), cicada, silkworm, fire and gluttony.

Function: subdue and render the atmosphere.

Zhang Guangzhi: "Animals are tools for people to communicate with nature." (incomplete)

-"Adults think it's a gift." "Great Harmony in the World" means that the father and son attack each other, and the rulers monopolize the power of communication (sacrifice) between heaven and man, deify and ghost the "heaven", and distance themselves from the people, so as to lead the masses. (Jedi Sky Pass)

(Babel? )

[Inscription]

The natural combination of words and ritual vessels. ......& gt& gt

What kinds of bronzes are there?

Bronzes are usually classified according to the purpose of utensils, and are generally divided into cooking utensils, wine utensils, water utensils, musical instruments, weapons and miscellaneous utensils.

Bronze cookware: divided into cooking utensils and cookware. Cooking utensils include pots, pans and plates, which were used by the ancients for cook the meat, porridge and steamed food. The auxiliary tool is a knife. Food containers are reeds, cups, bowls, common, deaf, bowls, beans, shops and jars.

Bronze wine vessels: among them, there are two kinds of drinking vessels and drinking vessels. The wine containers are Zun, Fang, Hu, Zun, Zuo, Huan, Guan, Yi and Zun. The drinking vessels are Jue, cellar, palm, instrument and inkstone (also known as "Five Jue").

Bronze water container: a water container used for washing. Large water containers include mirrors and plates, and general water containers include boxes and cans. And bottles and cans only appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the number was small.

Bronze musical instruments: bells, cymbals, cymbals, drums, upsetting bells, priests, priests, etc.

Bronze weapons: ge, spear, beryllium, halberd, cheng, vessel, sword, arrow, knife, Zhou, etc.

Bronze miscellaneous articles: mostly practical articles, including bronze furniture, chariots and horses, hubs, shafts, shafts, scales, weights, heels, ornaments, titles, guards, yokes, donkeys, crowns, copper bubbles, etc. Daily use with hooks, lamps, stoves, etc. Bronze weights and measures have ruler, quantity, balance and power. Copper coins include cloth coins, knife coins and shell coins in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Vouchers have symbols and seals.

In addition, according to their social functions, bronzes are divided into ritual vessels, heavy vessels, burial vessels and daily utensils.

Ritual vessels: Slave owners in Shang and Zhou Dynasties worshipped ghosts and gods, offering sacrifices to witchcraft, and combined several large bronzes into a "ritual and music system" in a certain way as a symbol of kingship, fame and national prestige. Bronze ritual vessels are composed of food vessels, wine vessels, water vessels, musical instruments and weapons. , and in their use and arrangement with a strong witchcraft color.

Heavy weapon: a large bronze ware cast in one piece, engraved with inscriptions, called "heavy weapon", which is specially used to record a great event or praise the achievements of the ancestors of the former king. Bronzes with long inscriptions are all heavy weapons.

Ming ware: that is, the instrument of "God". The ancients thought that people died but their souls never died, so they had to live again in another world. Therefore, the slave owners and nobles in Shang and Zhou dynasties were popular with thick burial, and they buried their favorite bronzes, jade articles and pottery with them. Bronze martyrdom

Rites are generally composed of ding, GUI, dou, pot and cup (or cup), and the number of aristocratic vessels of different grades is specified. However, this ritual vessel is different from the ritual vessels specially made in later generations, and it is still a ritual vessel.

What are the bronze ritual vessels?

Bronze ritual vessels are used by slave owners and nobles for ritual activities such as sacrifice, feast, courtship, conquest and funeral. They represent the status and power of users and are treasures handed down from generation to generation. There are many kinds of bronze ritual vessels, which are huge in quantity and exquisite in craftsmanship. Their existence is a remarkable feature of ancient bronzes in China. Bronze ritual vessels can be divided into four categories:

Food containers. There are Ding, Wei, Gui, Gui, Zhong, Dun and Dou. Among them, the tripod for holding meat is the most important ritual vessel. The Muswuding unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang weighs 875 kilograms and is the heaviest bronze ware ever discovered. Ding system was formed in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, odd ding groups with the same shape and decreasing size represented the identity of nobles. According to He Xiu's note in the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, the emperor used 9 ding, the vassal used 7 ding, the Qing medical used 5 ding, and the scholar used 3 ding or 1 ding. In archaeological discoveries, odd-numbered pots are often used with even-numbered reeds in millet, that is, 9 pots with 8 reeds and 7 pots with 6 reeds.

Wine vessel. Including drinking utensils, cups, cups and wine containers, cups, pots, cups, cups, cups and so on. During the Shang Dynasty, drinking became a common practice among nobles, and drinking was forbidden in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze drinking vessels were greatly reduced.

Water dispenser. There are plates, cards and so on. It is mainly used to wash hands when saluting to show piety.

Musical instrument. There are cymbals, bells (including bells, bells and cymbals) and drums. There are as many as 65 bronze bells unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province, which have a wide range and beautiful timbre, representing the high level of bronze smelting and casting technology and music in ancient China.

2。 Main ritual vessels: jade, wine, sacrifices and millet.

[Sacrifice to Heaven] Use jade-"the beauty of stone". It originated from the deep-rooted stone worship formed in the stone age of more than 99% in human history. The first accelerated development of mankind was in the Neolithic Age. In the bronze age, it was the second big accelerated development. This is the first time that man has used metal.

[ancestor worship] wine, sacrifice, millet, bronze ware.

Wine-enables human beings to reach the most primitive state in order to communicate with heaven and ancestors. Originated from the concept of "birds of a feather flock together".

[Example] Two sacred insects worshipped by ancient people in China: cicada and silkworm. Their molting and eclosion reflect the attitude of staying in the world and caring for future generations, and express the view of life and death of China ancients, or "ultimate care". The habit of cicada is "drinking nectar", which symbolizes "the harmony between heaven and earth" and is embodied in wine. Silk is used as sacrificial clothing, which is characterized by sacredness and exquisiteness. Silkworm is also the earliest insect raised by ancient people in China, and it has the status of a god worm. There was a rule that the emperor saved silkworms three times a day.

Sacrifice-from the side of these two words, it can be seen that the sacrifice is mainly cattle. Its arrangement is the so-called "Nine Supervisors".

Millet-the essence of millet is "grain" (rice+good), but it cannot be sacrificed. Because if we want to communicate with heaven and ancestors in the most primitive state, we must embody the meaning of "simplicity". However, you can't use the roughest "rice". Rice was eaten in the south and peeled in the Han Dynasty. ) Here also embodies the guiding ideology of the "golden mean".

The container of the above sacrifice was a cutting-edge scientific and technological product at that time-bronze ware. As a bronze ware for holding ritual vessels, it has special materials, shapes, patterns and uses. It should be noted that bronze ware itself is not a ritual vessel, but what it contains is a ritual vessel.

[Classification by purpose]

Prosperity of wine: wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine, wine.

Soaking water: moo, dish, mirror (refrigerator), clean words and original writing, that's how it came about.

Sacrifice: tripod is the most stable structure. There are no tripods in nature, but people in China made tripods. China culture is not real culture. ), you, you

Pottery all over the world started with a round bottom (the shell was cut off horizontally), and it was later discovered that it was flat-bottomed and full of feet. )

The Prosperity of Millet: Reed

Ritual vessels: axe, weapon, ge, spear and cymbal.

Musical instruments: bells, cymbals (big bells), priests, bells and cymbals.

Cookware:

[classified by chemical composition]

Arsenic bronze->; Lead bronze->; Tin bronze (Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

[Decorative pattern]

Main patterns: animal face, dragon (symbol of water), phoenix (symbol of wind), cicada, silkworm, fire and gluttony.

Function: subdue and render the atmosphere.

Zhang Guangzhi: "Animals are tools for people to communicate with nature." (incomplete)

-"Adults think it's a gift." "Great Harmony in the World" means that the father and son attack each other, and the rulers monopolize the power of communication (sacrifice) between heaven and man, deify and ghost the "heaven", and distance themselves from the people, so as to lead the masses. (Jedi Sky Pass)

(Babel? )

[Inscription]

The natural combination of words and ritual vessels.

-"Yin Daoqin, Zhou Daozun."

"Pro" means that all scholars are equal, brothers are friends, and they value the relationship between nature instead of "... >>"

Analysis of the names and functions of bronzes. What are the common bronzes?

pot

dongwu

Ancient cooking utensils, used for sacrifices and banquets, represent the rank and status of nobles.

Ancient cooking tripod with hollow legs

plum

Wei's use is similar to that of a tripod, mainly used as a cooker for cooking.

An ancient cooker with a grid

Yang

The rice steamer is divided into an upper part and a lower part. The upper part is used to hold food and the lower part is used to hold water. There is a steam hole in the middle.

graphical user interface

ancient

The food container is equivalent to the big bowl now. Even combinations are used with odd columns in sacrificial ceremonies and banquets.

pea

stop

A container for meat sauce and pickles.

(Click on the picture to view a larger image)

wine

name

use

Organ shape

elder

identify and rectify names of sb or sth

Wine containers or wine warmers were popular in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty, and some of them imitated the shape of birds and beasts, which were collectively called birds and beasts.

Ancient urn-shaped wine vessels

Ley

Large wine containers or water containers can be divided into square containers and round containers. Square containers are generally Shang containers, and round containers are found in Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

Niujiao wine container

Guangling

Wine container

Yi ethnic group

yí

Wine container

Ancient small mouth wine vessel

Lady Yang

Wine container

he

sea

It can hold water to adjust the concentration of wine. Paired with dishes, it can be used as a "baptism" before a feast.

What kinds of bronzes are there?

Bronzes are usually classified according to the purpose of utensils, and are generally divided into cooking utensils, wine utensils, water utensils, musical instruments, weapons and miscellaneous utensils. Bronze cookware: divided into cooking utensils and cookware. Cooking utensils include pots, pans and plates, which were used by the ancients for cook the meat, porridge and steamed food. The auxiliary tool is a knife. Food containers are reeds, cups, bowls, common, deaf, bowls, beans, shops and jars. Bronze wine vessels: among them, there are two kinds of drinking vessels and drinking vessels. The wine containers are Zun, Fang, Hu, Zun, Zuo, Huan, Guan, Yi and Zun. The drinking vessels are Jue, cellar, palm, instrument and inkstone (also known as "Five Jue"). Bronze water container: a water container used for washing. Large water containers include mirrors and plates, and general water containers include boxes and cans. And bottles and cans only appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the number was small. Bronze musical instruments: bells, cymbals, cymbals, drums, upsetting bells, priests, priests, etc. Bronze weapons: ge, spear, beryllium, halberd, cheng, vessel, sword, arrow, knife, Zhou, etc. Bronze miscellaneous articles: mostly practical articles, including bronze furniture, chariots and horses, hubs, shafts, shafts, scales, weights, heels, ornaments, titles, guards, yokes, donkeys, crowns, copper bubbles, etc. Daily use with hooks, lamps, stoves, etc. Bronze weights and measures have ruler, quantity, balance and power. Copper coins include cloth coins, knife coins and shell coins in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Vouchers have symbols and seals. In addition, according to their social functions, bronzes are divided into ritual vessels, heavy vessels, burial vessels and daily utensils. Ritual vessels: Slave owners in Shang and Zhou Dynasties worshipped ghosts and gods, offering sacrifices to witchcraft, and combined several large bronzes into a "ritual and music system" in a certain way as a symbol of kingship, fame and national prestige. Bronze ritual vessels are composed of food vessels, wine vessels, water vessels, musical instruments and weapons. , and in their use and arrangement with a strong witchcraft color. Heavy weapon: a large bronze ware cast in one piece, engraved with inscriptions, called "heavy weapon", which is specially used to record a great event or praise the achievements of the ancestors of the former king. Bronzes with long inscriptions are all heavy weapons. Ming ware: that is, the instrument of "God". The ancients thought that people died but their souls never died, so they had to live again in another world. Therefore, the slave owners and nobles in Shang and Zhou dynasties were popular with thick burial, and they buried their favorite bronzes, jade articles and pottery with them. Bronze sacrificial vessels are generally composed of tripod, reed, bean, pot and pot (or cup), and the number of nobles of different grades is specified. However, this ritual vessel is different from the ritual vessels specially made in later generations, and it is still a ritual vessel.

What is a ritual vessel? What are the categories of bronze ritual vessels? Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age in ancient China.

Ritual vessels were used by the nobles of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in ancient China for ritual activities such as offering sacrifices, courtship, feasting and funeral. Their social function is to represent the status and hierarchical power of users, that is, to distinguish between the noble and the lowly. (Zuo Zhuan has been in Tibet for five years) is the embodiment of the ritual system at that time, that is, "the ritual of hiding things." The ancient documents representing kingship, such as Zuo Zhuan for two years, Zuo Zhuan for three years, Hanshu as a suburban memorial record "Zhu Yu Jiu Ding", are proof. & niobium

Ritual vessels were used by the nobles of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in ancient China for ritual activities such as offering sacrifices, courtship, feasting and funeral. Their social function is to represent the user's status and hierarchical power, that is, "precious *, noble, etc." (Zuo Zhuan was in Tibet for five years) is the embodiment of the ritual system at that time, that is, "the gift of hiding things." The ancient documents representing kingship, such as Zuo Zhuan for two years, Zuo Zhuan for three years, Hanshu as a suburban memorial record "Zhu Yu Jiu Ding", are proof. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are the ancient bronze age in China. There are many kinds of bronzes, including production tools, weapons, chariots and horses, ritual vessels and so on. Among them, bronze ritual vessels are very developed, which is a remarkable national feature of ancient Chinese bronzes. Bronze ritual vessels include food vessels, wine vessels, water vessels and musical instruments (or musical instruments are juxtaposed with ritual vessels). Eating utensils include cookware and eating utensils, mainly including ding, Wei, Gui, Gui, Yu, Shan, Zhong, Shield and Dou. Wine vessels include drinking vessels and wine containers, mainly including Jue, cellar, vessel, vessel, vessel, vessel (including birds and animals), vessel, kettle, vessel, vessel and so on. Water containers mainly include plates, mirrors, cups and cotton swabs. The main musical instruments are cymbals, bells, pheasants, priests and drums.

What bronze ritual vessels are there in Yuanmingyuan?

The bronze crane at the entrance of Tsing Yi Palace, with fine workmanship, resplendence and aura, is an indispensable mascot in the palace.

The resplendent and finely carved bronze sabre was originally in front of the Grand Palace in Changchun Garden, imitating the courtyard of Renshou Hall in the Summer Palace.

There are also dragon turtles and auspicious dragon bronze zodiac animals and so on.

What famous bronzes were there in the Western Zhou Dynasty?

The death of heaven is a bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

Fang Deding, a bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

Houyikui is a bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

Ding Xiaoyu, a bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

He Zun, bronze ware in the early Western Zhou Dynasty

Western Zhou bronze ware Polygonum cuspidatum white plate.

Mao, a bronze ware in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.

Shisanpan, also known as Kuiren Pan, is a bronze ware in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.

Xi Jia Pan, also known as Xi Pan Tian, Xi Pan Bo or Xi Ji Bo Fu Pan, is a bronze ware in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

What are the ancient Chinese bronzes (brief introduction)

Ding is equivalent to the current pot, used to cook or hold fish. Most of them are Fang Ding with round belly, two ears and three feet, and some have four feet.

Li (phonograph) is used for cooking: generally speaking, it is a waste of mouth and three feet are empty.

Yan is equivalent to the present steamer. The whole vessel is divided into upper and lower parts. The upper part is a still for holding food. The lower part is covered with water. There is a piece of copper called Qing between Zan and Wei. Steam has horizontal holes or straight holes.

Corner drinking fountain. Shaped like a knight, it has a tail before and after, without two columns. Some have covers.

Jia (Yinjia) wine warmer. Shaped like a knight, it has three legs, two columns and a pin.

Ancient (phonological) drinking apparatus. Long body, mouth, mouth and bottom are trumpet-shaped.

What are the bronzes in Xia Dynasty?

Unearthed objects in various places include: Ding, Dading, Dafang Ding, Ling, Ling, Guan, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Ling, Zhong Zhupan. The early vessels were relatively simple, but a set of wine vessels composed of Jue, Xian and Yun has appeared widely. The upper bronze wares in Erligang are well developed, and the bronze ritual vessels system in Shang Dynasty has been formed. Bronzes belonging to the lower level of Erligang are generally very thin, while some bronzes belonging to the upper level of Erligang are quite thick.