What does Mr. Gu mean?

Mr. is a title, which literally means: born earlier than yourself, older than yourself. With this extension, people with certain status, knowledge and qualifications can be called Mr. In ancient Chinese, the word "Mr." is a respectful name for learned people, and not everyone can be called Mr. At present, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese still retain this usage.

Different environments may have the following extended meanings:

Male, a general term for adult males. Such as Mr. Wang and Mr. Liu.

Honorific words, showing respect, may be slightly different in different periods, but they are basically honorifics for people with certain status and identity. They are all used to address men, such as Mr. Chuanshan, and women with higher knowledge and status, such as Mr. Li Qingzhao and Mr. Zhang Ailing.

Husband, a woman's spouse (husband), usually has attributes, such as: my husband, your husband, Li daughter's husband.

Teachers, teachers and educators, how Mr. Ziyuan and Mr. Qiu.

Doctor, a name for a doctor and a doctor. It is rarely used now, but it was often used in ancient times or in the Republic of China. If you are ill, you should go to see your husband.

Accountant, Mr. Accountant, the name of accountant in ancient times is seldom used now, but it is often used in ancient times or in the Republic of China.

Used as a title for metaphysical or artistic workers such as fortune tellers, geomancers, storytellers, and storytellers.

The name "sir" has a long history. However, in different periods of history, the object of the title "Mr." is different. "The Analects of Confucius for Politics": "There is wine and food, sir." The note said, "Sir, so are my father and brother." It means to have wine and food, that is, to honor your father and brother. Mencius: "Why did Sir say that?" This "sir" refers to an old and learned man.

Sir's meaning

Different situations may have the following meanings: male, a common title for adult males. Such as Mr. Wang and Mr. Liu. Honorific words, showing respect, may be slightly different in different periods, but they are basically honorifics for people with certain status and identity. They are all used to address men, such as addressing men: Mr. Chuanshan; It is also used to address women with higher knowledge and status, such as addressing women: Mr. Li Qingzhao, Mr. Zhang Ailing, Mr. Wu Yifan and Mr. Wu Jianxiong. Husband, a woman's spouse (husband), usually has attributes, such as: my husband, your husband, Li daughter's husband. Teachers, teachers and educators, how Mr. Ziyuan and Mr. Qiu. Doctor, a name for a doctor and a doctor. It was rarely used after liberation, but it was often used in ancient times or during the Republic of China. If you are ill, you should go to see your husband. Accountant, Mr. Accountant, the title of accountant in ancient times was seldom used after liberation, but was often used in ancient times or during the Republic of China. Used as a title for metaphysical or artistic workers such as fortune tellers, geomancers, storytellers, and storytellers.

The difference between China's ancient Mr. Address and modern Mr. Address

The ancient book "On the Book of Rites and Quli":' From Yu Xiansheng, you can't talk to people across the road.' It is also extended as a title of respect for older and virtuous workers. Sometimes, it is also widely used as a polite address for people. "

In modern times, being a gentleman is also called "husband", and the most basic meaning seems to be "teacher". Now it also means to say hello as the host.

Equivalent to "sir", what is the polite address for people in ancient times?

Address is a polite attitude, also called "honorific".

(1) The honorific words for the emperor are Long Live, Holy, Sacred Driving, Son of Heaven, Your Majesty, etc. Driving, this refers to the emperor's car driving. The ancients thought that the emperor should ride a car to run around the world, so he called the emperor "driving". Ancient emperors thought that their political power was determined by heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient courtiers were afraid to go directly to see the emperor, so they told the people under the palace (the steps of the palace) to convey their meaning, so they used your majesty as the emperor.

(2) The honorific title for Crown Prince and Prince is Your Highness.

(3) The general is regarded as a subordinate.

(4) honorific words for people with certain status: address the envoys under festivals; People with certain social status, such as Sangong, County Chief, etc., are called Your Excellency, and now they are mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as Your Excellency the Ambassador.

(5) Respect for each other or their relatives is order, respect and virtue. Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address relatives of the other party, such as your father (the other party's father), your mother (the other party's mother), your location (the other party's wife), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son) and your lover (the other party's daughter). Honorific terms are used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as respecting the Shang (called the other party's parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, respecting the father (called the other party's father), respecting the Tang (called the other party's mother), respecting the Qin (called the other party's relatives), respecting the driver (called the other party), honorific terms (instructed by the other party) and honorific terms (called the other party's meaning). Xian, used to address peers or younger generations, such as Xian Jia (called the other party), Xian Lang (called the other party's son) and (called the other party's brother). Benevolence, meaning love, is widely used. For example, friends who are longer than themselves in their peers are applauded, and those with high status are called benevolent people.

(6) Call the old man a husband and father-in-law, such as "self-study and self-study, and you will meet your father-in-law" (The Analects of Confucius). After the Tang Dynasty, husbands and husbands specifically refer to wives and fathers, also known as Mount Tai, and wives and mothers refer to husbands and mothers or Tai Shui.

(7) adding "xian" before the title indicates death, which is used to address people with high status or older people. For example, the dead emperor is called the first emperor, the dead father is called the first test or father, the dead mother is called the first kind or sage, and the dead talented and virtuous people are called sages. Adding "Tai" or "Da" before the title indicates another generation, such as calling the emperor's mother the queen mother, grandfather the great (great) father and grandmother the great (great) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were often called temple names, such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong, Song Taizu, Song Renzong, Yuan Shizu and Ming Taizu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors were also called by titles, such as Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu Emperor, Zhu Youjian's Chongzhen Emperor, Michelle Ye's Kangxi Emperor and Li Hong's Qianlong Emperor.

(8) The honorifics for elders and peers include monarch, son, male, first step, master, gentleman, adult, etc.

(9) Your address to your minister is Qing or Ai Qing. (10) Use "saints" to show respect for people with noble moral character and superior wisdom, such as Confucius as a saint and Mencius as a second saint. Later, "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.

References:

Learning. Sohu

What do ancient scholars mean by "Jinshi", "Gong", "Nod", "Shi Zhi", "Gift" and "Sir"?

Books are the ladder of human progress. Books let us swim in the ocean of knowledge and enjoy reading. Books let us find a best and most loyal friend who will never abandon you or betray you. Whether we are happy or miserable, whether we are lonely or hesitant, books will always accompany me quietly, share our joy and soothe our hearts.

The ancients said: "The interests of the world are often half-finished; Those who save all their profits without being hurt less are just books. Don't ask rich and poor, old and young! Viewing a volume has the advantages of a volume; A day's study will benefit you. " Books bring me endless pleasure.

Reading made me bid farewell to mediocrity. The ancients said, "If you don't read poetry, you have nothing to say." There is an argument today that "you can't say anything without reading poetry."

What does Mr. Bukum mean?

Mr. Bucomb is the brand name originally created by Shanghai Yongning Trading Co., Ltd., first of all, it is the general name of comb pronunciation zhi, comb and grate. Haha, please don't pronounce it as Jie, because people who don't know this word can easily mispronounce it.

Mr. Bukum, explain it separately. Bucomb: In ancient times, it refers to people who don't wear hair, which is against ethics. Wang: This is the honorific title of the ancients, and it refers to a highly respected person. Here, Yongning Business chose this one as its brand name, in fact, to express that it is not bound by the secular, but its heart is positive and creative, just like today's ambitious young people, who are willing to try new things, dare to innovate and keep developing. This is what the founder of Yongning Commercial pursues.

What is the "Mr. Bagu" that the ancients often said?

"The Unity of Heaven and Man" is one of the most basic problems in China's traditional culture, the focus of cultural differences between China and the West, and the basic feature of the internal relationship between China's philosophy and poetics. What do you mean by "harmony between man and nature"? There are different opinions on the understanding of "the unity of man and nature" in academic circles, and there is no conclusion at present. The focus of disagreement lies in two basic aspects: one is how to understand the "heaven" of "the unity of man and nature", and the other is how to "integrate" heaven and man. Regarding the "heaven" in China traditional culture, Mr. Feng Youlan thinks that it has five meanings. The first is the "material sky", which refers to the sky that the gray people see relative to the earth in daily life, which is what we call the sky now. The second is "the day of domination" or "the day of will", which refers to the "supreme God" with personality and will in religion. The third is "the day of destiny", which refers to the so-called luck in the old society. The fourth is "natural heaven", which refers to what materialist philosophers call nature. Fifth, "Heaven of Benevolence and Righteousness" or "Heaven of Morality" refers to the universal moral law invented by idealist philosophers. (1) The five basic meanings are nothing more than two aspects: "heaven" in nature and "heaven" in spirit. The former is the foundation and plays a decisive role in the latter, but once the latter (the "sky" in the spiritual field) is generated, the meaning of the former can be constructed, so that the "sky" without life and emotion in nature can obtain the meaning and value of existence. The "heaven" here is actually "man", which is an externalized or objectified form of "man". Re-discussion on how "Heaven" and "Man" are "merged"? In this regard, Mr. Zhang Dainian combed and thought that "the so-called unity of man and nature in China's philosophy has two meanings: one person is one day, and two people should be one". "There are two theories of the unity of heaven and man: one day people are connected, and the two are similar. The so-called harmony between man and nature can be divided into two layers if analyzed. The first meaning is that heaven and man are not two things that treat each other, but a closely connected whole, in which there is no judgment. The second meaning is that heaven is the origin of human morality, and morality originates from heaven. In today's view, at the root of heaven, in a sense, at the root of man, because man is one of the things in nature. However, in another sense, the so-called human nature often refers to the reason why people are different from non-humans, that is, people are different from other things; The similarity between man and other things, though fundamental, is not included in the so-called human nature. In this sense, man is based on nature, and human nature is the special nature of later generations, or a universal heaven. Heaven and human nature are one. On the surface, it seems that Heaven is talking about human nature, but in fact, it is said that human nature is heaven, that is, human relations and justice are talking about the dominant principles of the universe. This is a personification mistake. " The meaning of "similarity between man and nature" can also be analyzed in two aspects. First, heaven and man are similar in form, which is actually attached to the discussion. Second, the nature of heaven and man is similar, which is similar to the theory of the unity of heaven and man. In fact, it also means that human relations are heaven. (2) Mr. Zhang's analysis here is very reasonable and wonderful. Simply put, there are two ways: the sky is "close" to people or people are "close" to the sky. From this point of view, "harmony between man and nature" is a very troublesome problem, so I won't go into details here. We must understand and grasp it in the most common sense. We believe that the meanings of "heaven" and "man" can be understood from two aspects. First, from the relationship between man and nature, it is equivalent to the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, spirit and matter, or consciousness and existence; Second, from the perspective of the relationship between people and society, it is similar to the relationship between individuals and groups, sensibility and rationality, or selfish desires and public morality. In other words, the harmony between man and nature, man and society, subjectivity and objectivity, sensibility and rationality is a special spiritual realm or state obtained in social practice in the process of moving from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. The most basic way of thinking of China people is reflected in the relationship between heaven and man. It holds that man and heaven are not a subject-object relationship, but a relationship between part and whole, distortion and original appearance, or a relationship between beginning learning and the highest realm. There are three main viewpoints: Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. Confucianism believes that heaven is the source of moral concepts and principles, and people are endowed with moral principles. This unity between man and nature is a natural but unconscious unity. However, because human beings are blinded by all kinds of fame and desire, they can't find their own moral standards. The purpose of human practice is to get rid of the blind of external desires, "seek their reassurance" and achieve the state of consciously fulfilling moral principles. & gt

What was called a teacher in ancient times?

"Teacher" originally refers to an old and experienced scholar or a person who teaches academics, such as Historical Records, Mencius and Biography of Xun Qing: "When Qi Xiang was king, Xun Qing was the most teacher." Later, people called people who taught students "teachers". For example, Yuan Hao of the Jin Dynasty asked "Show my grandnephew Bo An": "Bo An entered the primary school with extraordinary understanding, and his words surprised the teacher." In fact, in addition to "teacher", there are many names for teachers in ancient times, some of which are quite strange-

teacher

It contains the meaning of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism, which is one of the honorifics for teachers in ancient times. "Everything is wrong": "Now there is a son, and there is nothing to do. Parents angrily changed, villagers angrily moved, and teachers reformed. With the love of parents, the trip of fellow villagers, and the wisdom of teachers, the husband added three beauties, but he never moved, and his shin hair remained the same. "

grasp

It was originally a courtesy title for Confucius' disciples, and later Confucius became a courtesy title for teachers. "The Analects of Confucius Zhang Zi": "Why don't you study, but there is always a teacher!"

Yamanaga

It is the title of lecturers in the past dynasties of the academy, and its origin comes from Jing Similarity. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Jiang Weidong gave lectures in Hengshan Mountain in seclusion, and was honored as "the king in the mountain" by many practitioners. Since then, "mountain leader" has become a kind of honorific title for teachers. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were academies and hills in all cities, prefectures and governments. Ming and Qing dynasties followed the yuan system, which was renamed De 'an during the Qianlong period and still called Shanchang in the late Qing Dynasty. After the abolition of the imperial examination, the academy was renamed as a school, and the title of mountain leader was abolished.

grasp

A general term for teachers in ancient times. At first, the word "master" was a general term for official positions such as Taishi, Taifu, Shao Shi and Shaofu. Because these positions are responsible for teaching, master has become synonymous with teachers. Nineteen Years of Biography of Gu Liang Zhao Gong: "It is not the master who is a child, but the father's sin." The word "master" is still in use today, but it generally refers to teachers in industries such as industry and commerce, folk art and drama.

grasp

In ancient times, there was a saying that "a teacher is the father of life", so a teacher is also called a master. Lu Chunqiu Persuasion: "Being a teacher is still a father."

tutor

Also known as Xibin, it is a kind of respect for teachers. Its origin is an allusion that Liu Zhuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, once worshipped Huan Rong as a teacher when he was a prince. After he acceded to the throne, he still respected Huan Rong very much and often went to Taichang House where Huan Rong lived to listen to his lectures. Sitting on the floor in the Han Dynasty, the indoor seating was honored from west to east. Although Emperor Han Ming was an expensive emperor, he still arranged for Huan Rong to sit in the west and east seats, which showed his respect for the first teacher. Since then, teachers or guests have become people's honorifics for teachers.

Shi Bao

Originally an official who assisted the emperor and taught the children of the royal family in ancient times, he was also a teacher and lord protector, collectively known as "lord protector". Under the copula of Yi: "Without a teacher, you are like your parents." Later, it generally refers to teachers. For example, Gong Zizhen's "Bao Puzi" in the Qing Dynasty: "Pupils learn from their children. Learn to serve your father, brother and teacher and wait for your advisor. "

master

Originally, he was an official responsible for the discipline of imperial clan children. "History of Han Ping Di Ji": "It is the clan of the imperial clan since the Emperor Tai Shang, and each family has made a rectification to set the record straight." Later, he gradually evolved into a person who everyone admired and could be called a teacher. Yuan Tan of Confucius in the Northern Song Dynasty, Volume III: "Scholar, word guard, Culai Mountain people also. The article is academic, and the Lord of the world is called Yu Xiansheng. "

professor

Now the word professor is a professional title in the higher education system, but in ancient imperial academy it was a doctoral lecture. There were doctors from imperial academy in Han and Tang Dynasties, professors from central and local schools in Song Dynasty, Confucianism professors from prefectures and counties in Yuan Dynasty, and Fu Xue in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

assistant

A teacher who teaches in imperial academy. In Xianning, Western Jin Dynasty, Confucius School was founded in the second year, and teaching assistants were set up to coordinate toasting Confucius and teaching Confucian classics by doctors. Since then, with the exception of a few dynasties, there have been teaching assistants of Confucian classics in imperial academy, called Guo Zi, imperial academy, the four major teaching assistants and Wenguang.

Snow wave

Originally a scholar in Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a doctor in every county who taught students the Five Classics. Later, he was generally called a scholar. Wu, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty, wrote the thirty-sixth chapter of The Scholars: "This man is very different. Not only did I not study, but I also had no morale. "

James

Originally an official who taught Confucian classics. The History of the Scholars in the Later Han Dynasty: "Gao was also guided by China's History of Ancient Literature, Zuo Chunqiu and other books. Although he did not make a scholar, he was promoted to a lecturer. "

oracle

Initially, it was the official name of Shi Jing Primary School and Wushu in Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the county set up "County Confucianism" as the highest institution of learning in a county, with a teacher and several instructors. Discipline refers to the assistant who assists the Oracle. Most of the imperial edicts were from Jinshi origin and were directly appointed by the imperial court. Official history of Ming dynasty >>

What did' Zhi' mean in ancient times?

verb

Modern Chinese interpretation

Example: (1) Try to plow the fields with servants and quit farming. -"Historical Records Chen She Family"

I don't know what to do. -"Zhuangzi"

pronoun

1. Third person pronoun, translated as "he" (they) and "it" (they). Be an object or part-time language, not a subject.

Example: ① Everyone hangs up. An old frontiersman loses his horse—a blessing in disguise

I am exhausted, I have excess, and I will overcome it. -"Cao Gui Debate"

(3) Grandma heard this and the mallet bed was furious. -"Peacocks Fly Southeast"

(4) a king by bi, sitting tribute. -"The Hongmen Banquet"

⑤ Chop the wolf's head with a knife and kill it with several knives. -"Wolf"

You are safe when you come. -"The Analects of Confucius Ji will attack Zhuan Xu"

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Example: (1) The second policy is to be on an equal footing, rather than lose Qin Qu. -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"

(2) People suffering from malnutrition are not as clever as Confucius. -"Shi Shuo"

(3) How much do you know about the second worm? -"Happy Travel"

3. Use it as the first person, me.

Ex.: I didn't expect the general to be so generous! -"Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"

(2) Will you be born of sadness? -"The Snake Catcher said"

(3) an old friend childe hate to also. -"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi"

Auxiliary word 1. Structural auxiliary word, equivalent to "de"

Example: (1) Nineteen people were killed near the border. An old frontiersman loses his horse—a blessing in disguise

(2) A small prison, though unobservable, must be loved. -"Cao Gui Debate"

(3) If wuyue can compete with China. -"Battle of Red Cliffs"

4 cut the fertile land in the east and collect the key counties in the north. -Jia Yi's Qin Lun

2. Symbols of structural auxiliary words and preposition objects.

For example: ① What was the crime of the Song Dynasty? -"public loss"

(2) What's the matter? -"Humble Room Inscription"

I don't know what to look at. -"Shi Shuo"

4 cut the fertile land in the east and collect the key counties in the north. -Jia Yi's Qin Lun

3. Structural auxiliary words, used between the subject and the predicate, play the role of eliminating sentence independence, and explain auxiliary words 2 like modern Chinese.

Example: (1) There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish. -"Longzhong Dui"

(2) Silk and bamboo have no disorderly spikes. -"Humble Room Inscription"

③ A reed. -"Red Cliff Fu"

4. Structural auxiliary words, signs of attributive postposition.

Example: ① Ling was at a loss. -"Red Cliff Fu"

(2) Earthworms don't have the advantage of minions. -"Encourage learning"

5. Structural auxiliary words and complement symbols can be translated into "de". .

For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception. -"Journey to Baochan Mountain"

6. Syllable auxiliary words are meaningless.

Example: ① Fill it up. -"Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang"

After a long time, people can distinguish by foot sounds. -"Ji Xiang Xuanzhi"

(3) The public will make noise. -The Cao Gui Debate [2]?

Unusual meaning

Pass the meaning of "leaf"

Mozi Da: "A saint is also for the world." The previous sentence also means "zhi". Everything is done by Han Feizi to get rid of the old: "Invisibility also hurts people, that is, ghosts hurt people ..." "Jia Zi Zheng Da": "The decline of a gentleman is countless." The last word "ye" is used as an auxiliary word of positive tone, and the other two words "ye" both mean "zhi". ?

What do ancient names mean?

Zhuge Liang, whose name is Kong Ming, is Mr. Wolong. Wolong is Zhuge Liang's name, not a word, and the nickname is equivalent to the current nickname.

It is said that in ancient times, babies were named by their fathers three months after birth, which is the origin of the ancient "names". In ancient times, when a boy reached the age of 20, he had to hold a ceremony of "tying his hair and crown" to show his manhood. At this time, he had to choose words. When a girl 15 years old, a ceremony of "tying her hair and adding weight" will be held to show that she can get married. At this time, she also has to choose words.

Usually, the word "zi" comes from "name", in a sense, it is closely related. "White Tiger Tong Ming" says: "He who writes by his name knows his character by his smell and his name by his smell. Generally speaking, we can be roughly divided into the following seven categories:

First, synonymous with each other. Names and words have the same meaning and can explain each other. Such as: Zhuge Liang, the word Kongming; "Bright" is synonymous with "bright"

Second, antonyms are relative. Names and words have opposite meanings, and they are opposite. This is to hope that people will not go too far, go too far, and take checks and balances. Such as Lien Chan, the word Yongping

Third, let the code work. Some names and words cite historical records and use allusions. Such as: Lu Yu, the word hung-chien ("Yi ﹋ Gradually Gua": "Hung-chien is on land, and his feathers can be used as feather devices").

Fourth, admire the former sages. Such as: Niu Sengru, the word Shi An (Ji An, the word, praised by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty as the prime minister)

5. Worship religion. Such as: Wang Wei, the word "Mo Mo" (Vimalakīrti, the name of Buddha and Bodhisattva)

Sixth, the original name changed. Make some simple changes to the name and it will become a word. Such as: Li Bai, the word is too white

Seven, record the facts and make up your mind. Some people's names and words can't be translated into meaning at all. Such as: Zhang Lei, the word Qian Wen; If it weren't for Lu You's "Notes on the Old Learning Temple", Volume 4 records: "When I was born, I took the text in my hand and said thunder, so I thought it was a name and the word was hidden. No one can guess the connection from the meaning of the name.