Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, why did Xuanzong live the longest?

Fortunately, Hua Qing is grateful for the ancient times, and I am still afraid that the moths will be at a loss.

He praised the woman and laughed, but only temporarily taught the son of heaven to be dusty.

This is the famous work Huaqing Palace by Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, which directly stabbed Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty. He also wrote "Feeling on Mount Li", saying: "Ping Ming was lucky enough to live in the Palace of Eternal Life, not because of the golden jade, but because of the longevity king." Almost a curse.

In the decline of China in the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was criticized the most, while Yang Yuhuan was seldom criticized. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was once regarded as a generation of English masters and the founder of the rule of China. Why did he make mistakes again and again in his later years?

For Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there are still two mysteries that have caused debates in past dynasties.

First, Tang Xuanzong was dissolute and took Dan medicine. Considering that his grandfather and emperor Li Zhishou are only 55 years old, and his father and emperor Li Danshou are also 55 years old, why did he live to 77 years old and become the longest-lived emperor in the Tang Dynasty except Wu Zetian (living to 8 1 year)?

Secondly, Tang Xuanzong had 30 sons and 30 daughters in his life. Yang Yuhuan accompanied him for 65,438+08 years, so-called "three thousand in one". Although Tang Xuanzong is over 50 years old, with his tenacious vitality, why didn't he leave any children?

There are many sayings, but most people ignore the Taoist factors behind them.

(Yuan) Qian Xuan "Yang Guifei gets on the horse"

(Qing) Yuan Jiang's Summer Map of Mount Li

Dance in the dispute between the four factions

Taoism was the state religion in the Tang Dynasty, and Xuanzong advocated Taoism in particular.

Wang Guiping, a scholar, pointed out in "Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Maoshan Road": "Vigorously advocate the study of Taoism, set up metaphysics, and select talents with the four books of Lao, Zhuang, Wen and Lie as the examination contents. He personally annotated the Tao Te Ching and promulgated it throughout the country, asking everyone to learn. "

Tang Xuanzong attached great importance to it. During the reign of Kaiyuan Tianbao (765,438+03-756), the four major political factions in the Tang Dynasty had a fierce game (according to scholar Xu He 'an's On the Four Major Political Groups during the reign of Kaiyuan Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty), namely:

Eunuch school: represented by Gao Lishi. In the early Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were not valued. After the rise of Wu Zetian, eunuchs struggled with courtiers, but they did not break through Li Shimin's rule that "officials in the interior office have no three things". With the help of Gao Lishi, Emperor Xuanzong defeated Princess Taiping, and eunuchs could be appointed as generals and soldiers.

Civilian faction: represented by Zhang Shuo and Zhang Jiuling. Most of them started as literary bureaucrats and secretaries, and there were also many party member.

Li Neng School: represented by Yao Chong, Song Jing, Yuwen Rong and Li. Although he was born in the imperial examination, he was very important as an official and paid special attention to management. But both Yao Chong and Song Jing were promoted by Wu Zetian and were not trusted by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.

Hujiang School: represented by Ge, An Lushan, Gao Xianzhi and Shi Siming. In the early Tang Dynasty, the government adopted the military system, the state granted land, rent-free and tax-free, and farmed in peacetime and fought in wartime. The government and soldiers are managed in a unified way, usually by local governments, and under the command of generals in wartime. Therefore, "if you don't see the general, you don't know the soldiers." Government soldiers have no freedom of movement, they are close to serfs. In addition, they made a false report to the government. By the time Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty arrived, they were already vulnerable to the first world war .. When the government soldiers were abolished, the recruitment was expanded. The generals recruited, trained and paid their own salaries, and the soldiers were there, so the generals could be semi-independent.

For the four factions, Tang Xuanzong fought and pulled.

Ostensibly advocating secret control

In order to balance the relationship between the four schools, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty had a close relationship with Maoshan Road, the largest Taoist school at that time, and had many followers. The capture of the Maoshan Sect will control the people, and they will not be afraid that the four factions will threaten the imperial power.

According to Mr. Wang Guiping, Sima Chengzhen, the owner of Maoshan Mountain, was worshipped by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and even worshipped him as a teacher with his sister Princess Yu Zhen, and lived in Wuwangshan for him. Then I worshipped Li Hanguang, the master of Maoshan Mountain. From the fourth year of Tianbao (745) to the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754), there were 24 letters sent by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to Maoshan.

Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty did not fully believe in Taoism. For example, he annotated the Tao Te Ching and thought that the main idea was: "And it should care about managing the body and the country. Governing the country is one of Shang Hua's great regrets, while being thin leads to inaction and teaching. ..... take care of your body, you will be less selfish and be modest and honest. " More emphasis on political functions.

When Queen Wei and Princess Taiping plotted a coup, Ye Fashan of Maoshan Road tipped off the news. Considering the civil strife in the past dynasties, most of them were appeals to Taoism, and Tang Xuanzong could not help but guard against it.

On the one hand, he asked Sima Chengzhen to move to the King of Wu because he was afraid that he would cause trouble among the people.

On the other hand, the handwriting of Yang Erxu, the founder of Maoshan Road, and Tao Hongjing, the master of Maoshan Road, were all cheated, and were accepted by the court as "sacred objects" to control Maoshan Road.

Although Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism, his men were not allowed to have frequent contact with Taoist priests. He once ordered: "The manor house is not allowed to be placed in the temple below the princes." Later, people were not allowed to have too much contact with monks: "If you hear about the Guan Bai family, most of them return with monks and nuns, and their wives are not shy with others ... Since then, Guan Baijia has no choice but to take monks and nuns to his own home. Anyone who needs to fast, whether good or bad, must listen to it in Chendie Temple in the county."

Benefit from Taoist health preservation

In his contacts with Taoism, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty gained a lot of benefits, at least he learned the Taoist knowledge of health preservation.

In the early days of Taoism, Tao Hongjing once said, "Teach students the way to treat diseases first, so as not to make the body weak and pathogenic, the blood deficiency and brain failure, and the body fluid dirty and stagnant. If you don't treat the disease first, it's not good for your health, although you know it by eating. " It means that the cultivation of immortals must first go through medical channels, so there are many famous doctors in Taoism.

Sun Simiao wrote in "A Thousand Women's Wings under Miscellaneous Diseases": "During the Zhenguan period, a hero was on an expedition, and he was shot by a flowing arrow on his back, hitting four inches, which made him famous all over the world. So stay in the meat and sit down, but pus often flows out. In the autumn of the first year of Yonghui (650, the year of Tang Gaozong), all the other diagnoses were handled. "

When Sun Simiao recovered from his illness, he wanted to worship him as a doctor too much, but Sun refused.

It stands to reason that the imperial doctor should have the highest standard. Why did the emperor ask Taoist priests to treat diseases? This is related to the social taboo at that time:

First of all, "doctors can't live for three generations and refuse to accept their medicine." That is, he has only practiced medicine for three generations, and no one dares to use his medicine (it is also explained that the third generation refers to Huangdi Zhen Jing, Shennong Herbal Classic and Motome McKee, which is not used in this article). Hereditary doctors seek stability rather than efficiency, and their medical skills are seriously degraded.

Second, no prescription is needed. That is to say, "a doctor's prescription can't be combined by other doctors ... I'd rather refuse to accept its medicine and be naive than make a stupid doctor jealous." The thief's life is very sad. " It means that people are different, so it is necessary to prescribe drugs differently from person to person, instead of using a unified prescription. A doctor who can be cured through professional study can only prescribe.

Third, the punishment is too heavy. "The Law of Tang Dynasty" stipulates: "It's not as good as one's own to take the wrong medicine, and the medicine is twisted." In other words, doctors who make mistakes will be hanged. So who dares to treat the emperor, but Taoist doctors are more open.

Why was Tang Xuanzong not "poisoned"

The emperors of the Tang Dynasty all took the elixir. It is generally believed that Emperor Taizong, Tang Xianzong, Tang Muzong, Tang Wuzong and Emperor Xuanzong all died as a result. At that time, people had the idea that "my life is in heaven", so they bravely followed. Tang Xuanzong also took Dan, so he could write his own formula.

There were three schools of alchemy in the early Tang Dynasty, namely Jinsha School, which paid a lot of money for cinnabar; Lead-mercury school attaches great importance to returning Dan, that is, first burning mercury with cinnabar, and then reducing mercury into cinnabar; Sulfur-mercury school, mainly using sulfur and mercury.

The three schools of alchemy are all poisonous, and Chao Fangyuan, a famous doctor in Sui Dynasty, knows its harm well. He pointed out in "Etiology": "If a husband takes stones, the stones will return to the kidney, but the heat will rush to the viscera, the viscera will be hot, the body fluid will be dry, and the kidney will be evil and dry, so he will drink them because of thirst." On this basis, the detoxification scheme is put forward.

Sun Simiao, a famous doctor, belongs to Jinsha School. He paid special attention to eliminating the toxicity of Dan medicine by adjusting diet, lifestyle and taking medicine. Sun Xingyan, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, bluntly said: "It is effective to deceive others too much, to be unreasonable, or to live for decades."

It means that after eating the elixir, don't eat or have sex in order to be effective. Tang Xuanzong probably adopted this method of "detoxification". There are many taboos about sexual intercourse in Tang Doctor, even when "the old moon is thin, the wind and rain are heavy, the rainbow shakes, the lightning flashes and thunders, the cold is foggy, and the seasons change". Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei did not have a queen, which may be related to this.

Among the four major schools in North Korea, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty preferred the official school because it was unrealistic and impractical. Even if civil servants were promoted, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty only used capable people to be officials. For example, Zhang said that he not only had political achievements, but also made meritorious deeds. However, there are many contradictions within the Li Neng faction. First, Li and disharmony; As a result, Wang Hao and Yang Shen on Li's side clashed; So, both Yang and Li are fighting for power.

The only thing Yang can rely on is Yang Guifei.

Does Tang Xuanzong really love Yang Guifei?

Old Tang Book says that Yang Guifei is "rich in qualifications, good at singing and dancing, proficient in melody and superior in intelligence", while Old Tang Book says that Yang Guifei is "good at singing and dancing, familiar with melody and superior in intelligence." Don't think that she is a femme fatale.

In fact, Yang Guifei participated in national politics.

Scholar Zhang is concerned about the historical facts and influence of Yang Guifei's participation in politics. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), he was just made a royal concubine, and Jiannan sent someone to Chang 'an to contact the Yang family. Yang's position comes from the support of Zhang Qiu and Joan of Arc.

Yang Guifei handed over Gao Lishi and recognized An Lushan as his adopted son, in order to win over Hu Jiang and eunuchs.

At that time, the commoners had declined, and later generations fabricated the discord between Li Bai and Yang's brother and sister. Li Bai was only a junior official when he resigned. After he resigned 12 years, he wrote a letter to Yang on behalf of Li Xuancheng, praising Yang: "Being in the room, holding the right of nature. Anshi high pillow, a lifetime back. " It can be seen that the two are not contradictory.

The expansion of Yangjia Group poses a threat to Prince Hengli Group. The Anshi Rebellion, the fall of Luoyang, the Tang Xuanzong ordered Hengli to supervise the country, and Yang Guifei personally intervened. Therefore, before Ma Yupo, the imperial army supporting Hengli insisted on executing Yang Guifei.

However, Tang Xuanzong didn't really trust Yang Guifei.

Of the 60 daughters of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, at least 23 are women (nearly half don't know who their biological mothers are). According to the Old Book of Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty may still have contacts with Mrs. Guo. In addition, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty expelled Yang Guifei from the court twice, once on the same day and once under the persuasion of Moon Hee. Plus Yang Guifei's apology for cutting her hair, it was recalled.

As a feudal emperor, it is impossible for Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to have true love with a woman. It is understandable that he has nothing to do with Yang Guifei.

Tang Xuanzong stepped on the air with one foot.

The reason for the decline of the Tang Dynasty is attributed to Yang Guifei, which originated from the novel Song of Eternal Sorrow, saying that she is "not only brilliant, but also unique, and extremely intelligent, with an unspeakable intention", which is different from Bai Juyi's view.

The novel Biography of Yang Taizhen in Song Dynasty holds that the charm of Yang Guifei made Tang Xuanzong lazy in politics in his later years, which became the standard explanation later.

Zi Tong Zhi Jian said: "Since the Tang Dynasty, the frontier governors have used many loyal ministers and famous ministers, and they have been appointed soon, not far away and not unified." "(The border generals) are all made by ministers." Although I am knowledgeable, I have not broken away from the stereotype that "a wise king uses loyal ministers and a bad king uses treacherous officials". In fact, there was a serious merger problem in the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. "Kings and princes and rich families are better than buying fields and merging at will. Don't be afraid of the articles of association."

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang dynasty tended to be an official, and the rule of heaven strengthened the plunder of private resources of Tang court. On the surface, government revenue has soared. Looking deeper, the polarization between the rich and the poor among the people is getting more and more serious, and people's grievances are boiling. At this time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty did not dare to show partiality to the commoners, for fear that officials would get rich, so he supported the eunuchs and Hujiang factions to check and balance.

In the later period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, he deliberately showed a lack of initiative to stabilize the overly radical style of the official school. But he didn't notice that under the recruitment system, the strength of Hu Jiang School is growing rapidly. After all, the recruitment system was an old system in the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong used it when he was recruiting Korea. Tang Xuanzong may also expect to use the meritorious military service of Hujiang School to offset social contradictions. As a result, I stepped on the air and the situation could not be cleaned up.

In his later years, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty missed Yang Yuhuan, not because they had a good relationship, but because he was under house arrest by Hengli, so he could only move in the palace and could not even meet his sister Princess Yu Zhen, which inevitably raised the old feelings. Fortunately, when he was young, Taoist doctors laid a good physical foundation for Tang Xuanzong. He studied Taoist health preservation, so he lived to be 77 years old.