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English name: basketball

The origin of basketball

189 1 65438+The YMCA International Training School (later Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, was invented by the school's physical education teacher Dr. james naismith. At that time, the basketball rules were only 13, and Dr. naismith died on 1939 at the age of 78.

He didn't expect that the basketball game created by him actually spread in more than 200 countries, and American basketball is still famous all over the world.

To commemorate Dr. naismith's achievement in inventing basketball, the james naismith Memorial Hall of Fame of American Basketball was built in the campus of Springfield College.

At first, naismith nailed two peach baskets to the railing of the stand in the key room. The upper edge of the peach baskets was 3.04 meters from the ground, and they were thrown with football as a game tool. Throw the ball into the basket and score 1 point, and decide the outcome according to the score. Every time you throw the ball into the basket, climb the ladder, take it out and start the game again. In the future, the bamboo basket will be gradually changed into an iron basket with a movable bottom, and then a net will be hung under the iron ring.

By 1893, nearly modern rebounds, hoops and nets have been formed. In the initial basketball game, there were no strict restrictions on the number of people, the size of the venue and the time of the game. As long as the number of participants is equal. At the beginning of the game, the players of both sides stood outside the two end lines, and the referee blew the whistle and threw the ball into the center of the court. The two sides ran to the court to grab the ball and started the game. The bearer can run to the basket with the ball, and the first person who reaches the predetermined score wins. 1892, naismith formulated 13 rules of the game. The main rules are: don't run with the ball, don't make rough moves, don't hit the ball with a fist, or you will be sentenced to three consecutive fouls and fined 1 minute; The competition time is the first half 15 minutes; The size of the venue is also stipulated. The number of players in the game is gradually reduced to 10, with 9 or 7 players per team. 1893 is set to 5 players per team.

1904 The 3rd Olympic Games, the basketball exhibition match was held for the first time 1. 1908, the United States formulated a unified national basketball rule, which was published in different languages and distributed all over the world. In this way, basketball has gradually spread all over America, Europe and Asia, becoming a worldwide sport. 1936 1 1 The Olympic Games listed men's basketball as an official event, which unified the rules of the world basketball competition. Since then, during the period of 1948, the rule has been revised several times. The important change related to the current rules is that after scoring, the jump ball in the middle circle is changed to the end line of the losing team in the backcourt. The attacker must push the ball to the frontcourt within 10 second; After the ball enters the frontcourt, it is not allowed to return to the backcourt; Offenders are not allowed to stay in the "forbidden zone" for 3 seconds; When the shooter was violated, 1 made a free throw, and 2 missed. In the basketball matches of 1952 and 15 and 16 Olympic Games, the International Amateur Basketball Federation twice expanded the "forbidden area" (also known as "three zones") of the basketball court. It is also stipulated that a team must shoot within 30 seconds after controlling the ball. In the early 1960s, the regulations on 10 seconds and the return of the ball to the backcourt were once suspended, because the touchline midpoint was cancelled after the 1960 17 Olympic Games. 1964 After the Olympic Games, the midfield line will be restored and these regulations will continue to be implemented. In 1977, it is added that after each team committed 10 foul, it made two free throws for defensive foul, shot prevention 1 foul, and missed free throws 1 penalty. After 198 1, 10 fouls, the penalty was reduced to 8 times. Obviously, the change of personnel and the development of skills and tactics have caused the change of rules, and the change of rules has promoted the further development and change of personnel, skills and tactics. Especially since the late 1950s, the changes of rules have constantly put forward new and higher requirements for the offensive and defensive speed of basketball matches, athletes' body, skills, tactics, will and style, and promoted the rapid improvement of basketball technical level. The women's basketball was listed as an official event only in197621Olympic Games.

Basketball was introduced to China from the Chinese YMCA in Tianjin around 1896, and then to the YMCA in Beijing and Shanghai. 19 10 After the men's basketball exhibition match was held in the National Games, basketball activities were gradually carried out in universities and middle schools in major cities across the country, especially in Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai. The rules of the game were simple at that time. Draw a middle circle with a diameter of about 1 m in the center of the court. The center player must put a hand when jumping the ball. The technology is also simple. After the jump ball in the middle circle, whoever receives the ball dribbles it himself, and shoots if he exceeds the defender. I was just dribbling in a straight line. The passing method is to pass the ball with one hand and put your hands on your chest. Running shot is a one-handed low-handed layup. The vertical racket is a low-handed racket with both hands in front of the stomach, no matter how far or near. 1925 or so, the five offensive and defensive athletes have a clear division of labor, center to center, defender to striker, someone staring at people, staring at their opponents. But the striker's duty is to attack and shoot, regardless of retreat; The defender's duty is only to defend the volley, regardless of shooting. Strikers and defenders rarely run all over the field, only the center should give consideration to both offense and defense. Later, it was gradually changed to 1 assisted two defenders (mobile defenders), and 1 stayed in the backcourt (fixed defenders). The two strikers also became 1 staying in the frontcourt to attack the fast break, 1 retreating to the backcourt to help defend. Technical movements have also developed, such as one-handed running shooting and expert shooting, two-handed standing shooting on the chest, one-handed passing and two-handed touching the ground, two-handed dribbling alternately dodging defense and advancing beyond defense. The restricted area and the free throw line have been added to the rules. A player who commits four fouls will be disqualified, and any player with 1 can be punished by the captain. The competition time is divided into the first half and the second half with an interval of 10 minute. After each shot or free throw, jump the ball to the middle circle and start the game again. But since 1926, the basketball level in China has been greatly improved.

Basketball was invented by Mr. james naismith of Springfield University in the United States in 189 1 year. The earliest rules of basketball game were also formulated by Mr Naismith.

At that time, the purpose of his basketball rules was:

(1) Basketball is a game played by hands, and the ball is round;

② Walking or running with the ball in hand is not allowed;

(3) Athletes can go anywhere on the field as long as it does not affect or hinder other athletes;

④ Physical contact between athletes is not allowed;

⑤ The hoop should be horizontal.

According to these five basic principles, Mr. naismith made the most primitive rules of basketball match. There are 13 original basketball competition rules. The basic content of article 13 is:

1. Players can throw the ball in any direction with one hand or both hands.

2. Players can catch the ball in any direction with one hand or both hands, but they must never hit the ball with their fists.

Players can't take the ball away.

You must hold the ball with your hand, but you are not allowed to kick the ball with your head and feet.

5. Players are not allowed to use shoulder bump, hand pull, hand push, hand bump, foot trip and other methods to deal with opposing players. Any player who violates this rule will be regarded as the first foul and will be forced to stop the game until he hits a ball.

Participate in the competition. If you intentionally hurt the opposing player, you will be disqualified from participating in the whole game and will not be allowed to substitute.

6. hitting the ball with fists violates rules 3 and 4.

7. If either side fouls three times in a row, it is counted as the other side's goal. Continuous foul refers to: during a period of time, the opposing team members did not foul, while their own team members fouled continuously.

8. If the defender doesn't touch or interfere with the ball, when the ball is thrown into the basket and stays in it, it is considered a basket. If the ball stops at the basket and the other team touches the basket, it is also a fortune teller.

9. When the ball is out of bounds, the ball will be thrown into the field by the first person who touches it. If there is an argument, the referee will throw the ball into the field. Throw a foul ball for five seconds. After more than 5 seconds, the ball was awarded to the opponent.

10. The referee is the referee of the player, and he has the right to call a foul. When a team fouls three times in a row, he will notify the assistant referee. He has the right to declare an athlete disqualified.

1 1. The assistant referee is the referee of this ball. He can decide the time of the ball in the game, he should count the time, decide the stroke of the ball, record the number of strokes of the ball, and bear the responsibility that the referee should bear at ordinary times.

12. The game will be played in two 15 minutes with a 5-minute break.

13. The team that hits the ball the most wins. If there is a draw, with the consent of both captains, the game can be postponed until another goal is scored.

Although the original 13 basketball competition rules are not systematic and complete, and some terms are not clear enough, they have played a great role in promoting the development of basketball in the early stage. In particular, basketball has developed into a modern basketball sport today, and the technical and tactical level is getting higher and higher, so the rules are even more important. It requires strict, scientific and systematic management of basketball games.

Rule number one:

1. Competition method

There are five people in a team, one of whom is the captain and at most seven substitutes, but the number can be increased according to the organizer. The game is divided into two halves, each half is 20 minutes, and the intermission is 10 minutes. At the end of the game, if the two teams have the same points, overtime will be played for 5 minutes. If the score is still the same after 5 minutes, a 5-minute overtime will be played again until the tie is broken.

2. Fraction type

After the ball is thrown into the basket and approved by the referee, it is counted as a score. 3 points can be scored for the inner input of the branch line; You can get 3 points for shooting outside the dividing line and 1 point for free throws.

3. Way of proceeding

At the beginning of the game, each team pushes a jumper to the central jumper area, the referee throws the ball, and the jumpers from both sides start the game. Throw a foul ball.

4. Player replacement

The substitution of each player should be completed within 20 seconds, and the number of substitutions is unlimited. The time to exchange players is when someone fouls, fights for the ball, calls a timeout, etc. The referee can temporarily suspend the timing of the game.

5. Free throw

Each player has four chances to be allowed to foul, and the fifth time he leaves the field. And cannot be played again in the same game. Free throw is shooting when no one can stop or defend it. It is a punishment for the offending party and an opportunity for the opposing party. Stand behind the free throw line and shoot within 5 seconds after receiving the referee's ball. After shooting, you can't cross the free throw line before the ball touches the basket.

lawbreaking

It can be roughly divided into (1) common violations, such as walking with the ball, dribbling twice, kicking the ball or hitting the ball with your fist. (2) jump ball violation, (3) jump ball violation: the jumper can enter the central jump ball area before the jumper touches the ball.

2) Basic Rule 2:

30-second rule

-The attacker must shoot within 30 seconds (24 seconds in NBA and 35 seconds in NCAA) when he is in possession of the ball on the court.

10 second rule

-The team must control the ball from the backcourt and get the ball into the frontcourt (the opposing half) within 10 seconds.

Five-second rule

-After holding the ball, the player must throw the foul ball within 5 seconds. FIBA rules stipulate that free throws must also be made within 5 seconds (NBA rules are 10 seconds).

3-second rule

-Divided into 3-second attack and 3-second defense. Attack for 3 seconds: the attacking player shall not stay in the 3-second zone for more than 3 seconds; Defend for 3 seconds: When the opponent of the defender is not in the 3-second zone or on the edge of the 3-second zone and completely gets rid of the defender, the defender shall not stay in the penalty area for more than 3 seconds.

personal foul

-foul caused by physical contact with the other party.

technical foul

-A player or coach is fouled for poor performance, such as an argument with the referee.

Cancel the game knowledge foul

-The player made a foul action that did not reflect the sportsmanship, such as hitting someone. When this happens, the player should be sent off immediately.

Five fouls by athletes

-No matter whether it is a personal foul or a technical foul, the player must leave the field for five fouls (six in the NBA) and is not allowed to play again.

Contrary to the usual practice

-Violation of rules that are neither personal nor technical. The main violations are: illegal dribbling; Take the ball away; 3 seconds violation; Get the ball out of bounds.

Team member out of bounds

-When the player touches the boundary or out-of-line area with the ball or the ball itself, the ball is out of bounds. The ball doesn't go out of bounds in the air until it hits the line or out of line.

Interference ball interferes with shooting score (present participle form of goal)

-When the shot ball falls to the basket, neither player can touch the ball. Defenders can't touch the ball when it is under the basket.

High-profile athletes

-The player closely watched by the defender must pass, dribble or shoot within 5 seconds, otherwise his team will lose possession of the ball (which is not stipulated in NBA rules).

The ball returned to the backcourt.

-If the team has moved the ball from the backcourt to the frontcourt, the players of the team can no longer move the ball across the center line and transport it back to the backcourt.

Basic basketball skills

1. Control the ball

Hold the ball with five fingers and tighten your fingers inward. When the ball falls, catch it with your palm.

2. Trunk dish ball

Put the ball on your waist and hover. The key to this action is to face forward, don't watch the ball at the same time, and then do the practice of dribbling clockwise and counterclockwise.

3. Neck dribbling

Practice the neck ball. This exercise is also to face forward, keep your neck still, and practice alternately clockwise and counterclockwise.

4. One-legged hockey

Keep your feet apart and your center of gravity low. Hold the ball and dribble with one foot. Don't watch the ball with your eyes, practice alternately with your left and right feet in the positive direction and counterclockwise direction.

Throw the ball before and after stepping down

Keep your feet apart and your center of gravity low. Throw the ball lightly from front to back, catch the ball quickly from back with both hands, and throw the ball lightly from back to front. Repeat this exercise as many times as possible in 30 seconds.

6. Knee ball

Put your feet together slightly to lower your center of gravity and practice the ball along your knees. Don't watch the ball with your eyes, practice alternately clockwise and counterclockwise.

7. Get off the 8-wheeler

This is the application of one-legged dribbling. Dribble the ball in figure 8 along your feet. Don't watch the ball at the same time. Practice alternately clockwise and counterclockwise.

Basketball term

(1) Dunk: The athlete holds the ball with one hand or both hands, jumps in the air, and directly pours the ball into the basket from top to bottom.

(2) Make-up: When the shot is missed, the athlete jumps in the air to make up the ball in the basket.

(3) Block: The attacker blocks the defender behind him with his footwork. This footwork is called blocking posture.

(4) Catch the ball: move along the passing flight direction to facilitate catching the ball.

(5) Dislocation defense: The defender stands next to the attacker he defends and prevents him from catching the ball, which is called dislocation defense.

(6) Important position: The attacker blocks the defender behind him with his body and occupies a favorable position to catch the ball.

(7) Breakthrough: Break through the defender with the ball.

(8) Empty cut: The attacker ran to the basket empty-handed.

(9) One pass: The receiver passes the ball 1 time from defense to attack.

(10) Blocking: When the attacker shoots, the defender tries to hit the ball out of the air.

(1 1) Complement: When 1 defender loses the correct defensive position, other 1 defenders make up the correct defensive position in time.

(12) assist in defense: assist in defending peers.

(13) Press defense: Keep close to the attacker, and constantly threaten the opponent's ball control safety or prevent the opponent from receiving the ball with offensive and defensive actions.

(14) Oblique insertion: Run diagonally from the sideline to the basket or the center of the field.

(15) Time difference: When shooting, in order to avoid the cover of the opponent's defense, the air block is used to change the shooting time.

(16) serve: The offensive player without the ball takes the initiative to grab the position and receive the ball.

(17) Landing: disposal of both sides.

(18) Coordination: The attacker receives and transfers the ball through the tactical coordination organized by the players in the frontcourt or the middle of the whole court, resulting in attack opportunities such as empty cutting, bypassing cutting and covering.

(19) Cover: An offensive cooperation in which the attacker blocks the opponent's way with reasonable technical movements and creates opportunities for the partner to get rid of the defense.

(20) Sudden score: The offensive player with the ball passes the ball after breaking through.

(2 1) cross-cut: The attacking player with the ball uses the empty cut immediately after passing the ball, and must catch the ball to attack.

(22) Make-up defense: When 1 defender loses his position, it is possible for the attacker to score directly with the ball, and another 1 defender in the neighboring area immediately gives up his opponent to defend the attacker with the ball breakthrough.

(23) changing defense: prevent players from changing defense.

(24) Closing the door: Quickly select two adjacent players with the ball in the direction of the attacker's breakthrough to form a "barrier" to block the attacker's breakthrough route.

(25) Attack: Two defenders * * * get stuck 1 the attacker and block their passing route.

(26) Squeeze: When two attackers cooperate with each other, the members of the protected person approach to the back, seize the position at the moment when the attackers are about to complete the cooperation, squeeze between the two attackers from the side, destroy their cover and continue to defend their opponents.

(27) Crossing: When the attacker covers, the defender's players are slightly away from each other, so that the companions can pass through their own cover players and continue to defend each other.