For example, the place names in China are "Yin" and "Yang".

South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

The mountains are cloudy in the north and there is water in the south.

The explanation of the origin of place names, also known as etymology of place names, refers to the source and meaning of place names. In China, it generally refers to the origin and meaning of place names in China; If it is a place name in a minority language, it refers to its language and explains its meaning.

Throughout the ages, toponymy has always focused on the explanation of the origin of place names. The United States, Britain, France, Russia and Japan are five developed countries that are at the forefront of toponymy research in the world. These countries have published a large number of toponymic works, and studying the origin or traceability of place names has become the mainstream of toponymic research. Representative works include H Geithner's Guide to the Origin of Geographical Names in the United States, G. R Stewart's Geographical Names: A Historical Interpretation of Geographical Names in the United States, and blackie's Dictionary of the Origin of Geographical Names. In Britain, E. Ekwall's etymological dictionary of English place names and P. H. Liney's origin of English place names, etc. Russia has a.φ. The origin of the names of rivers, cities, tribes and regions in orlov, the Soviet Union and Western Europe. In Japan, there are Akihito Abe's explanation of Japanese country names (1852), shinya yamanaka's etymology of geographical names (1979), Mu Xiufu's etymology of world geographical names (1979) and Ji Tianmao Shu's Origin of Geographical Names (/kloc-0). Etymology of Ancient Place Names by Uesuke Nanyuan (198 1 year), Nomenclature Dictionary of Cities, Towns and Villages by Ritaro Mizoguchi (1997) and Etymology and Mystery of Place Names (1997).

In the history of China, traditional toponymy, from the geography of Han Dynasty to the unified history of Qing Dynasty, has always focused on the explanation of the origin of place names. On the other hand, the development of toponymy is also based on a certain number of place names. The explanation of the origin of place names has gone through three stages from scratch, from less to more, to the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, which is more than 100, more than 1,000 and more than 10,000.

Section 1 Super Class 100

Before the tripartite confrontation, China's explanation of the origin of place names was not rich. From the sporadic explanation of the origin of place names in the pre-Qin period to 168 in Ying Shao at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, China's toponymy has gone through a process from zero to more than a hundred years.

The explanation of the origin of place names in the pre-Qin period was mostly spontaneous and unsystematic, but it was the developed source of traditional toponymy, just like the scattered trickle at the source of a river. The source of place names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen has not been explained yet, but it is recorded in the pre-Qin literature, such as:

"Biography of the Ram" Huan Gong nine years: "Who is the capital? The residence of the son of heaven; Who is Beijing? Daye; What is a teacher? Gongye. The residence of the son of heaven must be spoken by the public. " It means that the place chosen by the Zhou Emperor as the capital must be described by words such as "numerous" and "Hongda", which also means that the capital is large in scale and has a large population, so it is called "Shi Jing". This opened a precedent for explaining the origin of place names.

Le Tang, who was a little later than Qu Yuan, wrote "On Playing the Earth". Although the book has long been lost, the only lost article is to explain the origin of place names: Fangcheng, Chu, also known as Wancheng. He said, "I am Chu. I conquered the south. Since I crossed the border to Wan Li, I have been called' Wancheng'".

Shangcai County people are harmonious people, and his brother is Cai's uncle. According to the book Shiben written at the end of the Warring States Period, "Shangcai also, Jiujiang has Cai Xia, so it is called Shangcai".

Although some of these place names are well explained, they are all sporadic after all. There are only two or three places in a book at most, and even the origin of a place name is not explained in geographical works such as Shangshu Gong Yu and Shan Hai Jing.

Since the Western Han Dynasty, the explanation of the origin of place names has gradually increased. For example, Sima Qian's Historical Records: "Qi is Qi, and the sky is Qi (Yuan)" points out the origin of the same name. "Zhao Shi Ji" records: After Zhao Xiangzi ascended the throne, he sent troops to kill the king, annexed his land, and sent people to meet his sister to replace the king. He went to the halfway mountain area and cried, "Where can I go if the country dies and the king dies?" As a result, she rubbed (a metal headdress) on a stone and committed suicide. A generation sympathized with her, so they called this mountain "Friction Mountain".

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the first geographical annals of the Han Dynasty with toponymy research content was born in the history of toponymy in China. Ying Shao's explanation of the origin of 168 greatly enriched the content of geographical names in Hanshu Geography, and initiated the research on the origin of geographical names in China.

Geographical Records of Hanshu not only records the names and geographical evolution of the Western Han Dynasty 103 counties and countries and their 1587 county-level administrative regions, but also introduces the names of 175 mountains and 36 1 Beize Lake and Marsh, and records more than 4,500 place names. Many place names recorded in ancient documents before the Han Dynasty were known because of this.

Hanshu Geography is the earliest document that systematically expounds the origin of place names in China. According to the author's preliminary statistics, Hanshu Geography explained 60 place names, which became the beginning of toponymy research in China, as shown in Table 2- 1:

Table 2- 1 Interpretation of Place Names in Hanshu

Interpretation of the origin of category place names

Lu in the name of the old country

together

temperature

secret

Minami Tsubame

allow

project

Nanton

follow

surname

spread

bleak

towards

surname

lustring

slow

A country in the Zhou dynasty

everlasting

Obesity fatigue

June (short for June)

Chenwangchao

Rencheng

Pengcheng

Fu yang

six

Guo Guo Zi

Ancient land

The old country has its own surname.

Ancient land

Nan, surnamed Ai, is the queen of the Yellow Emperor.

Old country, Jiang surname, Queen of Four Mountains.

Ancient land

Therefore, Dunziguo, Ji surname.

Ancient land

Ancient land

Ancient land

So Xiao Shuguo

Ancient land

Old country, after Shao Hao, surplus surname.

Ancient country, Hou Yu.

Old country, English surname.

Old country, the city of Zhou Taibo.

Therefore, there is no final country.

Gufeiziguo

Old country, English surname.

Old country, shun Hou.

Therefore, the benevolent country, after Tai Hao.

Therefore, Peng's motherland

So, I forced Yang Jiaguo. Yan Shigu Note: Forced sound blessing.

Old country, high expectations.

Old country, high expectations. Shangdang county

Henan county

Henan county

Henan county

Dong Jun

Yingchuan county

Runanjun

Runanjun

Nanyang county

Nanyang county

lujiang county

Pei Jun

Pei Jun

donghai prefecture

donghai prefecture

Linhuai county

Huiji county

Youbeiping county

Calm country

Chengyang county

Huaiyang state

dongping xian

Chu

Chu

Lu 'an State

Lu 'an State

Zheng in the name of the ancient city

leaf

surname

slabstone

The King of Zhou Xuandi Zheng Huangong Yi

Chu ye gong yi

Chu does not return to the city, so it is embarrassing.

Qin di Shu ban Shi

Guo entered the palace, and Qin was later Jing.

Nanyang county

Nanjun

Dai Jun

right fufeng

Pengze in the name of landscape

surname

Dianchi Lake

white elm

prevent

Gundao

Juyan

Liucheng

Tunlie

Guangzhou

Ancient cooking tripod with hollow legs

Yu Gong: Peng is in the west.

Zhang Shan, pheasant water is coming out.

Dianchi Lake is in the northwest.

Ye Yuze is in the East.

Without the wolf mountain, the water will come out.

Qushui flows out of the East Wolf Valley.

Strong water flows out of the plug.

Juyanze is in the northeast.

Shenliu water flows north into the sea.

Divided into vertical mountain and water outlet.

Yangcheng Mountain, water.

It should be considered as Yuxian.

Guanghan county

Yizhou county

Yizhou county

Zhang Ke county

Wudu county

longxi county

Zhangye county

Liaoxi county

Lelangjun

Yingchuan county

pingyuan county

along with

square

place

for

Naming reason

hill

get

Minghuayan

die

The south/sunny side of the mountain

Mengyin

Mount Tai in Yin Shan is in the south.

Wushan is in the west, which was considered by the ancients in China as a mountain.

The East Taihang Mountain is in the northwest.

Gong Yu: Mengshan is in the southwest.

Huiji Mountain is in Zhao Yin, south of Beijing.

right fufeng

Henan county

Taishan county

Huiji county

because

water

get

Mingduyang

Jinyang

fenyang

Dangyin

Poyang

Xunyang

Jingyang alone flows southward into the Weihe River.

Jinshuichu

Beishan, divide water.

Dangshui East to Inner Huang Ze

The broken water flows into the lake in the west.

North mountain, ten-day water comes out.

Gong Yu: The water mirror appears, reaching Yangling in the southeast and entering Wei. right fufeng

Taiyuan county

Taiyuan county

Henan county

Yu zhangjun

Hanzhong county

Anding county

mankind

thing

land

Mingbashui

Xincai

The eldest son was called Zishui in ancient times, and Qin Mugong changed his name to make contributions and honor his children and grandchildren.

Cai Pinghou moved here from Cai.

Zhou Shi: Nanling County, Jing Zhaoyin, Xinjiafeng.

Runanjun

Shangdang county

thing

produce

land

The famous Lantian Mountain produces beautiful jade crystal Zhao Yin.

department

nationality

land

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous Lu Hun moved to Hongnong County.

As can be seen from the above table, the old country name is the category that can best explain the origin of place names (26 places), indicating that the inheritance of place names is quite obvious; Among the classes named after mountains and rivers, only "Yangcheng" stands for mountains, and the other eleven places stand for water. All the classes named after location are named after the relative positions of mountains and water, of which only 5 are named after mountains and 7 are named after water. All these facts show that in the early history of China, our ancestors were more dependent on water than mountains.

In Hanshu, besides geography, other chapters also explain the origin of place names. Liang Wudi Ji: Six years (BC 1 1 1), Liang Wudi marched eastward and came to Tongxiang. Hearing the good news of capturing the capital of South Vietnam, he changed Tongxiang to wenxi county. The following year, Liang Wudi visited Xinzhong Township in Ji 'an County, and the liegeman reported that South Vietnamese Prime Minister Lu Jia was arrested, so he changed Xinzhong Township to Huojia County. This is the origin of today's county names in wenxi county, Shanxi and Huojia, Henan.

After History of Han Geography, a large number of toponymic books appeared. Only in the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people studied the origin of place names, including You Quan and Ying Shao.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen was born in the southeast of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, but the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was not published. The Annals of Sui Shu's Classics records two volumes of Old Biography written by Han Ichiro. In addition, Volume II of Yuanhe Xing 'an Ancestor was cited as Liu Chen Custom Biography. Unfortunately, this second biography has long been lost, and there is no series.

Fortunately, there are more than 40 lost articles in Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, which only involve the place of Chenliu County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but there are many explanations for the origin of place names. For example, Changyuan County (now Changyuan County, Henan Province) quoted Liu Chen Custom Biography from Water Mirror Ji Shui Zhu Er: "The county has a defensive wall, so it is a county home"; Junyi County (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) "Water Classic Note and Canal Water Note": "Liu Chen Custom Biography" said:' There is water in the north of the county, so it is called Junyi' "; Weishi County (now Weishi County, Henan Province), "Water Classic Note and Canal Water Note": "Circle Cloud:" Weishi, the official name of Zheng Guozhi's East Prison, is also the city of Dr. Zheng "; Xiangyi County (now Suixian County, Henan Province), Yan Shigu's note: "The circle is called the cloud: Xiangyi Songdi, originally inherited Xiangling Township, was buried by Song Xianggong, so it was called Xiangling; Qin Shihuang was humble and wet, so he moved to Xiangling County, called Xiangyi "; Qiu Yong county (now seven counties in the south) "Water mirror with water injection": "Circle says: the county has the name of five tombs, so it is named after the county"; Shuijing County (now southeast of Suixian County) sewer water note: "Legend of Chenliu Customs" says: County, so Song Dynasty, with 8900 households mourning for their families, Guanmin seeks to set up a county. " In the eleventh year of Yongyuan, the land was ceded, and in the twelfth year, the township of Daji and Zhiyang were transferred to it, and the name of Jia was called "self-love", which still made it vulgar. "Ziziphus jujuba County (now southwest of Yanjin County, Henan Province)" Notes on Water Classics and Water Classics II ":"Circle says: Tian Zi was founded in the past, either in the name of an edict or in the name of a mountain forest, so Zhang Yu took Shushi County and Ziziphus jujuba became a famous country, so Ziziphus jujuba also "; Fugou County (now the northeast of Fugou County, Henan Province) The Taiping Universe in Fugou County, Kaifeng Prefecture, Volume 2: The Legend of Chenliu Customs says: "Xiaofuting is named after its flowing water"; Pixian County (now Nanzhi Town, Qixian County, Henan Province), Volume 1 of Taiping Universe, Longcheng, Qiu Yong County, Kaifeng Prefecture: The Legend of Customs says that it is difficult to repair the old land and fight in the territory to avoid its suffering, so it is said "; In Kaocheng County (now east of Minquan County, Henan Province), water injection introduced the custom of Chen Liu: "Traveling to the east county, saying,' Chen Liu Mao County is notorious, which is the city of Gaozu people, and the favorite of Sejong, Henderson Fu Yuan, the spirit of Huang Jia, gives it more light and ranks in Huang Wu. It can be seen that the lost articles in Chenliu Custom Biography have explained the origin of ten county names, accounting for more than half of 17 counties under the jurisdiction of Chenliu County in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Ying Shao, Zhong Xuan, was born in Nanrun (now southwest of Chengnan Town, Henan Province) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. When I was young, I studied hard and read a lot. When I was a spiritual emperor, I gave filial piety as the main book of Runa. In Zhong Ping for six years (189), I became the Taishou of Mount Tai, and later became the army captain of Yuan Shao, a priest in Jizhou. In the early years of Jian 'an, he died in Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province). The Book of the Later Han Dynasty has been circulated in Volume 48. He is the author of Notes on the History of Han Dynasty, Records of Geographical Customs, Records of Thirteen States, Official Documents of Han Dynasty, General Meaning of Customs, etc., among which there are many insights on the study of place names. Ying Shao annotated 248 place names in Notes on Hanshu, including 152 places, which was more than twice as much as that in Hanshu, greatly enriching the place names in Hanshu. Han Guan Yi also has the explanation of the origin of 15 place names; According to Zhu, there are 26 explanations about the origin of place names in geographical customs, and there are 3 explanations in 13 states. Except for the repetition, the place name explained by Yingshao reached 168. Generally speaking, it can be classified into the following categories: 14 (all the notes in Hanshu are referred to as "Ying Shao Zhu" for short, and the others are marked with specific titles):

(1) There are 49 such place names, most of which are yin and yang. Such as Xiangyang County and Nanjun County, Ying Shao's note: "In the Yang of Xiangshui"; "Yingshao, Yangqu County, Taiyuan" Note: "The river is thousands of miles long, when it is Yang, it is called Yangqu"; Yingshao notes in Zhongshui County, Zhuo Jun: "It is between Yishui and Ershui, so it is called Zhongshui"; Hejian country, Ying Shao notes: "Between the two rivers". Azimuth place names point out the relative position of place names, which can help us understand the trend of mountains and rivers at that time, the relationship between them, the location of cities and settlements, and also explore the changes of ancient and modern rivers. It is worth noting that among the 44 place names with the word "Yin" and "Yang", only Pingyin and Diaoyin have the word "Yin", and as many as 4 1 place have the word "Yang". According to Ying Shao's explanation, these place names with the word "Yang" are all named because they are located in the Yang of the river.

(2) Han Shu has 37 place names of mountains and rivers, and The Book of Geographical Customs has 4 place names of mountains and rivers. For example, Jiangxia County, Ying Shao's note: "Mianshui from Jiangbie to Nanjun Huarong is summer water, crossing the county and entering the river, so it is called Jiangxia"; Zhuo Jun "there is drowning in the south, and it is embarrassing to build a family"; Jiuquan County, Ying Shao Note: "Its water is like wine, so it is called Jiuquan"; Yingshao, Changshan County, Jingxing County: "Jingxing Mountain is in the south"; Yiling County, the south county, quoted Ying Shao as saying, "Yishan is in the northwest, and Zengyi Mountain is also a famous county.". Of these 4 1 place names, 25 are named after water, which is more than twice as much as 1 1 named after mountains.

(3) During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, the place names of the old towns in the old country were not far away, and quite a few administrative place names were often named after the old towns in the old country. Ying Shao explained the origin of such place names as 17, such as Dai Jun, and Ying Shao noted: "Old Country"; Dang Shao, Zhongli County, Jiujiang County Note: "Zhongli Country"; "Thirteen States" in Laiwu County and Taishan County: "Lu Zhilai Zhayi". Nantong County, runan county is the hometown of Ying Shao. He said in Han Shu Ji: "Forced by Chen, he moved south, so he was named Nanton, and the old city is still there." Words like "the old city is still there" are not found in other place names, which shows that Ying Shao is very familiar with the geographical situation of his hometown.

(4) Ying Shao has 13 explanation of the origin of place names, such as Lingqiu County and Ying Shao's note: "(Zhao) King Wuling was buried here because his family didn't know"; Yingshao, Luo County, Changsha: "King Wen of Chu moved from Zhijiang to Luozi to live here"; Ying Shao, the champion county of Nanyang County, notes: "Emperor Wu sealed Huo Qubing, but he still gave birth to Xiongnu after going to hospital, so he won the champion", and so on.

(5) Topographic place names are mainly named after topography, including eight names, such as Yongxian County, Fu You, and Ying Shao's note: "Four areas are high and harmonious", which tells the geographical landscape of Yongxian County (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province); Ying Shao, Gaoping County, Hanoi: "Because of the high river and flat terrain, it is called Gao Ping", which briefly describes the geographical location of Gao Ping (its hometown is on the north bank of the Yellow River east of wen county, Henan); Autumn is a hill on the plain. Ying Shao pointed out that Xianqiu County in Shanyang County and Weixian County were both named after "Qiu".

(6) The climate place name in northwest China was Liangzhou area in ancient times. The Notes on Water Classics (Volume 40) quoted from the Records of Geographical Customs by Ying Shao: "In the third year of Han, Yuan and Shuo, it was changed to Yongyue Liangzhou because of its golden thread and cold land." .

(7) Symmetrical place names Many place names in Hanshu Geography have symmetrical meanings, such as things, inside and outside, up and down, etc. The origin of 10 symmetrical place names should be explained less, such as; Inner yellow, Ying Shao's note: "Chen Zuo is yellow outside, so add' inner' cloud"; Xiaguan, Ying Shao's note: "Qin Wugong has an upper pass, so he has added a lower official." .

(8) Many tribal place names recorded in Hanshu are clearly explained by Ying Shao, such as Yelang County and Zhangke County, and Ying Shao's note: "Therefore, Yelang Houyi"; Koguryo County, Xuantu County, Ying Shao Note: "So every sentence is awkward"; Loufan county, Yanmen County and Yingshao note: "Old Loufan Alakazam", Yi 'an County, Gaomi County and Yingshao note: "Old Lion Wei Yi". Other tribal place names explained by Ying Shao include Doctor Guide, Pig Guide and Giant Horse Pool.

(9) The meaning of place names is to discuss the origin of place names from the meaning itself. Notes on Water Classics and Summer Water: Notes on Thirteen States of Yingshao says: The river is the source of summer water, and the name of Fu Xia starts from the branch of the river, and summer comes from winter, so it is called "midsummer" and "Daxia". "Taiping Imperial View, Prefecture and County Department" quoted Ying Shao's "Han Official Instrument": "Jing Zhao, the highest capital, the size of Beijing, and billions of signs, wants to make the capital rich"; Feng Yi "Feng is a fan, so he thinks it is a name"; Hongnong County means "the vastness of Hong is great, so the vast agriculture is also great". Ying Shao also explained the meaning of characters in Yizhou, Jiangdu, Dunhuang and Zhangye.

(10) Avoid the place name Dong Jun Shouliang County, Ying Shao Note: "The uncle of the ancestor has a good name, so it is called Shouzhang"; Yingshao, Longlou County, Hanoi County: "Avoid the name of God and call it a forest tour".

(1 1) In the autocratic era of imperial place names, monarchical power was above everything else. Some place names reflect the mood of emperors in past dynasties, such as Sun Yat-sen's "Guilong County", and Ying Shao's note: "Emperor Zhang was renamed Hanchang"; Qingyi county, Shu county and longshao note: "renamed as"; Suo County, Wuling County, Ying Shao Note: "Shundi changed to Hanshou". The names of Hanchang, Hanjia and Hanshou counties reflect the idea that the Eastern Han Emperor hoped that the Han Dynasty would prosper for a long time. Qing County, Ying Shao Note: "Huang Zhang changed his name to Leping"; Zhongwu County, Lingling County and Ying Shao Note: "Today's security is important"; Hou Guo, a native of Qinghe County, Xinxiang, Xi Shao's note: "Shun Di was renamed Anping"; Yingshao, Gantong County, Bohai County: "Lingdi changed its name to Rao 'an". These place names also reflect the emperor's desire for social stability and peace.

(12) Property Place Names Ying Shao notes that Hanshu involves four property place names. Jincheng County, Yingshao Note: "The first city is built of gold, so it is called Jincheng"; Ying Shao, Shexian County, Yingchuan County: "Its social tree suddenly grew and changed its name to Changshe"; Zhu Yajun, Ying Shao's note: "The county is on the shore of a cliff in the sea, and there are real pearls, so it is called Zhu Ya"; Ying Shao in Julu County notes: "The deer in the forest is the biggest".

(13) The names of immigrants were interpreted by Yingshao as Xinfeng, Qin Xin, Xinzheng and Yang Du. Xinfeng County, Jing Zhaoyin, Ying Shao's note: "Emperor Taizong wanted to return to the east, so Gaozu changed Chenghuangmiao Street to be rich in elephants and moved people to be practical, so it was named Xinfeng"; Qin Xin, Ying Shao's note: "Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to repel the Xiongnu, gained fertile land thousands of miles north of Henan, and built a city for immigrants, called Qin Xin." Ying Shao's explanation of place names reasonably reveals the historical process of the establishment of Xinfeng and Qin Xin and the emergence of place names.

(14) In the History of the General Place Names of Emperor Gao, Han Xin advocated that Xiang Yu could seek and the three Qin Dynasties could be combined. Ying Shao's note: "Zhang Han is the king of Yong, Sima Xin is the king of Sai, and Dong Ming is the king of Zhai, so it is called the three Qin Dynasties." "History of Han Dynasty Zhai Jingji": "Three assistants are not as good as government decrees", and Ying Shao notes: "Jing, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng jointly govern Chang 'an and are three assistants".

The above 14 categories are roughly classified to illustrate the contribution to the study of the origin of place names. Although there are some mistakes in Ying Shao's explanation of place names, such as "Lingshui leaves Danyang Wanling" in Lingling Daojun, the explanation is far from the point, but on the whole, Ying Shao's Han Shu Ji, Han Shu and other works set each other off, creating a precedent for the study of the origin of place names in China and laying a foundation for the in-depth study of place names in later generations.

To sum up, the explanation of the origin of place names in history has gone from zero in the pre-Qin period to more than 100 articles in Ying Shao, which is more than 100 stages of the explanation of the origin of place names and one of the main symbols of the foundation of traditional toponymy in China.