Who are the madmen in the history of science?

[Name] isaac newton (English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist)

Sir isaac newton (julian calendar1642 65438+February 25th-1March 20th, 727, Gregorian calendar1643 65438+1October 4th-1March 30th, 727). The law of gravitation and Newton's law of motion put forward by him in Philosophia e naturalis principal Mathematica published on July 5th, 1687 are the cornerstones of classical mechanics. Newton and Leibniz also independently invented calculus. He left more than 500,000 words of alchemy manuscripts and 6,543,800 words of theology manuscripts.

Newton is considered as one of the greatest scientists in human history. His law of universal gravitation unified the motion in the sky and the motion on the earth for the first time in human history, which provided strong theoretical support for Heliocentrism and finally freed the research of natural science from the shackles of religion.

Newton also discovered the color composition of sunlight and made the world's first reflecting telescope.

biography

Newton was born in Ursp, a small town in Lincolnshire, England. Newton's father died three months before he was born. Two years later, his mother remarried and left Newton to his grandmother. Newton's genius was revealed long ago.

Newton first studied in a rural school, and left home at the age of 12 to study at Granger grammar school. In Grantham, he stayed with a local pharmacist and finally got engaged to the pharmacist's stepdaughter. 166 1 year, that is, 19 years old, Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge University. There, Newton quietly ignored his fiancee in his study, and the pharmacist's stepdaughter married someone else. Newton later remained unmarried for life.

At that time, only Aristotle's theory was taught in the university, but Newton was more interested in the thoughts of contemporary philosophers, such as Descartes, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler and so on. 1665 discovered binomial theorem, and obtained a bachelor of arts degree in the same year. Soon a plague broke out and the school was forced to close. Newton returned to his hometown to continue his research. In the next two years, Newton did outstanding work in calculus, optics and gravity.

Newton returned to Cambridge University on 1667. 1669101On October 27th, Newton was elected Lucas Professor of Mathematics. He was admitted as a member of the Royal Society from 1672, and was elected as the president of the Royal Society from 1703 until his death.

Newton 1696 was the head of the mint, 1699 was promoted to director, and 1705 was knighted for his meritorious service in reforming the currency system.

On March 3 1727, Newton died of kidney calculi's disease and was buried in Westminster Abbey, a suburb of London.

Religious views

The law of gravity became Newton's most famous discovery. Newton warned against making this discovery just to observe the universe. The universe is just a machine, like a giant clock. He said, "gravity explains the motion of planets, but it can't explain who makes them move." God dominates everything, knows the nature of everything or can do everything. "

Although Newton's interest in science is well known, the Bible is his greatest hobby. He spent more time studying the Bible than science. He said, "I basically believe that the Bible was written by people who were inspired by the word of God. I also study the Bible every day. "

Newton is a mysterious god, a believer in theory and secondary flow theory; He doesn't believe in the doctrine that God is the Trinity Church. If the secret is revealed in his lifetime, the law at that time will remove him from his post as a professor at Cambridge University. His article on this subject was only published as his posthumous work.

He tried to find out the information hidden in the Bible, but failed (see Bible code).

Feynman

Richard phillips feynman (191May 081-1February 0988 15), a famous American physicist, won the Nobel Prize in physics for his achievements in quantum electrodynamics.

all one's life

Feynman was born in May 19 181Kloc-0/in a Jewish family of Russian immigrants in Fallowway, Queens, new york, USA.

1935 entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and studied mathematics first, then physics. 1939 graduated, and the graduation thesis was published in Physis. Rev., there is a quantum mechanical formula named after him.

From June 65438 to September 0939, I worked as a graduate student of J.Wheeler at Princeton University, and devoted myself to studying the difficult problem of quantum mechanics: divergence difficulty. 194 1 year, Feynman married Arlene Greenebaum. 1June, 942, received a doctorate in theoretical physics from Princeton University.

1943 entered los Alamos national laboratory and participated in Manhattan project.

1June, 945, Feynman's first wife Arlene died. In the same year, Feynman began to teach at Cornell University. 195 1 year to Caltech. During the period of Caltech, Caltech was very popular with students because of its humorous and vivid teaching style.

1965 Feynman won the Nobel Prize in Physics Julian. Schwinge and Asanaga Ichiro because of his contribution to quantum electrodynamics.

1986, Feynman was entrusted to investigate the crash of the space shuttle Challenger, and proved the cause of the accident with a glass of ice water and a rubber ring in Congress.

Feynman died of cancer on February 1988.

[major achievements]

Feynman developed the method of expressing quantum amplitude by path integral in the 1940s, and put forward a new theoretical form, calculation method and renormalization method of quantum electrodynamics in 1948, thus avoiding the divergence difficulty in quantum electrodynamics. At present, Feynman amplitude, Feynman propagator and Feynman rule in quantum field theory are all named after his surname.

Feynman diagram was first proposed by Feynman in the late 1940s. It is used to describe the interaction between fields and can simply reflect the essence of the process. Feynman diagram has long been widely used and is still the basic expression of electromagnetic interaction in physics. It has changed the way of conceptualization and mathematicization of physical processes.

Feynman always studies physics in his own unique way. He is not limited by Schrodinger wave function and Heisenberg matrix, and independently puts forward the temporal and spatial description of transition amplitude to deal with the probability problem. Based on the basic assumption of probability amplitude superposition, he used the expression of action quantity to add the amplitudes of all possible paths from one time point to another. This method is simple and clear and becomes the third expression of quantum mechanics.

1968, Feynman proposed a hadron structure model in high-energy collisions based on the deep inelastic scattering experiment of electrons and the scale independence of J.D.Bjorken. The model holds that hadrons are composed of many point particles, which are called partons. Parton model successfully explained the phenomenon of high-energy experiments. He can well describe the deep inelastic scattering of lepton to nucleon, electron pair annihilation, hadron and high-energy hadron scattering and other high-energy processes, and gradually enrich the physical images of hadron structure in explaining these processes.

In addition to his outstanding contribution to quantum electrodynamics, Feynman also established a mathematical theory to solve the phenomenon of liquid helium superfluidity. Later, he and Morey gherman did some basic work in the field of weak interaction, such as β decay. Feynman put forward the straton model of high-energy proton collision process, which played an important role in the development of quark theory.

Feynman has a special ability to express complex ideas in simple language, which makes him an effective educator. Among the numerous awards he won, 1972 was particularly proud of the Alceste Education Medal. Feynman Lectures on Physics, originally published at 1962, was praised by Scientific American: "Although this textbook is profound, it is rich in content and enlightening. After 25 years of publication, it has become a study guide for lecturers, professors and outstanding students in the lower grades. " Feynman himself wrote in the preface: "The main purpose of my teaching is not to help you cope with the exam, nor to help you serve industry or national defense. What I want to do most is to let you appreciate this wonderful world and the way physics observes it. "

In order to promote the general public's understanding of physics, Feynman wrote Characteristics of Physical Laws and Quantum Electrodynamics: Strange Theory of Light and Matter. At the same time, many advanced professional papers and works have been published, which have become classic documents and teaching materials for researchers and students.

Feynman is also a constructive public figure. 1986, after Challenger crashed, Feynman made a famous O-ring demonstration experiment, and only used a glass of ice water and a rubber ring to reveal to the public in Congress the fundamental reason for Challenger's crash-rubber lost its elasticity at low temperature. In the 1960s, Feynman also worked hard in the California Curriculum Design Committee to oppose the mediocrity of textbooks.

As a physicist, at different times in his life, he was also a radio repairman, a master of cracking security codes, an artist, a dancer, a tambourine player and a decipherer of Mayan hieroglyphs. Among the anecdotes widely circulated, he often chats with strippers and gamblers in Las Vegas, which is the most interesting. His world is full of curiosity and he is a typical empiricist.

Feynman often makes shocking remarks, such as the following two famous words:

"Physics is to mathematics what sex is to masturbation." ("Physics is to mathematics what sex is to masturbation." )

"Physics is like sex: of course, it may give some practical results, but that's not why we do it." Physics is similar to sex: yes, it may produce some tangible results, but that's not our original intention. )

Poly (1900 ~ 1958)

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli

Swiss Austrian physicist. 1900 was born in Vienna on April 25th, and 1958 died in Zurich on February 5th. 19 18 After graduating from high school, he became a graduate student at the University of Munich. 192 1 After receiving his doctorate, he went to G? ttingen University to study with M Born for one semester, and then went to Copenhagen University to study with A N Bohr for one year. From 65438 to 0940, he was a visiting professor of theoretical physics at Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies.

192 1 year, Pauli wrote the theory of relativity for the encyclopedia of mathematical science at the age of 20, and he is an authority in the field of mathematics. 1924 put forward the fourth quantum number to explain the electronic energy state, and its value can be-1/2 or+1/2. It was later found that these two values represent two possible orientations of fermion spin. 1925 discovered the exclusion principle (now called Pauli exclusion principle), that is, more than one electron in an atom cannot be in the same state. This principle relates quantum theory to observed atomic properties. So 1945 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was observed in the late 1920s that when a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron), it always loses some energy and momentum, which violates the law of conservation. Pauli proposed in 1930 that the lost energy and momentum were taken away from the nucleus by some neutral particle (later named neutrino by e Fermi). In addition, Pauli also made great contributions to quantum field theory.

Pauli's meanness is unparalleled in the circle.

Heisenberg was often scolded by him after winning the Nobel Prize.

But Paulie's life is the most regrettable. He was recognized as the smartest physicist of his time, but he didn't make an epoch-making discovery.

He likes to comment on other people's affairs all his life and often hits the nail on the head, but unfortunately, he has been wrong about the most important things all his life.

Two things, an electron spin, and a parity non-conservation.

Maybe a person is too keen and has an instinctive resistance to some unconventional ideas.

He is mean to everyone and won't vary from person to person.

Once I liked to give a report. After I finished, Paulie stood up and said, "It seems that Einstein is not very stupid."