Gu was an outstanding figure in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Why is he revered as the father of "Xueqing"?

Gu, whose real name is Jiang, was renamed Zhong Qing after the demise of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu, and is called Lin Ting. Later generations addressed him as Mr. Lin Ting. He is a famous thinker, historian and linguist in China, and he is also known as the three great Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties with Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi.

At that time, the Ming Dynasty had perished and the Qing Dynasty had just been established. Gu believes that the demise of the Ming Dynasty is just a change of emperor, which is called "national subjugation", while the rule of the Qing Dynasty is to change the original lifestyle and ideology and culture, which is called "national subjugation". He called on people not to fight for the rise and fall of a certain royal family, but to fight for the survival of the nation. The proposal of this idea has a progressive significance across the times, and this sentence has also become a spiritual force that inspires the Chinese nation to keep forging ahead.

The allusion of "growing up" also comes from Gu. He was born into a noble family and studied hard when he was a teenager. When he was 10 years old, he read Zi Tongzhi Jian with his grandfather. He sets himself a corresponding number of articles every day, not only to read, but also to recite. He persisted for three years and finally finished reading this masterpiece. Gu is very pragmatic and rigorous in research and study. He likes reading books with practical value, and does not take the imperial examination as his only goal.

Every time he goes out, Gu has many horses and mules carrying books. Wherever he goes, he will ask the nearby residents about the local topography and customs, and record them.

If there is nothing noteworthy in this place, Gu will silently recite what he has read before on horseback. He also collected books on farmland, water conservancy and transportation. Read and change. It is in this spirit that Gu completed a historical geography book "Diseases of Counties in the World" with a volume of 120, which recorded the basic social, political and economic situation of various regions in the Ming Dynasty, and also described the situation and evolution of the frontier in detail.

After the Qing army entered the customs, Gu, on the recommendation of a friend, served in the Nanming court. He tried his best to advise the court and hoped to recover Daming. /kloc-in 0/645, he went to Nanjing to take office. Before he arrived, Nanjing was captured by the Qing army. After the collapse of the Ming army, Gu still insisted on anti-Qing.

The enmity between home and country had a violent impact on Gu's thought. Like other progressive thinkers, he began to travel around famous mountains and rivers, devoted himself to studying and reflecting on the chronic diseases of society and the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Gu criticized the social disadvantages such as land annexation and heavy and uneven taxes in the book "Diseases of Counties and Countries in the World". He also boldly doubted the monarchy and thought that "Jun"

It is not the exclusive name of feudal emperors, and it puts forward the idea of "multi-governance", that is, "the people of the world are sent by the power of the world." All these thoughts of his have the color of early democratic enlightenment.

The late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty were the last period of the development of Neo-Confucianism, that is, the period of self-criticism. At that time, many important thinkers appeared, who both studied Neo-Confucianism and criticized Neo-Confucianism. For example:

Huang Zongxi completed the case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty and the case of learning in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and summarized Neo-Confucianism. 172 Wang Fuzhi put forward a systematic theory of materialism, which broke through the limitations of Neo-Confucianism and reached the peak of China's ancient philosophy in terms of qi theory, human nature theory, epistemology, knowledge and practice. [ 1]