It is said that there were ten nine schools in the pre-Qin period, which nine schools did they refer to?

96: refers to legalists, Taoists, Mohists, Confucianists, yin and yang scholars, famous artists, miscellaneous scholars, peasants and military strategists.

"Nine schools and ten schools" include:

(1) Confucianism: benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faithfulness, advocating benevolent government, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.

(2) Taoism: Tao is inaction, and the representative figures are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi.

(3) Mohism: Love without attacking, represented by Mozi and Meng Sheng.

(4) Legalists: advocating the legal system, represented by Guan Zhong, Han Feizi, Li Si, Li Kui, Shang Yang and Shen Buhai.

(5) Celebrities: Good at debating, represented by Deng, Song Shuo and Hui Shi.

(6) Sages: As the name implies, a hundred schools of thought contend and many people have dabbled in it. The representatives are Lv Buwei and Liu An, King of Huainan.

(7) Nongjiale: With Shennong as its founder, it is advised to cultivate mulberry, have ample food and clothing, and Xu acts as its representative.

(8) Strategists: either Lian Heng or He Zong, represented by Zhang Yi, Gongsun Yan and Su Qin.

(9) Yin-yang family: Yin-yang and five elements, represented by Zou Yan.

(10) In addition to 1996, there was also a novelist who recorded folk gossip, and the representative figure was Yu Chu.

Extended data

A hundred schools of thought contend is the general name of various academic schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the Records of Literature and Art, there are 4,324 famous schools 189.

Later books, such as Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records of Sikuquanshu, recorded thousands of "schools of thought contend". But it has a wide spread and great influence, and the most famous ones are only dozens. To sum up, only 10 schools have been developed into schools.

Traditionally, a hundred schools of thought originated from Sima Qian's father Sima Tan. In On the Essentials of Six Classics, he first divided the hundred schools into six schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Fa and De.

Later, on the basis of the division of Sima Tan, Liu Xin added ten schools of "vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agricultural and novel".

Ban Gu criticized Liu Xin in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, saying: "There are ten philosophers, but only nine are impressed." Later, people went to the novel house and called the remaining nine "nine streams". Since then, all the ancient academic circles in China have been established, and a hundred schools have become "nine streams".

Later, Lv Simian added "Soldiers' Medicine" to the book "Introduction to Pre-Qin Academic Studies", saying: "Therefore, pre-Qin academic studies can be divided into twelve schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Fame, Morality, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, Novels and Soldiers' Medicine."

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