Spring Festival custom in Jinggangshan

A hundred miles of different winds and ten miles of different customs, Jinggangshan, the cradle of revolution that people admire, has its own unique customs and habits. Jinggangshan is located in the mountainous area in the south of Jiangxi Province. The simple and industrious people in Jinggangshan created their own culture, and their mode of production, lifestyle and culture were all precipitated in folk activities in different periods. During my recent study in Jinggangshan, I walked through the nearby bungalows, saw some folk culture markets and places for folk activities, and got some preliminary understanding and understanding of the simple folk customs in the old district. This paper collects and sorts out some traditional customs of Jinggangshan and shares them with friends who want to know about the folk customs in Jinggangshan area. First of all, festivals and customs

Before and after the Spring Festival, there will be a series of activities for local people and Hakkas in Jinggangshan. 1Feb. 24, folk residents' homes sent kitchen gods to pay New Year greetings,1Feb. 30, residents' homes waited for kitchen gods. Send them to Kitchen God, such as beating rice fruit, burning incense, burning paper money, burning firecrackers and so on.

Long summer festival, eat "long summer eggs" on that day, and everyone should eat eggs. Some people also eat "Long Summer Dog". As the saying goes, "if you eat a long summer, you can't die with one hammer;" My legs are busy after eating the long summer dog. "

Dragon Boat Festival The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival. During the Dragon Boat Festival in Jinggangshan, locals and Hakkas will put calamus and mugwort leaves around the gate, and make zongzi widely in urban and rural areas. In the past, there were many activities on the Dragon Boat Festival. At noon that day, a yellow paper symbol was painted with vermilion and posted on the portal.

On June 6, commonly known as the "Dog Head Wash" Festival, dogs were thrown into the water to take a bath. In the past, rich people "aired tickets" and ordinary people aired clothes and bedding. It is said that they will not be moldy and can prevent corrosion and moth-eaten.

Mid-Autumn Festival is commonly known as July and a half, also known as "Ghost Festival". The time is July 14th (or 15th) of the lunar calendar. On this day, the married daughter of local residents is not allowed to go back to her family, and relatives and friends are not allowed to visit her.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th of the lunar calendar. On holidays, relatives and relatives will give mooncakes to each other, especially newlyweds. On that day, every household killed chickens and ducks for a reunion dinner.

Double Ninth Festival, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, is called "Double Ninth Festival". Congratulations on making sugar cakes and salty cakes in the countryside. The Double Ninth Festival is a festival to respect the elderly, and it has become a common practice for units to offer condolences to retired people. In rural areas, people give gifts to the elderly, wishing them health and longevity.

Winter solstice local people use winter solstice to commemorate their ancestors, sweep graves and repair graves. It is also a good opportunity for local people to "pickle", "wax" and "mold". Second, life customs

Dig winter bamboo shoots

Digging winter bamboo shoots is a favorite gathering activity of Hakka farmers in Huang 'ao, Ciping, Changping and Xia Qi. After November of the lunar calendar, winter bamboo shoots began to grow, and Hakka people carried baskets and hoes into the mountains to dig bamboo shoots.

Fried shredded rice with sweet potato

Sweet potato fried rice is a traditional staple food in Jinggangshan area. Before liberation, there was a local folk song: "Sweet potato shredded pork rice, charcoal fire, besides the immortal, it is me." This folk song reflects the poor life in Jinggangshan area and the desire of mountain residents to pursue the minimum subsistence.

Spoon rice

Spoon cymbals are tools used by Hakkas in Jinggangshan to grind rice. In the past, people used stones as mortar and wooden sticks as pestle to pound rice. Commonly used are hand cymbals and pedal cymbals. On the basis of pedaling cymbals, people in the mountains use the gap of mountain springs to make themselves "automatic" elegant without manpower. They can plough a load of grain a day, which is more time-saving and labor-saving than pedaling cymbals, and it is also very convenient for single households to use.

Rice soup quilt

When the natives wash quilts, they all like to make quilts with rice soup. Rice soup quilt is to wash the quilt in Qingshui River and pond, wring it out, put it in a basin, pour the rice soup in, rub it repeatedly, so that every place in the quilt is stained with rice soup, then wring it out and let it cool.

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The hunting activities of Hakkas mostly make use of the slack season in winter and spring. The number of hunters is 5- 10, up to dozens. After entering the destination, people usually have two ways of action: one is to "squat" and guard the main roads for wild animals; The second is to "copy the mountain" and command the hounds to drive their prey over the mountain.

building contruction

The etiquette for indigenous people in Jinggangshan to build new houses is to sit at the table, enclose the house, put on the beam and cross the beam.

Sacrificial kiln

When the natives burned brick kilns, the pottery master made the kilns and lit them with great care. There is a custom passed down from generation to generation called "sacrificial kiln". The general "sacrificial kiln" is actually a sacrifice to Vulcan. Third, wedding customs.

There are three main procedures for a man to marry a woman: first, engagement. When a man and a woman reach a certain age, their parents use the media as matchmakers. After the two sides are interested, write down their birthdays (commonly known as "eight characters") and ask the fortune teller to match the "eight characters". If the "eight characters" match, both parents secretly inquire about each other's family background and character, and both sides are satisfied before deciding on marriage. Second, hire. After the two parties get married, the man sends the bride price and the selected wedding date to the woman's house, which is called "clapping". The two sides reached an agreement on the amount of bride price. The poor only give symbolic bride price, while the rich give generous bride price, including chicken, duck, wine, meat, cloth, cash and gold and silver jewelry. Third, the wedding ceremony. For the purpose of wedding banquets, both men and women hold banquets to entertain relatives and friends, which are called "seeking relatives" and "marrying women". The man, regardless of wealth, has a sedan chair and takes back the bride with suona and drum music. When women get married, they have the habit of crying, commonly known as "crying daughter-in-law". Four or two days before the woman enters the door, she should be accompanied by a female companion, and the bride sings a wedding song to show her attachment to her parents, relatives and villagers. Those who don't cry will be considered "hungry to marry".

When the local people in Jinggangshan get married, in addition to putting red happy characters and happy couplets inside and outside the house like other places, a rice screen will be hung directly above the ancestral hall or the groom's door before the sedan chair for the bride is carried back, and a rice ruler, a mirror and a pair of scissors will be tied with a rope inside the rice screen. It is intended that after the bride arrives at her husband's house, she should be patient little by little, get rid of her shortcomings and achieve family harmony. At the same time, she should learn to knit and sew and what women must do, and gradually make herself radiant, gentle and wise as a mirror. On the contrary, it will cut off the marriage with the groom like scissors cutting silk thread-divorce with his wife. This marriage custom of the Wohugou people has continued to this day in many villages.

Calling Lang is also a traditional marriage custom of Jinggangshan natives. Zhaolang means that men marry women. There are no three checks and six gifts or complicated marriage procedures, and neither man nor woman has gifts. Generally everyone takes care of themselves. Conclude a contract before marriage (commonly known as a compound word), stating the inheritance of children and property in the future. Before liberation, the woman should ask the family elders to discuss the adoption of her husband. Among them, the relevant condition is that the man must change his surname to the woman's surname and take the woman's seniority, so that he can be recognized by the woman's brothers and be treated like his own man. After liberation, we did something new and abolished these unequal rights to life. But weddings are usually performed by women. And advocate monogamous families to settle down with the woman. Fourth, funeral customs.

Funeral customs have a long history among local aborigines. People in mountainous areas are buried in the form of burial, mainly because there are rich forest resources and rich land resources in mountainous areas. At the funeral, it can be roughly divided into four procedures: mourning, burial, wake and burial.

Mourning: Call it "mourning". After the death of the old man, the dutiful son was dressed in plain clothes and his head and feet (shoes and hats) were registered with white cloth, indicating that there was a funeral. One is to report to the home (village) to keep the body (vigil); Then go to the main relatives' home to express their condolences. The main relatives and family elders agreed to seal the coffin (enter the coffin) and cook "rice on the ground" and other related matters.

Embarrassment: commonly known as "sealing coffins". Before burial, prepare coffins and coffins. The coffin is an outer coffin, and the coffin is an inner coffin (commonly known as an easy bed). Coffins are rarely prepared, and coffins are essential. If it is a woman, she must go through grandma's house to check the coffin and clothes before she can be buried. The clothes before burial are generally called men's singles and women's doubles. When cooking on the ground, agree on the burial time and all related matters. Families with very difficult economic conditions will not "land".

Wake: Also called Wake. After the coffin is sealed, the family goes back, and the dutiful son wakes himself and lays a pillow (funeral), so he can't leave the mourning hall. If someone comes to offer condolences, bow down and thank you at any time.

Burial: Burial is generally optional. In some special cases, burial without choosing an auspicious day within three days is called "three days without mowgli". In the old society, burial was generally used as a Dojo. When doing Dojo, the procedures and methods of Dojo were decided by Taoist priests, and few people knew about it. Filial piety family only prepares things such as spirit rooms and warehouses for the dead to burn. Sacrificial ceremonies can be divided into big sacrifices and small sacrifices. The big sacrifice requires three lectures and three readings, and a number of learned people are invited, commonly known as "ritual students". If you want to "sue the Lord" and "sue the East", it is even more necessary to invite people with high expectations and high political status to preside over it, so that it can be held by the prestigious local patriarch. Small sacrifices can only invite two or three people. This form is adopted by ordinary people. After burial in the old society, filial sons need to be filial for three years. This is called mourning, building a tomb and dwelling in a humble abode. V. Regional Taboos

On the first day of the first month, don't say "little" or anything, don't splash water or sweep the floor.

Women are confined to confinement, and pregnant women are not allowed to enter.

Men should not walk under bamboo poles, where women's clothes and trousers are hung.

On the third day of New Year's Day, commonly known as "Poor People's Day", tourists are forbidden to enter.

Don't go out on the fifth, fourteenth and twenty-third day of the first lunar month. As the saying goes, "On the fifth day, the fourteenth day and the twenty-third day, you don't worry about money outside."

Number 8: When you go out to be a guest, the number of people accompanying you is generally unlimited, but you can't meet every eight. Let the guests order 6, 7 and 9 bowls of dishes, but avoid using 8 bowls, and the gifts can't be just eight colors. It means that the number of people carrying coffins for the dead on the eighth day is unlucky.

On the wedding day, the bride's sedan chair comes outside the door, and all the women's headscarves must be taken off; The bride's sister-in-law and sister should avoid meeting for the time being; The bride's parents can't go into the kitchen, but go to the vegetable garden, which means "avoiding suffocation" and ensuring family unity.

If a person dies in a different place, his body or official coffin can't enter the hall and become a ancestral temple. It should be placed outside the house, which means no ghost can enter.

On the day of hunting, hunters should avoid talking about hunting in the kitchen. When going out, they must start with their left foot first, which can ensure the safety of action.

Kiln workers are forbidden to burn kilns for people by the river or in clubs and temples.

When picking tea, avoid boiling melons and pumpkins. It is said that eating melons will slip and fall up the mountain.

Avoid crowing, which is a common saying, that is, crowing bodes ill for the dead.

Avoid eyelid jump, common eyelid jump, there will be disaster, common "right eye jump disaster."