Investigation report on Chaoshan characteristics

Investigation report on Chaoshan ancient building culture

In addition to the cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation, Chaoshan has its own personality, dialect, drama, music, recipes, kungfu tea, handicrafts, folk customs and humanistic mentality. The ancient architecture culture in Chaoshan is even more colorful and breathtaking.

Keywords: Geomantic features of ancient architectural layout

Layout of ancient buildings in Chaoshan

There are various forms of ancient buildings in Chaoshan, including memorial archways, ancient tombs, Buddhist temples, temples, houses and pavilions, but the most distinctive one is ancient houses.

Chaozhou-style ancient houses originated from the ancient style of the Central Plains and attracted the northern style. Combined with the local environment and astronomical phenomena, they creatively designed and built improved quadrangle villages with commercial land roots, four-quarter gold and four-horse trailers. Typhoon resistance, earthquake resistance, beautiful and durable.

Shanglugen style is an exclusive small courtyard style, suitable for small and medium-sized families. It consists of a hall, two large rooms, two small rooms, a patio and a guard room. Generally, there are wells and small yards, and the living conditions are basically complete.

The four-part golden flower column evolved from Phytolacca acinosa, and its specification is higher than that of Phytolacca acinosa. For example, the commercial land central hall generally does not exceed 15 watt slot, the room does not exceed 10 watt slot, and the four cents are not less than this. In addition to the central axis hall, patio and gatehouse, there are big rooms on both sides of the hall, and there is water (usually kitchen) in front of the big room. There are two symmetrical halls on both sides of the patio, commonly known as the East-West Hall or the North-South Hall. There are two wings on both sides of the gatehouse, and two or four side doors lead to two flower paths. For example, the single flower lane is commonly known as the single sword, while the double flower lane is a double sword, and the owners are mostly people with large population or relatively well-off families.

Hummer trailer is the best in Chaoshan dwellings, with the largest scale and complete functions. Its basic combination is a ancestral temple building with a binary or triple entrance in the middle, with two flower lanes on both sides, four symmetrical quadrangular gold on both sides, a back lane, a rucksack and a flower lane. Its use function and defense function are incomparable with other architectural forms. De 'anli, Hongyang, Puning, is a very representative village with many Hummer trailers and a four-point gold combination. Chen Cifu's house in Chenghai is based on Hummer trailer, absorbing and applying western building materials and technology, and further improving it. It is a classic of Hummer trailer, which makes ordinary Hummer trailer far behind.

In Chaoshan history, ancestors built many Buddhist temples and shrines because of their religious beliefs and worship of God. Buddhist temples are relatively uniform in specifications, offering sacrifices to the three saints and eighteen arhats of the West, as well as Kannonji or Manjusri Pu Xian Academy.

There are many names of temples, including Tianhou Temple, Jiutian Xuan Nv Temple, Wudi Temple, Confucian Temple, City God Temple, Sanshanwang Temple, Shuangzhonggong Temple, Fude Temple, Land Temple and so on. The biggest difference between these temples and Buddhist temples is that most Buddhist temples rest on double eaves, while temples are ancestral halls, especially with dragon and tiger wells on both sides of the patio.

The scale of the land temple is the smallest, as small as 1 to 2 square meters, and even ordinary people can count the "land gods" posted on the foot of the wall.

Stone archway is also a major feature of Chaoshan. Its stone works are very beautiful, but most of them stand in towns. After the reconstruction of urban roads, there is not much preservation. There is a pavilion in Litang, Chao 'an, which combines internal and external stone carvings, which is of great research value to the ink of Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong.

Architectural geomantic omen

The progress of Chaoshan ancient architecture culture is restricted and influenced by Confucianism, especially the Book of Changes. From the Tang Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, the prosperity of business of surveyors and fortune tellers was a social phenomenon at that time. Before building the house, I invited a geographer to see Feng Shui, and made a very complicated study on the trend, environment, gossip and restraint of the five elements. The main orientations of Chaoshan architecture are mostly north-south, northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest. Surveyors always use the owner's life and orientation as the selection criteria to determine the sitting direction of the house. The heads of Chaoshan folk houses are all hard mountain-shaped, all in the shape of fire, water and earth in Jin Mu. One is for decoration, and the other is to set the size and form of the head in order to adapt to the life and luck of the owner.

Surveyors are also called Mr. Feng Shui or Mr. Geography. Feng Shui originated from Zhouyi. It is said that Fuxi decides innate gossip and Zhou Wenwang decides gossip the day after tomorrow. Guan Ju in the Three Kingdoms period and Guo Pu in the Jin Dynasty, all of these Confucianists have handed down works, especially in the late Tang Dynasty, also known as Mr. Yang Jipin, who was the supervisor of Tiansi. After the Huang Chao Rebellion, they went to Ganzhou, Jiangxi (Yang Gong Temple was designed and built by the author in 2004, located in Hakka Cultural City, Ganxian County, Jiangxi Province), and many of his disciples were distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. Nowadays, Mr. Geography mostly comes from Yang and his disciples Zeng and Liao Gong.

architectural feature

The ancient houses in Cuotou Chaoshan are hard-mountain-style (most Buddhist temples are closed-mountain-style), that is, Cuotou is directly decorated on the gable. The pinch head is installed in the gable in a resting way, and the pinch head is hung outside the gable in a hanging way.

Cuotou (the corner of a house) has always paid attention to its five elements, including gold, wood, water, fire and earth. The golden head is round and angular; Wooden ones are tall, straight and angular; The soil type is square and firm; The fire type is pointed or triangular; The water pattern is a combination of waves or three gold patterns. Later, there were improvements such as Jin Shengshui style and primary Jin style. Pintou is also related to the owner's life, and is generally designated by Mr. Feng Shui. Most of the houses are made of earth, gold and wood, a few are made of water and a few are made of fire. Most temples are made of fire, perhaps because they want incense to flourish.

The middle ridge and middle ridge of porcelain inlay house can be divided into high ridge and low ridge. Generally, the top of the hall is high ridge, the front hall is middle ridge, and the second room or flower shop is low ridge. The extension direction of Cuotou is vertical belt. The vertical belt in Chaoshan is very rich in color, some of which can be compared with the decoration of the palace, because Chaozhou porcelain is widely used in the middle ridge and vertical belt, forming a unique roof decoration landscape in the world. There are common inlaid porcelain, floating belly porcelain and dragon-inlaid flower-and-bird porcelain in the middle ridge, which is a beautiful landscape in Chaozhou architecture.

The stone carving of the belly of the gatehouse is also a must in Chaoshan. Without modern mechanical tools, the feathered flowers and birds, birds and beasts, figures and landscapes are beautifully carved and lifelike.

The application of woodcarving and painted gold lacquer woodcarving, the exquisite carving technology is amazing, similar to boxwood carving. The painted beams in the paintings, commonly known as brocade, are colorful. Tibetan folk paintings are widely used in the construction industry, but Chaozhou paintings are more elaborate and colorful.

In the past, the old carpenter built the ancestral temple without drawings, and only used the Artemisia ruler, that is, a long piece of wood, which recorded the lettering scale, dripping water, file height, door width and window height, and one foot was the last foot. This is a very traditional but outdated construction method. Recently, a Taiwanese architectural expert came to me and said that Chaoshan ancient buildings are very famous. Are you familiar with Artemisia ruler? I know why I said Artemisia ruler. It mechanically stipulates that some dimensions are good words and some dimensions are bad words that cannot be crossed. The tradition of Artemisia rulers was lost here.

Houses in Chaoshan, especially ancestral halls, pay great attention to sewers. The choice of water outlet and the route through which it flows are all decided by Mr. Feng Shui, and builders should not trespass.

Whether it is the "Four Golden Points" or the "Shanglugen", Chaoshan dwellings have a prominent feature that they pay great attention to decoration, so they are called "the palace of Beijing and the home of Chaoshan people". In a word, Chaoshan ancient buildings stand in the architectural forest of China in a unique way because of their distinctive personality.