What is the function of Chaoshan folk houses?

The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally from south to east and mainly from south. In this way, the cold north wind can be blocked in winter and the cool south wind can be accepted in summer. Chaoshan rural multi-ethnic settlements, relatively developed economic coastal plain along the Yangtze River. Many prominent families live in these places, and many old counties also live together. Therefore, both urban residents and rural residents have a strong sense of clan, which is reflected in the pattern of surrounding villages centered on ancestral temples. "Qingfu County Records" records: "When a famous house is built, a temple must be built, and Yujia is magnificent." "Carving beams and painting buildings, bamboo trees in the pool, will be very clever. A large number of small sects compete for the construction of ancestral temples and strive for grandeur, regardless of the cost. " There are many ethnic groups living in Chaoshan countryside, and the whole village is built according to its clan concept, geomantic concept, production and life, defense function and some aesthetic concepts, so the overall pattern of Chaoshan folk houses is a unique ideal geomantic living environment. At the same time, Chaoshan folk houses directly integrate the natural factors called "weather, atmosphere and downwind" into the building, which embodies the realm of harmony and unity between man and nature and noble spiritual artistic conception. The main feature of Chaoshan folk houses is to combine traditional architectural culture with traditional arts and crafts unique to Chaozhou, such as gold lacquer wood carving, craft stone carving, porcelain mosaic art, metal craft, calligraphy and painting art, etc. The residential buildings are magnificent but not vulgar, elegant and charming, rich in cultural heritage and luxurious in style, which can be compared with palaces in architectural sequence and decoration technology. Therefore, since ancient times, there has been a saying that "Chaoshan made a big mistake in the palace" and "Jingshi Wangfu, Chaoshan people". Chaoyang and other places have even built houses with red beams and golden tiles. Some people describe them as "palaces for the elderly" (temples). This architectural style was originally only available in palaces and temples. It is said that Chaoyang was built by fake uncle Chen Beike. The large-scale and magnificent Chaoshan folk houses retain the traditions of the Tang and Song Dynasties, forming large-scale buildings such as villages. The local economy is developed and the humanities are prosperous, and the building scale is often very grand. The annex building is connected together around the main building, which is a building complex with closed outside and open inside, and lives together. Light and transparent so-called "light", first, the monomer is small, generally not as large and open as the residential buildings in the Central Plains and Jiangnan areas; Second, the visual effect of the appearance is not as majestic as that of the Central Plains, nor as elegant as that of Jiangnan. The color of Chaozhou architecture is gray and turbid, and it is emphasized to strengthen decoration in key parts such as roof, beam frame, wall head and eaves, and these decorative components are often related to the practical functions of building components. The so-called "transparency" means that the whole building pays attention to ventilation, which is not only conducive to the moisture-proof and moth-proof of building materials, but also pays attention to comfortable and cool living activities under the natural climate conditions of Chaozhou. The interior space of residential buildings pays attention to gas collection, ventilation and shading, and the beams and columns are stacked and pushed forward, and the lines are slim and beautiful. Pay attention to the decoration of Chaozhou folk houses, attach great importance to decoration from the outside to the inside, pursue luxury and elegance, and even achieve results at any cost. This makes the appearance of Chaoshan residential buildings very magnificent, and the halls are even more magnificent. The decoration of the roof, the dragon wind on the roof, the porcelain inlaid with immortal animals and the exquisite wood carving technology are all characteristics of Chaoshan folk houses. The exquisite Chaoshan architecture can be said to be insatiable. In the past, architects always stopped to discuss and criticize after a period of time, and then revised it. Usually, a small detail has to be revised several times. The architectural anecdote of "killing three masters with one cow rope" should best show that the "essence" of Chaoshan folk houses has reached its peak. Many large families seeking harmony with nature have gardens in their huts, planting high-quality grass and trees to create stacked stones and manage water. There are many kinds of flowers and trees in the courtyard and in front of the house of ordinary families, which makes the house in a beautiful and almost natural environment to obtain a quiet and harmonious living atmosphere. Chaoshan Garden and Suzhou Garden are called the four major gardens in China. These are the manifestations of pursuing harmony with nature, a good living environment and a good quality of life. Pay attention to feng shui Chaoshan architecture pays great attention to feng shui. For example, the plastic ridge decoration of the gable at the top of the outer side of the house is very particular, and it is often made into a five-star gray sculpture of gold, wood, water, fire and earth according to the five elements of its geographical location. Among them, Mars is only used in temples and temples, which has traditional philosophical thoughts and is influenced by Yin-Yang theory, five elements and customs. And the site selection, orientation, pattern and vegetation of the building. They all pay attention to it, such as water in front of the door, proper white patio, proper hall insertion, planting banyan before planting bamboo, etc. Therefore, there are many legends about choosing geomantic omen and architecture, such as the female louse fairy and Yu banxian. There are many rivers in Chaoshan Plain, and many villages and towns are near the water. Those who don't face the river often open canals to divert water to the front of the village, dig semi-circular ponds to store water, and bend to the main building to collect gas and gather wealth. There is also the advantage of "crossing the pool". Swimming, bathing, washing clothes and raising fish are more practical. Unique building methods and materials The Chaoshan area still retains the ancient building method of plate building (that is, the plate building of "Fu Shuo Baoban Building"). Generally, the raw materials are a mixture of red clay and crushed stone to build a wall, instead of using bricks that consume good soil in the field and then mixing mud and shell ash to paint the wall. Some of them are rammed earth or woven from wood and grass. In the old days, the poor people by the sea lived in huts called "grass huts", and stone materials were mostly used for door frames, railings, drums, steps, column bases and so on. On the roof and ridge, there is a ceramic coping with flowers, which can not only ventilate but also prevent wind. There are also two (or three) layers of blue tiles, the upper layer eats seven, the lower layer eats three and leaves seven, and then the tile pipe is pressed to insulate the water between the two tiles.